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• First invented by the Wright Brothers in 1903 (11 years before WWI)
• First appearance of planes is in WWI
• Planes were used to spy and deliver bombs
• Fighter aircrafts were introduced: Armed with machine guns, bombs, and cannons
• Dogfights: Pilots fought other pilots in the air with mounted machine guns
• Improvement of plane designs were made during the progression of the war
• Planes initially had no military markings, however this led to geound troops shooting down their own plane
• Airships used during WI for reconnaissance and bombings

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Inventions from WW1:
Technology such as flamethrowers, the flare, and the pocket watch were also created during WW1.
A fact about the machine guns created during WW1, was that the rapid fire gun could fire 600 bullets per minute. Flamethrowers were used by the German army to flush the British soldiers out of the trenches and into the open.

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Trench fever was a very infectious disease that soldiers developed while in the trenches. It involved symptoms such as fever, sore bones, headache and was transmitted from one person to another by lice. People did recover within a few months but often relapsed.

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-it is (one of the many) immersion foot syndrome
-type of tissue damage
-caused by circulatory changes in the feet due to cold weather of around 0°C to 15°C
-around 75,000 British and 2,000 American soldiers got trench foot during WW1
-causes swelling, pain and sensory disturbances in the feet and can lead to blood vessel, nerve, skin and muscle damage
-it isn’t contagious
-if someone were to have Tench foot, you want to warm the foot up slowly as warming it quickly can lead to worse problems
-a symptom of trench foot is red, pale, swollen skin. occurs because the blood vessels are constricting
-the Allies soldier were more likely to get trench foot because their trenches were lower and therefore closer to sea level than the Austrian and German trenches. closer to sea level meant that the trenches would fill up with water very easily. ie once they had dug about half a meter the trench was already quite full with water

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Health and hygiene:
Trench fever was a very infectious disease that soldiers developed while in the trenches. It involved symptoms such as fever, sore bones, headache and was transmitted from one person to another by body lice. People did recover within a few months but often relapsed.

Mental Health related fact:
On Christmas Eve in some parts of the western front it was reported that British and German soldiers called a truce. They laid down their weapons and exchanged gifts such as sausages and chocolates. On Christmas Day the British and German soldiers played football together. However, this truce did not last very long, as after New Year’s Day the two opposing sides went back to fighting each other and their lives in the trenches.

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• Known as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
• Occurs when someone witnesses or experiences a severely traumatic event
• Symptoms include anxiety, nightmares, tremor and impaired sight and hearing
• Problems concentrating, becoming easily irritated and engaging in reckless behaviour
• Believed to be caused by exploding shells on the battlefield, however no obvious cause can always be identified
• 80% of Shell-Shock victims were never able to return to military duty
• People suffering Shell-Shock were unable to eat or sleep
• Higher among officers than regular soldiers
• 40% of the casualties in fighting zones were victims of the condition by 1916
• 80,000 Shell-Shock cases passed through British Army medical facilities
• Shell-Shock was seen as emotional weakness at that time
• Soldiers were killed by their own side after being charged for cowardice

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• Living conditions and sanitation were very poor
• Lack of sleep led to exhaustion and weakness
• Trenches were small and in the ground; Cold and damp
• Diseases were widely spread within the trenches
• Deadly diseases included Trench Foot, which led to gangrene and amputation
• Dead bodies could not be properly buried
• Incredibly unhygienic environment
• Rat infestation: Rats gnawed at the soldiers’ wounds and contributed to the spread of diseases
• Trenches were home to millions of rats, who could produce up to 900 young every year
• Bathing was very rare for the soldiers (Not showering for weeks or months)
• Wounds were difficult to clean
• No running water
• Cresol solution and chloride of lime was used as a disinfectant
• Lice were identified as the cause of Trench Fever in 1918
• Infections could easily develop into pneumonia
• Wet and dirty clothes
• Diet was restricted

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Trench Foot
• also known as immersion foot syndrome, is a condition that results form your feet being wet for too long
• it is most common in colder temperature however it can still happen in dessert climates as it is due to the wetness of your feet not how cold they are
• this prolonged cold wetness causes feet to lose circulation and nerve function
• Trench foot killed an estimated 2,000 American and 75,000 British soldiers
• it’s still possible to get trench foot today
• symptoms include: blisters, blotchy skin redness, skin tissue that dies and falls off and coldness, heaviness, numbness, persistent itching, prickliness and tingling in the feet
• Trench foot can lead to amputations, severe blisters, an inability ti walk, gangrene, permanent nerve damage and ulcers
• Trench foot was treated mainly with bed rest during WW1

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Symptoms:
• Intense leg pain
• High fever

Causes:

Transmitted through lice in clothing

Casualties:
From 1915 to 1918 between one-fifth and one-third of all British troops reported ill had trench fever while about one-fifth of ill German and Austrian troops had the disease.

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Health and hygiene differed for many soldiers. Conditions were more comfortable for officers whose privileges included better dugouts and rations as opposed to ordinary soldiers. Hostility actually arose between different parts of the army due to these privileges present. However, death on the battlefield affected soldiers of all groups.  Living conditions in trenches were damp and filthy for most of the war. The deep mud and slime in trenches resulted in the disease trenchfoot. Terrible conditions also meant viruses like typhoid, trench fever and influenza were present. Conditions were so bad for all soldiers that a simple cut could quickly become infected and lead to pneumonia. Since men were knee-deep in mud almost all the time, various kinds of bacteria surrounded them in no-man’s land. Additionally, due to the physical disadvantages of war such as lack of sleep and  wet and dirty clothes, men’s immune systems were weak making them prone to a wide array of diseases. Overall, due to atrocious hygiene in trenches, soldiers had terrible health and many died and suffered from disease and infection.

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Machine guns were invented by Hiram.S.Maxim in 1884. Prior to their development during WW1 they were manually loaded and fired. They were then developed to be automatic and capable of firing up to 600 rounds per minute. They gave a massive advantage to those firing them . Barrage fire was a method later created that allowed troops to fire over the heads of their own soldiers.

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Leandro and oliver
In the early stages of the war, contaminated water from shell holes and other cavities was the only source available of water for many soldiers. This led to Dysentery as there was bacteria in the water that soldiers drunk. Dysentery led to inflammation of the lining of the large intestine, causing stomach pain and diarrhoea.

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-intestinal infection which causes severe diarrhea with blood
-lasts 3-7 days
-symptoms include abdominal cramps/pain, nausea, vomiting, fever of 38 degrees or higher, dehydration
-spread as a result of poor hygiene
-caused by bacterium 'shigella flexneri'
-dysentery caused by contaminated water was a big problem in early stages of war
-can be spread through food or water contaminated with fecal matter
-killed many many people (hundreds of thousands) on both sides of war

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WW1 led to the invention of many technological advancements of military use. The aircraft carrier is a massive ship equipped with multiple missiles and other weapons. It could also hold many planes that could land and take off from it. The first aircraft carrier, the HMS Hibernia was tested in 1914, however planes couldn’t land on it. They had to land near it in the water and be retrieved. It wasn’t  until 1917 when the HMS Furious was built. It was a 786 foot long giant which could travel at up to 32 knots (60kmph) and hold up to 20 planes. It was the first aircraft carrier and led many successful Attacks.

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Trench fever in WW1: Rik, Reuben and Finley 

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Trench fever in WW1: Rik, Reuben and Finley 

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At about mid 1915, soldiers started to report an illness that left them dizzy, aching and with a peculiar pain in their shins. While it didn’t seem like a big deal at the time, it still left soldiers unable to fight for a few weeks, sometimes even months. As well as this each infected soldier occupied one of the few hospital beds. America, Britain and France all set to work studying this illness and it’s cause. After nearly two years of testing they still hadn’t found a cure or even the cause of “trench fever” as the soldiers called it. Captain Strethill Weight suggested life to be the cause and after thorough investigation, they concluded that it was not lice, but the excretion of the life that caused the illness. As soldiers became aware of this and cleaned themselves as best they could, this illness started to disappear but not after it had infected at least 500,000 allied soldiers.

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Dysentery
• Diarrheal Disease
• Characterised by the inflammation of the lining of the large intestine
• Dysentery causes stomach pain, diarrhoea, occasionally can cause vomiting and fever
• It was spread by poor hygiene in the trenches, and a lack of proper food and water
• The bacteria enters the system through the mouth from food or water that is contaminated
• The disease causes the body to dehydrate, and when left for too long untreated, can lead to death
• It was caused mostly by the intake of contaminated water - soldiers were not provided with enough water often (due to the lack of proper planning to deliver resources), so they sometimes drank water from shell-holes which were contaminated

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Trench fever
• Caused by a bacteria which was spread through lice
• Affected approximately 1 million people during WW1, from both sides of the battle
• Characterised by attacks of fever lasting 2 to 4 days, with symptoms of headache, pain in the shins, and dizziness
• Most cases were caused by the spread of louse (a type of body lice) in the trenches
• The louse was able to spread as there was a severe lack of hygiene, so soldiers could not find a way to get rid of the lice
• Recovery of trench fever can take a month or more, and could sometimes lead to death
• Because of the lack of hygiene (bathing and changing of clothes) the lice were able to spread through the clothing
• Lice were able to flourish due to moist conditions

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Health and Hygiene
• Hygiene was very low in the trenches, with factors such as the constant close contact of the soldiers, the infestation of pests, and the lack of basic hygienic action (washing hands, showering, shaving, etc) causing this lack of sanitation, and thus the outbreak of diseases
• Trenches were very damp and cold, which allowed bacteria to thrive and small insects or animals to spread disease such as the trench fever throughout the troops
• For example, rats ran throughout the trenches, spreading disease, and lice infested the clothes of the soldiers
• Many soldiers went days without bathing or changing their clothes, which is what allowed the bacteria and the infestation of lice to survive, and the soldiers had no way of removing them
• To go to the bathroom, soldiers would dig out huge holes which were designated for that purpose. These latrines attracted flies and were extremely unsanitary. They also allowed the growth of bacteria, and because they were often left uncovered for long periods of time, disease was able to spread through them
• Many diseases ran through the trenches as a result of poor hygiene, and also the consumption of contaminated water. This water lead to the outbreak of different diseases such as diarrhoea

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Shell Shock
• shell shock was a type of post traumatic stress disorder experienced by many soldiers in WW1
• it was a reaction to the trauma and stress of intense bombardment and fighting in the war
• by the end of the war the British Army had delt with 80,000 cases of shell shock
• shell shock and other emotional and psychological disorders were responsible for one third of all discharges
• symptoms include uncontrollable diarrhoea, unrelenting anxiety, tics, stomach cramps, loss of sight, dreams/hallucinations and the inability to reason, talk, walk, eat or sleep
• four-fifths of men who suffered from shell shock were never able to return to military duty
• was coined by British psychologist Charles Samuel Myers

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Leandro and Oliver
During WWI, technology from the recent industrial revelation played a prominent role in the front lines and from above. Planes were newly introduced from the Wright brothers in 1901, and in 1914, when the war broke out, planes were new inventions and were used for surveillance. Machine guns partnered with barbed wire made a better combination then smith and labuschagne. These newly invented machine guns allowed a team of 2 to fire many rounds in a short time period

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- term coined to describe the PTSD many soldiers in WW1 were affected with ( this was before PTSD was termed )
- symptoms ranged from uncontrollable diarrhoea to unrelenting anxiety
- many soldiers would have flashbacks to the incidents and suffer trauma from them. A soldier who stabbed someone in the stomach might experience phantom pain in their abdomen.
- sympathy was rarely forthcoming to those afflicted - electric shock treatment and hypnosis were some of the methods used to ‘cure’ shell shock. As PTSD had not been termed yet there was little compassion towards the traumatised soldiers from their compatriots

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-caused by a bacteria that's transmitted by body lice
-estimated 1 million people affected by trench fever in WW1
-characterised by attacks of high temperature fevers which last 2-4 days
-associated with headaches, pain in the shins and dizziness. These symptoms occur every 4-6 days reducing in severity
-first recognised in 1915
-Most people recovered within 2 months
-possible relapses however 5% of cases turn chronic

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Trench Fever
• also known as ‘five day fever’ is a disease transmitted by body lice and often relapsed
• from 1915 to 1918 one-fifth to one-third of all British troops reported ill had trench fever
• Symptoms are usually sudden and include high fevers, severe headaches, soreness of muscles in the legs and back and hyperesthesia of the shins
• the recovery from trench fever takes a month or more
• It is estimated that approximately 1 million people were affected by trench fever during World War l

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Dysentery = an intestinal infection that causes severe diarrhoea with blood, and in some cases, mucus.

Other symptoms include abdominal pain and cramps, nausea, vomiting, severe dehydration and a fever of 38°C or higher.

Dysentery is usually spread due to a lack of hygiene. For example, an infected person who doesn’t wash their hands after using the toilet can infect anything they touch.

This diseases is also spread through contact with food or water that has been contaminated with fecal matter.

To prevent dysentery and keep it from spreading, proper sanitation and hand washing are effective.

Sources of information:

https://www.healthline.com/health/digestive-health/dysentery

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/171193

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysentery

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Trench Fever
• The cause of trench fever is the organism Bartonella quintana (or Rochalimaea Quintana), a rickettsia that multiplies in the  digestive system of the body louse. Transmission of the disease to people occurs by rubbing infected louse feces into abraded skin or into the conjunctival.  Bartonella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. It is the only genus in the family Bartonellaceae. Bartonella species can infect healthy people, but are considered especially important as opportunistic pathogens.
• Trench fever is a moderately serious disease. It infected armies during word war 1
• Trench fever can be treated with Tetracycline-group Antibiotics. Tetracyclines are among the first antibiotics which became available, and are still widely used. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics and have bateriostatic activity by inhibiting protein synthesis. Chlortetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline all belong to this group
• The disease is usually a five-day fever of the relapsing types, rarely exhibiting a continuous course. The incubation period for the disease is around two weeks. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden, and includes high fever, severe headache, pain on moving the eyeballs, soreness of the muscles and frequently hyperaesthesia (abnormal increase in sensitivity to stimuli of the sense) of the shins. Aftereffects includee neurasthenia (weakness of the nerves), Cardiac disturbances and myalgia(Muscle pain).
Leandro & Oliver

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Trench foot
• Also known as immersion foot syndrome. It can be quite painful, but it can be prevented and treated’
• Symptoms include: Tingling and/or itching, pain, swelling, cold, and blotchy skin, numbness and a prickly or heavy feeling in the foot. The foot may be red, dry and painful. Blisters may form, along with skin and tissue dying and falling off.
• Trench foot can be prevented by : Thoroughly clean and dry your feet, wearing clean dry socks daily, treat the affected part by applying warm packs or soaking in warm water for approximately 5 minutes
• Many soldiers fighting in the First World War suffered from trench foot.
• The only remedy in trenches for trench foot was for the soldiers to dry their feet and change their socks several times a day.
• As well as changing socks, soldiers were told to cover their feet with a grease made from whale oil - Leandro and Oliver

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Trench foot aka. Immersion foot syndrome resulted from soldiers feet being too wet in the trenches.Feet being wet and cold for an extended period of time can cause a loss of circulation and nerve function in the foot. This condition killed approximately 2000 American and 75000 British soldiers during WW1. Symptoms of trench foot include: blisters, blotchy skin, redness and skin tissue which falls off the foot. If left untreated trench foot can lead to amputation, severe blistering, gangrene, permanent nerve damage and more. During WW1 trench foot was treated with bed rest and foot washes with lead and opium. If their conditions improved treatment would call for massages and plant based oils. If worsened, amputation was often needed.

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- infection posed one of the greatest medical risks in the trenches. The horrific conditions meant that fevers, parasites and infections were rife on the frontline and ripped through the troops.
- hygiene was really bad in the trenches as they didn’t have access to much clean water to drink or any to wash themselves in. The trenches were also home to millions of rats.
-  all of this, added to the fact that their bodies were weaker due to the lack of sleep, wet and dirty clothes and restricted diet resulted in many deaths in the deaths.
- the most common diseases included trench foot, influenza,scabies,shrapnel, diarrhoea, gonorrhoea, syphilis and gangrene.

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• Conditions one very fighting front posed serious issues for the wellbeing of soldiers during WW1. More than 6,000,000 British Empire soldiers were treated for sickness.
• Drinking water was transported to the trenches in petrol cans. The water was purified with chemicals, to prevent any sickness. Drinking polluted water could lead to diarrhea and dysentery.
• In winter, soldiers had sore throats, colds and the flu. They suffered from exhaustion constipation or diarrhea. Soldiers often brought medication in the form of “Gelatine Lamels” from home, or recieved them in parcels
• Often the soldiers clothes were infested with lice. This irrated skin and caused “Trench fever” and typhus. “Chatting” was when soldiers crushed them between finger nails, or burning them out with candles and cigarettes
• Some soldiers trained dogs and cats to help with the infestations of rats and vermin
• When soldiers left the trench, they washed their clothes to remove any lice.
• Soldiers not on front line duties could take a warm bath and change clothes, at regular intervals.
• “Latrines” or toilets were positioned away from the fighting and living spaces. Some latrines were very basic pit or ‘cut and cover’ systems. There were rules about’ “indiscriminate urination”, however in desperate situations, soldiers resorted in urination in a tin and throwing it out
• Food in the trench was cold and often contaminated. Allied troops set up mobile kitchens and transported prepared food to troops in the front line
• - Leandro & Oliver

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Shell shock:
The term shell shock was coined in WW1 by psychologist Charles Samuel Myers. WW1 troops were the first to be diagnosed with shell shock. Shells were a new thunderous artillery firepower first seen in WW1. They could destroy up to 10 acres of terrain in under 50 seconds. A whopping 432,000 shells were fired in a 5 day period. Shells would account for 60 percent of the fatalities of world war 1 which explains why so many soldiers suffered traumatic shock from them. Symptoms of shell shock included reduced visual fields, loss of smell and taste and memory. Shell shock was initially deemed to be a physical injury and the shocked soldier had a wound stripe on his uniform and sometimes was discharged with war pension. However, as time passed on many soldiers exhibiting the symptoms of shell shock had been nowhere near shells at all. Their condition was a nervous breakdown due to the stress of war. Therefore, after 1916, soldiers who had a physical disorder of shellshock could wear wound stripes however, if the disorder was mental; the shellshocked soldier didn’t warrant a wound stripe.

By Srijit in a group with Reuben and Finley.

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Trench Fever-
• An estimated 1 million people were affected by trench fever during WW1
• Treatment included quinine, as it was thought to relieve fever and was also the treatment of malaria, however, it is ow banned as it can have serious side effects and can even result in death;.
• While trench fever was not fatal, it could result in disabilities including myalgia, cardiac issues and neurological complications.

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Dysentery-
• an infection of the intestines that caused diarrhoea containing blood and mucus
• It was spread by poor hygiene and lack of sanitation and it stalked the water logged trenches of WW1
• it killed hundreds of thousands of people on all sides of the battlefield

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Poison Gas-
• Poison gas, such as phosphene (which consisted of harm such as difficulty reaching, vomiting, and burns to the skin), mustard gas (causing temporary boldness, cough, shortness fog breath, diarrhoea, vomiting and more), chlorine (casing shortness of breath, violent cough, nausea, vomiting, headache, sheet pain, eye burns, sore throat and coughing blood).
• 90,000 soldiers on all sides died from exposure to poison gas.

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Trench Foot:

Symptoms:

With trench foot, you’ll notice some visible changes to your feet, such as:
• blisters
• blotchy skin
• redness
• skin tissue that dies and falls off
Additionally, trench foot can cause the following sensations in the feet:
• coldness
• heaviness
• numbness
• pain when exposed to heat
• persistent itching
• prickliness
• tingling
These symptoms of trench foot may only affect a portion of the feet. But in the most severe cases, these can extend over the entire feet, including your toes.

Over time, trench foot can lead to complications if left untreated. These include:

• amputations
• severe blisters
• an inability to walk on affected feet
• gangrene, or tissue loss
• permanent nerve damage
• ulcers

Causes:
Trench foot is caused by feet that get wet and don’t dry off properly. It’s also most common in temperatures of 30˚F to 40˚F. However, trench foot can even occur in desert climates. The key is how wet your feet get, and not necessarily how cold they are (unlike frostbite). Standing in wet socks and shoes for a long period of time tends to make it worse compared to other activities, such as swimming with water shoes.

With prolonged cold and wetness, your feet can lose circulation and nerve function. They are also deprived of the oxygen and nutrients that your blood normally provides. Sometimes the loss of nerve function can make other symptoms, such as pain, less noticeable.

Casualties:
75 British and 2000 American

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Shell-shock
• shell-shock was a major side effect of WW1 and many soldiers suffered from it, also referred to as combat stress reaction or a type of PTSD
• it was caused by heavy explosion and constant fighting
• symptoms included struggling to sleep, panicking when hearing gunshots/loud noises/
shouting. Sometimes could affect ability to walk and talk
• doctors initially thought the shell shock cases were due to physical injuries although they
were emotional ones, claiming that shockwaves of explosions, chemical weapons (carbon
monoxide) was causing brain damage
• as not knowing shell shock was due to emotional stress, many people viewed shell shock
soldiers as cowards. British soldiers suffering from shell shock were put on trial for cowardice
and desertion, and were viewed as lack of character or manliness
• as troop sizes increased so did shell shock cases. Due to this, military powers began to try
and develop ways to alleviate the problem. The soldiers were given a few days rest, the officer talked to them about war, family and reassured them. Victims with more severe cases were sent to casualty clearing station for several weeks, or sent for further observation. The issue became chronic
• Soldiers who developed chronic shell shock could be stuck for life and were being treated for it for a long time
• the word shell shock was banned by several countries, banned from being used for diagnosis, was instructed not be used in media and should be censored out

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Dysentery:

Dysentery is an intestinal infection that usually lasts for 3 to 7 days.

Symptoms:

abdominal cramps or pain
nausea
vomiting
fever of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher
dehydration, which can become life-threatening if left untreated
severe diarrhea with blood
mucus may be found in the stool

Causes:

Dysentery is usually spread as a result of poor hygiene. For example, if someone who has dysentery doesn’t wash their hands after using the toilet, anything they touch is at risk.

The infection is also spread through contact with food or water that has been contaminated with fecal matter.

Casualties:
32,528 cases of diarrhoea and dysentery with 231 deaths in the Mediterranean Expeditionary Forces.

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Trench foot
many soldiers in WW1 suffered from trench foot, an infection of the feet caused by unsanitary,
cold and wet conditions
men stood for hours in waterlogged trenches without being able to remove wet socks and
boots, causing feet to gradually grow numb and skin to turn red or blue. Left untreated,
gangrene formed and need to be amputated
officers tried to solve the problem by ordering socks to be changed and dried in the line,
thigh boots to be worn and dried every four days when coming out of the trench
the only remedy for trench foot was for soldiers to dry their feet and change socks several
times a day. They were also told to cover their feet with grease “whale-oil”. It is estimated that
a battalion at the front would use ten gallons of whale-oil a day

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Chemical weapons
over the course of war, approximately 3000 chemicals were investigated for military use, 50
toxic agents being released on European battlefields, killing 90000 to 100000 people dead
and 1.3 million injured
though chemical weapons were only responsible for 1% of death in war, it provided a new
weapon for mass destruction for the 20th century. The terror inspired ensured modern
warfare to be very unpleasant
the gases could cause severe tissue damage, breathing problems, heart failure, severe eye
irritations, blistering skin and more
witness accounts and aftermaths f chemical attacks were horrific after WW1 ended, the results of poison gas inspired an international agreement banning chemical and biological weapons during war

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Health and Hygiene

- There was no running water, the stench in the trenches consisted of dried sweat, body odour and blood
- There were many diseases and sicknesses, including dysentery, cholera and typhoid fever
- Because there were no washing machines or cleaners, soilders wore the same clothes, which eventually lead to body lice
- Toilets often overflowed, problems like this caused soilders to develop medical problems
- Bathing was rare and infrequent, many soldiers ended up not showering for months
- Infections produced severe fevers, painful aching joints and body rashes

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Shell Shock:

Shell Shock is a term coined by psychologist Charles Samuel Myers to describe the PTSD many soldiers were struggling with before PTSD was a proper term.

In trench warfare, two opposing sides would dig into the ground to create trenches. These trenches were long ditches meant for protection. In between these opposing sides, would be no-man’s land.

In this warfare, constant bombardment of artillery and machine-gun fire would be present - sometimes for days at a time. This constant bombardment had a significant effect on the mind of the soldiers.

Shell shock victims could not even eat or sleep, while others continued to suffer physical conditions.

It was believed that shell shock was a damage to the nerves of the soldier due to being exposed to heavy bombardment.

By 1916, 40 percent of the casualties in the fighting zone were victims of the shell shock conditions.

80 thousand cases of shell shock were passed through the British medical facilities.

Numbers were so drastic that by 1915, there were a big shortage of hospital beds for sufferers.

Some symptoms include fatigue, tremor, nightmare, illusions, anxiety, confusion, impaired sight and hearing.

Some people saw the soldiers as showing cowardice and wanting to leave the war through having this mental illness, meaning there were little kindness and compassion towards these soldiers.

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Soldiers with trench foot were unable to get their boots on because their feet swelled to twice or three times their usual size.
Their feet lost all their feeling and you could “stick your bayonet inside your foot and not feel a thing”.

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Dysentery did not originate during WW1, it had been a common cause of death for centuries. However poor sanitation and the infectiousness of the disease led to a high number of soldiers being infected.
The disease causes diarrhoea mixed with blood and mucus.

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Shell shock is an earlier word for PTSD. The name shell shock came from artillery shells and the effects that they had on soldiers. Shell shock caused hearing loss, dizziness, amnesia and hypersensitivity among other ailments.

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- caused by wet, unsanitary conditions
- prevalent throughout WW1 as soldiers stood in waterlogged trenches

Symptoms...
-Numbness in the foot caused by poor blood supply
- erythema ( foot turns red), cyanosis ( foot turns blue)
- decaying smell as a result of tissue death

Other information...
- Many soldiers carried multiple pairs of socks with them in order to keep feet dry
- 20,000 British soldiers were treated
- the condition could require amputation

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-intestinal infection
-causes diarrhoea with blood, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever (38°C or higher (2°C more than the average body temperature))
-mucus can be found in the stool
-lasts for 3-7 days
-sever dehydration which can be fatal
-is contagious
-spreads as a result of poor hygiene (not washing hands after using toilet) (hands spread it)
-any food or water that has come into contact with poo/ pee can become contaminated
-swimming in contaminated water
-Shigellosis is the most common type of dysentery, 500,000 people in America are infected with it each year

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Health and Hygiene:

-          Health witnessed a huge deterioration in the trenches. Not only did soldiers die from battle wounds or rifles in the war, they also died because of diseases that widely spread in the trenches

-          Many of these diseases were caused as result of whether change, lack of hygiene and the tainted environment

-          Trench Influenza caused by lice was said to have killed more people than the war itself

-          Trench foot was another disease that spread to the soldiers in the Trenches. This disease was caused by the cold and wet conditions. For a long time the soldiers would stand in puddles of rain and of their own waste. This caused their feet to numb and swell up

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-          Shell shock was a common disease that caused the soldiers to have psychological trauma

-          Medical symptoms after combat, including tinnitus, amnesia, headaches, dizziness, tremors, and hypersensitivity to noise

-          The term "shell shock" came into use to reflect an assumed link between the symptoms and the effects of explosions from artillery shells

-          Later studies showed the brain tissue of combat veterans who have been exposed to explosions show a pattern of injury in the areas of the brain responsible for decision making, memory and reasoning

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Mortars:

-          lobbed a shell in a high arc over a relatively short distance, were widely used in trench fighting for harassing the forward trenches, for cutting wire in preparation for a raid or attack, and for destroying dugouts

-          Mortars had certain advantages over artillery such as being much more portable and the ability to fire without leaving the relative safety of trenches.

-          Mortar were able to fire directly into the trenches, which was hard to do with artillery

Mines:

-          tunnels under enemy lines packed with explosives and detonated - were widely used in WWI to destroy or disrupt enemy's trench lines

-          Made mining and counter-mining became a major part of trench warfare

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Trench Fever

• Trench fever is a louse-borne disease, cause by Bartonella Quintana and observed originally in military populations during World War 1 and 2
• Symptoms included sudden high fever, severe headaches, soreness of muscles
• The incubation period is “relatively long”, about 2 weeks
• Relapses are common and have occurred up to 10 years after the initial attack
• Trench fever should be suspected in people living where louse infestation is heavy
• The organism is identified by blood culture
• Doxycycline, a macrolide or ceftriaxone can be antidotes
• Trench fever is rarely fatal, but patients may suffer disabilities including myalgia, cardiac issues or neurologic complications following resolution

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Technology in WW1:

In WW1, new technological developments in warfare lead to both sides having a greater military prowess than any war before and both sides attempting to use the war technology they had to gain a lead on their enemy.

Machine guns was one specific development in WW1 that both sides used heavily. They were expected to completely replace the rifle, as they had greater sustained rounds per minute, allowing for enemies to attack multiple soldiers at a fast rate.

Tanks were also new warfare development, made due to machine guns and rifles plowing down soldiers before they could cross no-mans land to enemy trenches. Tanks were created for protection while crossing the no-mans land, and to also attack at the same time. The first tank was created in 1915 by the British, however only saw use in warfare in September 1916.

Poison gas was the most used chemical weapon by both sides, leading to horrendous injuries on both sides. The Germans pioneered chemical weaponry, and used it for the first time in April 22 1915. It was used to draw out enemy soldiers from the trenches, so that they can be killed. Soon after, the British also quickly adopted the use of chemical weaponry.

There were many other developments in war that were used by both sides to attempt to gain an advantage.

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Dysentery is a disease which involves the inflammation of the lining of the large intestines

- occurs as a result of contact with unsanitary fluid or food, as well as human faeces
- in early WW1, dysentery was particularly prevalent through contaminated water because soldiers were supplied with a water bottle and water, which usually wasn’t enough for them. As a result, they turned to impurified water
- dysentry causes the body to lose important salts and fluids, causing one to be dehydrated, which can be fatal

Symptoms...
Stomach pains, diarrhoea, vomiting

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-weapons included improved machine guns, grenades and artillery, new concepts such as submarines, poison gas, warplanes and tanks
-the machine gun was originally invented by an American named Hiram Maxim but Germans developed these on mass in preparation for WW1
-WW1 lead to the invention of the assembly line
-airplanes at the time were primarily made of canvas, wood and wire
-first airplanes were only used to observe, but were increasingly attacked, causing Germany to arm their airplanes followed by Britain
-the last war had been the Franco-German War lasting between 1870-71
-since then massive military advancements had been made

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- Feet swell 2-3 times their normal size + go completely numb -> when this swelling starts to go down, the agony begins
- A part of the trench was reserved for soldiers to go in partners and rub each other’s feet with grease (at least once a day)
- With the prolonged cold and wetness, feet lose circulation and nerve function + they are deprived of oxygen and nutrients
- Complication ps which occurred when correct treatment was no given include: amputations, severe blisters, inability to walk and nerve damage
- While recovering, soldiers were told to cover their feet with whale grease -> this resulted in around 10 gallons of whale grease to be used everyday

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Health and Hygiene in WW1:

In WW1, the health and hygiene for the soldiers were extremely poor. Due to this, infections ran wild. Diseases such as trench foot, trench mouth, trench fever and dysentery all thrived in the cramped and unhygienic environment of the trenches.

When soldiers were sick, wounded or infected, they were sent to field hospitals. These hospitals were only 100 feet away from the battleground, and housed 1000 beds. However, this was not enough to house the growing soldiers who were infected.

Lice was a major hygiene problem in WW1, around 97 percent of all soldiers were heavily infected by lice. Lice needs warm conditions, such as the men’s clothes. This was the major reason that lice was heavily infecting soldiers. Some soldiers used a lit candle to try to burn the lice off their clothes and skin.

Many soldiers in WW1 suffered from Trench Foot due to the cold, wet and unsanitary conditions that soldiers were placed in. Treatment for Trench Foot was changing socks every few hours - if not treated, it could lead up to amputation of feet.

Overall, health and hygiene conditions back in WW1 were very poor.

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- Shigella flexneri, renamed Ewing, was most likely to be the common cause of dysentery in the British Expeditionary Force in France World War I.
- Soldiers had to survive often knee deep in foul water or drink contaminated water, which caused Dysentery
- This bacteria which appeared in the trenches in 1914 was resilient to antibiotics, such as penicillin (which was discovered in 1928) and erythromycin (which was discovered in 1949)
- The resistance to antibiotics was a result of an evolutionary race between rival microbes
- When a species develops a chemical like penicillin that kills other bacteria, some bacteria create a resistance against it. Shigella may have created a resistance against this chemical and would be resistant to penicillin as it is also a natural compound.
- Currently kills 750 000 children under 5 each year
- From August 29 to October 9 1915, there were 32 528 cases of diarrhoea and dysentery with 231 deaths.

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- by the end of the war, 20000 men were suffering from shell shock
- soldiers were returning from trenches blind, deaf, mute or paralysed
- some shell shocked victims couldn’t eat or sleep
- officers suffered more than soldiers as they were required to repress their emotions - to set and example
- no sympathy was received to those who were suffering - instead some were shot dead from their own side as they were believed to be cowards
- there was also harsh treatment such as solitary confinement or electric shocks
- the cure was discovered by Arthur Hurst -> he cured 90% of those suffering by treating them with dignity and humanity
- he made them labour on land (farming) which assisted them to get over their hysteria and instead use their energy

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- Unhygienic environment cause rat infestation, one pair of rats produce 480 babies a year. Wiel’s Disease
- Couldn’t wash clothes: lice lay eggs on clothes and as soldiers would constantly wear them the lice would infect the soldiers with trench fever
- Cold, persistent dampness resulted to trench foot which led to gangrene and amputation
- Because of the abundance of amputations, other ways had to be found to treat the soldiers
- World War I laid the foundation of ambulances, antiseptic and anesthesia
- French physician Alexis Carrel invited Henry Dakin who developed a solution of sodium hypochlorite which killed dangerous bacteria without burning the flesh to help with the treatment of soldiers. Carell could then open up wounds to observe and investigate them. This was called the “Carrel-Dakin Method” and was adopted by doctors in Europe used as a wound antiseptic.
- George Crile was introducing a method of anesthesia that he developed with Agatha Hodgins to the American Ambulance Hospital.

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- Filthy environment, as soldiers would wear the same clothes, lice would lay their eggs in the seams of the cloth. Lice would infect the soldiers and caused a lot of pain and high fever
- More than 1 million troops were infected with trench fever, with each soldier unfit for duty for more than 60 days
- The disease was louse-borne, the bacterium Rickettsia quintana was found in the gut and faeces of lice that had fed on patients
- The organism was reclassified as Bartonella quintana in the 1960s, and could cause endocarditis, peliosis hepatic and bacillary angiomatosis

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Shell Shock

• Shell shock is a term coined in World War I by British psychologist Charles Samuel Myers to describe the type of PTSD
• Symptoms include fatigue, tremor, confusion, nightmares and impaired sight and hearing
• It was often diagnosed when a solider was unable to function and no obvious cause could be identified
• Shell shock is also known as “war neurosis” and “combat stress”
• Doctors couldn’t find any physical damage to explain the symptoms
• More symptoms included:
• Hysteria and anxiety
• Paralysis
• Limping and muscle contractions
• Blindness and deafness
• Nightmares and insomnia
• Heart palpitations
• Depression
• Dizziness and disorientation
• Loss of appetite

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- poison gas - first used by the Germans
- at first it was released from cylinders and carried by the wind to the trenches of enemies
- later on gases were loaded onto artillery shells and shit into the enemy trenches
- at sea submarines attacked ships from afar -> in order to locate the German ships, British scientists developed under water listeners and explosives
- flame throwers - the Germans created these and they were used to neutralise (burn alive) enemy soldiers in trenches - without damaging structures as they believed the bunkers could be used for new residents

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Trench foot:
Trench foot is not a war injury but rather a complication of the conditions inside of the trenches. When a persons feet are constantly in water or moist, a type of fungus begins to manifest know as Scopulariopsis koningii. Common symptoms of trench foot are:
Red skin that becomes pale and swollen (as the blood vessels constrict)
Numbness
Burning and itchiness
Cramps in the leg
A slow or absent pulse in ones foot
Blister/ulcers
The consequence of trench foot know as necrosis (or gangrene) can result in the need of amputation. Because of the conditions inside of trenches, infections could occur which, in extreme case, result in the death of the patient. Because of the structure and location of trenches, trench foot wasn’t something rarely seen. First, because trenches were literally holes in the ground, it meant that when it rained, water would accumulate at the bottom. Secondly, because trenches were sometimes quite close to bodies of water like the ocean, one wouldn’t have to dig very deep before water began to accumulate.

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Trench fever:
Trench fever is a louse- borne disease caused by the bacteria Bartonella quintana and observed originally in the both world wars through the army. Symptoms include an acute, recurring febrile illness ( an episode lasting 3-6 days but a recurrent fever may occur) occasionally with a rash. Humans are the only known spicers to suffer from this infection. It is transmitted to humans when the feces from infected lice are rubbed into skin.

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Dysentery:
dysentery is a type of gastroenteritis (an intestinal inflammation), primarily of the colon it can lead to mild or severe stomach cramps and severe diarrhoea with mucus or blood in the feces. The cause of bacterial dysentery is that of infection with bacteria from shigella, campylobacter, salmonella, E. coli or amebic dysentery caused by a single called parasite. Spread by poor hygiene and lack of sanitation, dysentery breached the water logged trenches of ww1 quite easily killing hundreds of thousands on both sides. Dysentery dehydrates the body so much that the skin turns bluey grey from lack of water. Without proper hydration, it can be fatal.

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Shell-shock:
shell shock is the psychological disturbance caused by prolonged exposure to active warfare. Although the symptoms of shell shock are pretty much the same as PTSD, it was the more specific term used to describe the psychological affects of combat where as PTSD can be symptoms of any traumatic life experience. Shell shock symptoms included fatigue, tremors, confusion, nightmares, heart palpitations, depression and impaired vision. The term was invented in WW1 to describe what is now PTSD.