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1. What are reversible reactions?
2. What is chemical equilibrium?
3. What are the characteristics of the equilibrium state?
4. What is the law of mass action?
5. What is Le Chatellier's principle?
6. What are the factors affecting equilibrium?
7. What happens when there is a change in concentration?
8. What happens when there is a change in pressure?
9. What happens when there is a change in temperature ?
10. What do stronger inter molecular forces have?

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Lower enthalpy of vaporization, higher vapor pressure, and lower boiling point.

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Higher enthalpy of vaporization, lower vapor pressure, and higher boiling point.

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Pressure exerted by the particles in the vapor phase on it's liquid at equilibrium.

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Production of Sulfuric Acid, H2SO4

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The Haber Process combines nitrogen from the air with hydrogen derived mainly from natural gas (methane) into ammonia. The reaction is reversible and the production of ammonia is exothermic.

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Increase in pressure- reaction shifts to the right (forms more product).
Decrease in pressure- reaction shifts to the left (forms more reactant).

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Increase in temperature- reaction shifts to the left; forms more reactants
Decrease in temperature-reaction shifts to the right; forms more products.

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When a substance is added, the stress is relieved by shifting the equilibrium in the direction that consumes some of the added substance. When a substance is removed, the rxn the produces that substance occurs to a greater extent.

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When a change ("stress") is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system will shift its equilibrium position to counteract the effect of disturbance.

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Initial-Change-Equilibrium method of solving equilibrium problems (where the equilibrium concentration in unknown) is affectionately refereed to as the ICE method.

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The ratio of the concentrations of the products over the reactants.

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The Equilibrium Law (Law of Mass Action) 

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The Equilibrium Law (Law of Mass Action) 

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aA+bB=cC+dD at equlilibrium, the constant kc: Kc=Products^power/reactnats^power= [C]^c[D]^d/[A]^a[B]^

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Characteristic of the equilibrium state: directional 

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Characteristic of the equilibrium state: directional 

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The same equilibrium mixture will result under the same conditions, no matter whether the rxn is started will all reactants, all products, or a mixture of both.

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Characteristic of the equilibrium state: Macroscopic

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Characteristic of the equilibrium state: Macroscopic

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This refers to observable properties such as color and density; these do not change as they depend on the concentrations of the components in the mixture.

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Characteristic of the equilibrium state: Concentration

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Characteristic of the equilibrium state: Concentration

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They are being produced and destroyed at an equal rate.

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Characteristic of the equilibrium state: Closed System

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Characteristic of the equilibrium state: Closed System

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Prevents exchange of matter with surroundings, so equilibrium is achieved where both reactants and products can react and recombine with each other.

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Characteristic of the equilibrium state: dynamic

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Characteristic of the equilibrium state: dynamic

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The rxn has not stopped; the forward and backward rxns are still occurring (same rate).

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Exists when the forward and reverse rxns./processes occur at exactly the same rate.