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Swing music really appealed and excited young listeners. There is no doubt that it evolved partly from young musicians—white and black—patiently learning to play it off of their jazz records. Several bandleaders were becoming popular in clubs, on record, on radio, on the charts, and perhaps most importantly, in jukeboxes, which had become global by the early 30s.

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The Swing Era was jazz's most popular period

1. Hundreds of bands

2. Over 300 entries in magazine polls of Billboard, Down Beat, Variety, Preview, Esquire, Metronome, Orchestra World, etc.

3. Countless radio shows such as "Coca Cola Spotlight Series," "Camel Hit Parade," "Phillip Morris Show," etc.

4. Movies: "Hollywood Hotel," "The Fabulous Dorseys," "Winter Wonderland," "Swing Fever," "Stagedoor Canteen," "Sun Valley Serenade," "Orchestra Wives, " etc.

5. Hotels: Hotel Pennsylvania, Hotel New York, Lincoln Hotel, Commodore Hotel

6. Record Companies:

7. Two kinds of small groups: Group within the band and independent groups

The Death of Swing

1. The Second World War

2. Bands raided each other

3. Transportation was difficult (including to army camps) (Gas shortages)

4. Midnight curfew

5. 20% amusement tax

6. The dismantling of the urban and interurban railways

7. Restrictive formats

8. Racism

9. Recording ban from July 30, 1942 to November 1943

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Time Period:

1920-1935 Beginning of swing bands

1935-1945 The Swing Era

Jazz movement was: New Orleans to Chicago to New York

1. Dissemination of records broke down differences

2. Burgeoning record industry attracted musicians to cities

3. Big band was the main vehicle for jazz by the 1920s

4. Music went from basically improvised polyphony to the homophony of the big bands

5. New breed of jazz musician

6.  Came from brass and military bands, vaudeville circuits, strictly dance bands. Represented a cross-fertilization between music readers and non-music reading improvisers

7. spread of radio and recording

Swing Migration

1. Benny Goodman sparked the beginning of the big band era on August 21, 1935 at the Palomar Ballroom in Hollywood, CA

2. By 1930, every city outside of the Deep South with a population of more than 60,000 blacks had produced an important band; Duke Ellington, Chick Webb, Jimmy Lunceford, The Missourians, Luis Russell, Armstrong, Hines, and Fletcher Henderson

3. Fletcher Henderson set the pattern of brass against reeds

4. Benny Carter had the first band with five saxophones (1933)

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Davis' album The Birth of the Cool remains a landmark work in this style. This period also saw the rise of new and important jazz musicians.

Bassist Charles Mingus (1922–1979) brought gospel and blues back into jazz. Mingus also wrote musical works that expressed political views and commented on the problems of racism in America. John Coltrane (1926–1967) emerged on the saxophone as one of the most impressive soloists in the history of jazz on albums such as Blue Train, Giant Steps, and A Love Supreme. This era also produced important white jazz musicians, including pianist and composer Dave Brubeck (1920–), who had hits with his songs "Take Five" and "Blue Rondo à la Turk," both of which used complex time signatures and rhythms, and saxophonist Stan Getz (1927–1991), who helped fuse Brazilian bossa nova styles with jazz in a way that became very popular in the early 1960s.

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Jazz's popularity as "swing" or "big band" music led younger black musicians in the mid-1940s to break out in a new direction.

Feeling that popular jazz music was too simple and bland, musicians such as Charlie Parker (1920–1955), Dizzy Gillespie (1917–1993), Thelonious Monk (1917–1982), and Bud Powell (1924–1966) created a new style called "bebop." Bebop was not dance music. It had complex rhythms and lightning-fast solo note runs that favored innovation and personal expression over melody.

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While any jazz band with 10 or more instruments is considered a big band, the most common number of instruments in a big band  in the swing era was (and still is) 17. These include:

1. five saxophones (two alto saxes, two tenor saxes, and one baritone sax)

2. four trumpets

3. four trombones

4.   four "rhythm" instruments (piano, bass, drums, guitar)

Swing bands typically used an upright or double bass instead of the tuba which had often characterized dixieland, and played repeated "riffs" to give the music its propulsive rhythmic force

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Andrews Sisters & Glenn Miller Orchestra

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Queens Of The Music Machines Complete BBC

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The Andrews Sisters - Don't Sit Under the Apple Tree (from the 1942 movie Private Buckaroo)

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The Andrews Sisters were a popular harmonizing singing group consisting of three sisters, Patty Andrews, Maxene Andrews and Laverne Andrews. The trio was awarded 19 gold records representing sales of almost 100 million copies. They got their start in the Depression-era early 1930s, and their first big hit, "Bei Mir Bist Du Schoen", was recorded in 1937.

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During the swing era, network radio was the most important means of promoting popular music. The 1930s also saw the appearance of radio shows featuring phonograph records rather than live performances . Some criticisms of swing—with references to sexual deviance, animals, and cannibalism—echo the racist tone of attacks on syncopated dance music during the 1920s. Big band concerts and dances in big cities during the late 1930s and the war were also racially mixed. Dance styles that paralleled swing music provide further evidence of the increasing centrality of black styles and sensibilities in American popular culture. Beginning in the late 1920s, dancers at the Savoy Ballroom in New York City developed the lindy hop. Smoother, with more fluid horizontal movements than older dance steps

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Although most of the lyrics in songs were made from slang which grew from the drug subculture, musicians tended to play to free themselves from standard styles.This later became the main reason why the popularity of swing music declined during the mid 1940’s, when dissatisfied musicians experimented with less dance-oriented music post-World War 2. These musicians took over and later discovered jazz- bebop. Before that, Canada had a major role in popularizing swing music to other countries by selling albums to them, from  when they traveled to the U.S. to perform. Artists that emerged after World War 2 had a more virtuistic and modernistic sense that was more than mere entertainment or an escape from life’s problems, to a more relatable and comforting content.

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Swing music was not only influenced by the fusion of jazz, rock and testosterone, but the need for people to de-stress by listening to lively, loose and upbeat music after the Great Depression. Most of the audience included teens and young adults, aged 15-21. The “Lost Generation”, marked by parental divorce, skyrocketing incarceration, and bleak views/perspectives of the future, were actually the first to popularize swing music by enjoying certain types of jazz in the 1920’s. For them and the younger generation, it became an attitude towards life.

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Although swing music had its moments in bringing white and black audiences and musicians together, it never rendered the end to racism. Efforts to promote racial equality were made by artists like Benny Goodman, the “King of Swing”, when he integrated his band in 1936, earning respect from white and black musicians alike. Others would be examples of victims of racism, including Barney Kessel, a white guitarist in Gjan Mili’s band, when the tried to stain his arms, hands and face with berry juice to appear darker because people thought black musicians were more “authentic”. Likewise, Billy Holliday was forced to darken her face with greasepaint because a club owner was afraid she was “too white’ to be on stage with black men/performers.  Despite the descrimination, swing found an enthusiastic and dance-hungry audience ready to escape the world and boundaries to enjoy some bumpin music together.