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Voluntary
Operant

Involuntary
Classical

Easy!

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ratio schedules have highest response rates when looking at reinforcement schedules

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ratio schedules have highest response rates when looking at reinforcement schedules

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behavior is directly correlated to the reinforcement in ratio schedules

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bird pecking and rat tapping!!!

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examples of generalization and discrimnation

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examples of generalization and discrimnation

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generalization: mistake all black SUVs as police cars
discrimination: know the difference between the strength and terror of big dog v. small dog

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the learning for spontaneous recovery is much faster than the original acquisition

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the learning for spontaneous recovery is much faster than the original acquisition

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conditioning (associative learning) is how phobias and weird fetishes occur

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conditioning (associative learning) is how phobias and weird fetishes occur

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nurture

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observational learning w/ violence: watching violence in person or through media increases the possibility of violence in that person's behavior

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prosocial: positive/helpful behavior
behavior modeling: show the correct way to do somthing and others will follow in suit

consistency works best here, always good to continue good behavior
NO HYPOCRITES HERE

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BANDURA!
through modeling
*learn by observation/watching*
mirror neurons and theory of mind

imitation

empathy

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cognitive maps
latent learning
overjustification effect

decreases intrinsic motivation!!!!

intrinsic motivation (v. extrinsic)

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biological predispositions (imaged below)

instinctive drift

taste aversion
ecological relevance
cognitive processes (thinking, expecting...)

predictability and expectancy

US must come after CS

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1. behavior is only suppressed not forgotten
2. teaches discrimination: behavior will still occur away from punisher
3. teaches fear: through generalization, subject will fear punisher and those alike
4. increases aggression: punisher is modeling aggression

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fixed-ratio: after specific number of responses

coffee punch card

variable-ratio: after unknown number of responses

gambling

fixed-interval: after specific time lapse

checking mail

variable interval: after unknown time has passed

waiting to spot shooting stars

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immediate and delayed
continuous schedule: reinforce every time behavior occurs

acquisition quick

extinction quick

partial schedule: reinforce only part of time

acquisition slower

extinction less likely to occur

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positive and negative reinforcement and punishment (operant)

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positive and negative reinforcement and punishment (operant)

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positive reinforcement: adding something to a situation to increase one's behavior

giving child gold star for sharing in class

negative reinforcement: taking away something from a situation to increase one's behavior

go running (increase this behavior) to avoid heart problems (taking away possible heart issues)

positive punishment: adding something to a situation in decrease one's behavior

giving child a spanking (added) when they start screaming about vegetables (decrease this unwanted behavior)

negative punishment: taking away something from a situation to decrease one's behavior

take away phone for a week (removed) to stop teenager from going over data cap (decrease this behavior)

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primary - satisfy bio need, innate reinforcers
secondary/conditioned - learned reinforcers
delayed: reinforcement not presented right after behavior
immediate: reinforcement presented directly after behavior

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positive = add something to situation                                     negative = take away something from situation

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positive = add something to situation                                     negative = take away something from situation

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Thorndike: Law of Effect --> more likely to do something if you get good consequences after completing action; less likely to do something if you get bad consequences after completing the action

Skinner: operant chamber --> shape animal behavior by reinforcing certain actions; box w/ lever or key that animal can manipulate to receive the food reinforcer, has attached device to record rate of lever pressing or key turning

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action's and their consequences

reinforcement increases actions

punishment decreases actions

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Watson's classical conditioning w/ Baby Albert

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Watson's classical conditioning w/ Baby Albert

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NS: fuzzy animal
US: loud noise
UR: crying
CS: fuzzy animal
CR: crying

*raised little Albert to fear fuzzy white (stuffed) animals

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acquisition
extinction
spontaneous recovery
generalization
discrimination

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classical conditioning example with stimuli and responses

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classical conditioning example with stimuli and responses

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Every time you go to the doctor you receive a painful flu shot from the doctor in a white lab coat. Now every time you see someone in a lab white coat you get the painful pinch of receiving a flu shot.
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neutral stimulus: stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

white lab coat

unconditioned stimulus: stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an equally natural response

flu shot

unconditioned response: unlearned, naturally occurring response to an equally natural stimulus

painful pinch

conditioned stimulus: originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with a natural response, comes to trigger a learned response

white lab coat

conditioned response: learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

painful pinch

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Pavlov and his dogs!

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observational learning

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conditioning

classical

behavior linked with stimulus

respondent behavior

operant

behavior linked with consequence

operant behavior

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learned associations: behaviors that have become associated with contexts

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learned associations: behaviors that have become associated with contexts

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these evoke habitual responses
takes 2 months to create a new habit

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adaptability is the ability to learn new behaviors that help us with the changing world; we learn through association which includes classical and operant conditional learning

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adaptability is the ability to learn new behaviors that help us with the changing world; we learn through association which includes classical and operant conditional learning

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https://quizlet.com/_2twukp