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There must be at least some act or omission in the control of the car which involves some element of fault and which contributes in some more than minimal way to the death.” The uninsured driver was illegally driivng however there was nothing they could ahve done and there was no element of fault.

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Tampered with breaks therefore there is a clear intent to kill however the car broke the chian of causation. He is not guilty of murder but likely guilty of attempted murder.

Causation - but for him tampering with the brakes would he have died (R v White) - no, still would have died. Legal - minimal (Pagett) or was he the operating and substantial cause of the death (Smith)

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6. Delilah and Valentine were young models who shared a flat. Delilah was not being booked for work and was very jealous of the amount of work Valentine was getting. After a particularly disappointing casting, Delilah waited for Valentine to return to the flat and then threw a bottle of cleaning bleach over her face. Valentine’s injuries were catastrophic. 

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6. Delilah and Valentine were young models who shared a flat. Delilah was not being booked for work and was very jealous of the amount of work Valentine was getting. After a particularly disappointing casting, Delilah waited for Valentine to return to the flat and then threw a bottle of cleaning bleach over her face. Valentine’s injuries were catastrophic. 

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5. D has taken V hostage. He has a gun which he has fired at armed police who have surrounded his house. D tries to escape, using V as a shield. It is dark outside and visibility is poor. As D leaves, an armed police officer fires at him but the bullet strikes V. She dies. D is charged with murder but claims the police killed V – is he correct?

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5. D has taken V hostage. He has a gun which he has fired at armed police who have surrounded his house. D tries to escape, using V as a shield. It is dark outside and visibility is poor. As D leaves, an armed police officer fires at him but the bullet strikes V. She dies. D is charged with murder but claims the police killed V – is he correct?

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4. Vic is in an abusive relationship with Dominic. One night, Dominic comes into their bedroom and threatens Vic with violence. She is terrified and jumps out of the window and breaks her arm. She is taken to hospital where the doctor fails to see the complexity of the break. Her arm is not set properly. It fails to heal and Vic dies from the resulting infection Evidence has established that the doctor had not fully examined Vic as the hospital was busy that evening.

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4. Vic is in an abusive relationship with Dominic. One night, Dominic comes into their bedroom and threatens Vic with violence. She is terrified and jumps out of the window and breaks her arm. She is taken to hospital where the doctor fails to see the complexity of the break. Her arm is not set properly. It fails to heal and Vic dies from the resulting infection Evidence has established that the doctor had not fully examined Vic as the hospital was busy that evening.

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`Murder - intention to kill or cause gbh

Causation - causal link (Smith - operating and substantial cause)

Defence - unreasonable act, daft (Roberts)

Doctor's negligence breaks the chain - Cheshire prosecution - ' most extraordinary and unusual case...so independent' of acts defendant...and so potent...contribution insignificant'

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3. Dev throws a brick out of his upstairs bedroom window as he has lost his temper with the builders who have been making a mess whilst renovating his house. The brick hits one of the builders, Viv, and kills him instantly. Unbeknownst to Dev, Viv had a bone condition which made his bones vulnerable to breakage and died from a fractured skull from being hit on the head.

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3. Dev throws a brick out of his upstairs bedroom window as he has lost his temper with the builders who have been making a mess whilst renovating his house. The brick hits one of the builders, Viv, and kills him instantly. Unbeknownst to Dev, Viv had a bone condition which made his bones vulnerable to breakage and died from a fractured skull from being hit on the head.

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Murder - Moloney - Intention to kill or cause gbh

MR - by throwing a brick virtually certain to cause serious injury.

AR - Causation - Factual - but for him throwing the brick he wouldn't have suffered the injury (White )

Legal - Smith - operating and substantial cause of the injury?

Break in chain by victim's condition? Blaue - no thin skull rule - you take your victim as you find them.

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2. D was driving without a license or insurance when a pedestrian stepped out in front of their car and was killed. The pedestrian was to blame for the accident and there was nothing D could have done to avoid it. D was charged under the Road Traffic Act, which provides that a person commits an offence if ‘being unlicensed, uninsured or disqualified, he causes the death of another person by driving a motor vehicle on the road’.

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2. D was driving without a license or insurance when a pedestrian stepped out in front of their car and was killed. The pedestrian was to blame for the accident and there was nothing D could have done to avoid it. D was charged under the Road Traffic Act, which provides that a person commits an offence if ‘being unlicensed, uninsured or disqualified, he causes the death of another person by driving a motor vehicle on the road’.

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1.  Den set out to kill Vin by tampering with the brakes of Vin’s motorbike. While riding the bike, Vin was killed in a collision with a car which pulled out from a junction. Misjudging the speed at which Vin was approaching, the car pulled straight onto the road and into his path, giving him no time to brake. There is evidence that the brakes would have failed if full pressure had been applied to the brake lever but that Vin had not attempted to do so.	Could Den be guilty of a homicide offence?

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1.  Den set out to kill Vin by tampering with the brakes of Vin’s motorbike. While riding the bike, Vin was killed in a collision with a car which pulled out from a junction. Misjudging the speed at which Vin was approaching, the car pulled straight onto the road and into his path, giving him no time to brake. There is evidence that the brakes would have failed if full pressure had been applied to the brake lever but that Vin had not attempted to do so.	Could Den be guilty of a homicide offence?

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Murder and causation Actus Reus Death Unlawful Coke Malcherek and Steel Mens Rea Causation Applies to all result Crimes Legal Factual Consequences which legally responsible for Dyson Break in the Chain Causal Link Moloney Intention to kill or cause GBH Victim White Roberts Thin