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individuals' interests in free exercise of religion under 1st amendment outweighed state's interests in compelling school attendance beyond 8th grade. amish traditions preserved

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HARRY TRUMAN: EXECUTIVE ORDER 9981 (1948)

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HARRY TRUMAN: EXECUTIVE ORDER 9981 (1948)

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Truman ordered the desegregation of the armed forces. It establishes equality of treatment and opportunity in the Armed Services for people of all race, religions, or national origins

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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) (1964)

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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) (1964)

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was aimed at eliminating discriminatory hiring

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this law banned discrimination in housing, the segregation of education, transportation, and employment, it helped African Americans gain their full voting rights.

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MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.: ASSASSINATION (1968)

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MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.: ASSASSINATION (1968)

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On April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King, Jr., was assassinated at a Memphis hotel. James Earl Ray, white man who resented the increasing black influence in society. King's murder set off a new round of riots across the country, while both blacks and whites mourned the tragic death of a charismatic leader.

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effectively banned literacy tests for voting rights and provided for federal registrars to assure the franchise to minority voters

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Passed by LBJ, outlawed public segreg and discrim, forbade racial discrim in the workplace

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Poll taxes prohibited. The right to vote cannot be denied based on the paying or non-paying of a poll tax.

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legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

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In August 1963, civil rights leaders organized a massive rally in Washington to urge passage of President Kennedy's civil rights bill. The high point came when MLK Jr., gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to more than 200,000 marchers in front of the Lincoln Memorial.

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The protests in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963 was a nonviolent direct action campaign organized by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) against racial segregation. The Birmingham protest became a turning point in the struggle for civil Rights as the SCLC led a series of boycotts and peaceful demonstrations in the city's downtown area.

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MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.: LETTER FROM BIRMINGHAM JAIL (1963)

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MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.: LETTER FROM BIRMINGHAM JAIL (1963)

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One of the most prominent black civil rights leaders, MLK called for black assertiveness and nonviolent resistance to oppression. He is famous for his "Letter from a Birmingham Jail," written when he was in jail during the protests, which promotes the doctrine of civil disobedience, a method of protests that urges blacks to ignore all laws that they believe are unjust. The letter then circulated around the world.

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Organized mixed-race groups who rode interstate buses deep into the South to draw attention to and protest racial segregation, beginning in 1961. This effort by northern young people to challenge racism proved a political and public relations success for the Civil Rights Movement

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The Greensboro Sit-ins were protests where 4 students from the NC Agricultural and Technical College sat down at whites only lunch counter. Once they were there, they refused to move. Each day, they came back with many more protesters. Sometimes, there were over 100. These sit-ins led to the formation of the SNCC. Led to sit-ins across the country.

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A group of African-American students who were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. The ensuing Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus, and then attended after the intervention of President Eisenhower, is considered to be one of the most important events in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. On their first day of school, troops from the Arkansas National Guard would not let them enter the school and they were followed by mobs making threats to lynch.

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United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery and so triggered the national civil rights movement. She stood for non-violent protest.

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The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

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Emmett Till was murdered in 1955 for whistling at a white woman by her husband and his friends. They kidnapped him and brutally killed him. His death led to the American Civil Rights movement.

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Section 1 of the 15th Amendment, Suffrage given to black males. Section 2, Congress has the power to enforce this via legislation.

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The 14th Amendment is divided into five sections and is one of the most complex and longest Amendment. The 1st section of the Fourteenth Amendment overturned Scott v. Sandford (1857) by extending citizenship to all persons "born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof." Section 2 repealed the 3/5th clause. Section 3 Leading ex-Confederates denied office. Section 4, Ex-Confederates forced to repudiate their debts and pay pensions to their own (CSA) veterans, plus taxes for the pensions of Union veterans.  Section 5, Congress has the power to enforce this via legislation.

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The 13th Amendment was divided into 2 parts. The Abolishment of slavery and involuntary servitude.