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- Poqo was formed as an armed wing to the PAC in the 1960's.
- It was known for it's aggressively violent sabotage campaign.
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- A small organisation made up of white radicals and  intellectuals who were anti-apartheid.
- They were responsible for the Johannesburg Railway Station bombing in 1964.
- A member, Frederick John Harris, was arrested as a result.
- ARM eventually collapsed after the jailing of many members and the rest left the country.

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- Founded 1912
- Was originally named: South Africa Native National Congress
- Early ANC was moderate and non-violent in protest
- During 1930s they worked alongside other organisations such as African People's Organisation
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What was the role of these groups in resistance to segregation policies? Discuss

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What was the role of these groups in resistance to segregation policies? Discuss

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Categorisation - Effectiveness - Development

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- founded: 9th May 1953
- dissolved in 1968 after ban of multiracial parties
- many members banned pre-1968 already by the state for different reasons
- pro non-racial ZA, equality, universal right to vote, etc
- achieving goals with non-violent but constitutional means

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- The PAC was founded on April 6th 1959 in Orlando Community Hall in Soweto.
- It was led by Robert Sobukwe and Potlako Leballo.
- The PAC wanted South Africa returned to it's indigenous inhabitants and were unwilling to give equal rights to all races.
- Their methods were those of political pressure and strike - anti-pass campaigns.

Eg. 21st March 1960 the PAC launched a peaceful anti pass campaign across the country which resulted in the Sharpeville Massacre

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MK - Umkhonto we Sizwe -"Spear of the Nation"

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MK - Umkhonto we Sizwe -"Spear of the Nation"

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- It was a the armed wing of the ANC and Congress Alliance.
- Used to sabotage SA's infrastructure: railways, government buildings, power lines in attempt to force the government to negotiate with the ANC.
- It began in December 1961after a series of explosions in Durban, Johannesburg, and Port Elizabeth
- Its HQ was at Liliesleaf Farm at Livonia, outside Johannesburg
- Made up of from members of the SACP and Congress of Democrats and members of ANC
- Led by Arthur Goldreich and Walter Sisulu
- They were arrested on 11th July 1963