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SUMMARY :
For this week, Madam gave us new materials at google classroom for the Noun clause. Based on my understanding, a dependent clause that serves as a verb is known as a noun clause. It may act as a subject, direct object, indirect object, prepositional object, subject complement or appositive. Pronouns, subordinating conjunctions, and other words are often used to begin noun clauses. In most sentences, the initial word has a grammatical function.

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A noun clause is a clause that functions as a noun. Like all clauses, a noun clause has a subject and a verb. Lots of noun clauses start with�‘that,’ ‘how,’ or a ‘wh’-word (e.g., ‘why,’ ‘what’). Noun clauses can function as subjects, objects, or complements.

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SUMMARY :
Hi hello, this week, madam gave us a new material which is the adjectival phrase notes. Moreover, we are also assigned to form groups of five to make a presentation and explain adjectival phrases.

Adjectival Phrase
In a sentence, an adjective expression is a collection of terms that characterize a noun or pronoun. In an adjective sentence, the adjective may occur at the beginning, end, or middle of the phrase. In a sentence, the adjective word may come before or after the noun or pronoun. There are many types of and position of adjectival phrases.
Types and positions are :
Intensifier, moderator or other verb
Adverb + participle
A possessive expression

Hyphenated phrases of various kinds of noun phrase

For example:

She had extremely blue eyes.

(This adjective phrase describes the noun eyes. The adjective "blue" heads the adjective phrase.)

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SUMMARY :
For this week madam brief us about our course outline and all the assignments and assessments that we will be doing this semester. Besides that, we are also assigned to create an e-portfolio and need to update it every week. I am actually excited and looking forward to the next class. Moreover, madam also gave us noun phrase exercises to practice as our first topic.

Noun Phrase
Based on my understanding, a noun phrase is a group of two or more words headed by a noun that includes modifiers (e.g., 'the,' 'a,' 'of them,' 'with her'). However, a noun phrase plays the role of a noun. In a noun phrase, the modifiers can come before or after the noun. Besides that inside a sentence, a noun phrase may be used as a subject, an object, or a compliment.

For example:

Singing in the bath relaxes me.

(Here, the noun phrase is the subject of the verb "relaxes.")

Below are the exercises that Madam gave:

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ONLINE EXERCISE

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NOTES

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NOTES THAT I REFERRED TO

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Our Story

Noun Phrases
A noun phrase is a group of two or more words headed by a noun that includes modifiers (e.g., 'the,' 'a,' 'of them,' 'with her').

A noun phrase plays the role of a noun. In a noun phrase, the modifiers can come before or after the noun.

Note: A noun phrase can also be headed by apronoun. For example:

the dog with fleas

the one with fleas
(This is a noun phrase headed by a pronoun. In the infographic, "None of us" is another example.)

Examples of Noun Phrases
In normal writing, nouns nearly always feature in noun phrases. It is rare to find a noun functioning by itself (i.e., without any modifiers) in a sentence.

Man proposes, but God disposes. (German canon Thomas Kempis)

In real life, it is far more common for nouns to feature in noun phrases, i..e, to be accompanied by modifiers. Here is a list of noun phrases. In this list, every noun phrase consists of a head noun (highlighted) and at least one modifier.

People: the soldier, my cousin, dopey Alan, the lawyer with the big nose

Animals: that aardvark, one rat, a shark, funny Mickey

Places: the house in the corner, inner London, dirty factory, no shelter

Things: this table, our London Bridge, the sharp chisel, that nitrogen, last month, an inch, her cooking

Ideas: utter confusion, some kindness, your faith, the Theory of Relativity, a joy

So, a noun with any sort of modifier (even it's just "a" or "the") is a noun phrase.
The Function of Noun Phrases
Like any noun, a noun phrase can function as a subject, an object, or a complement within a sentence. In each example below, the noun phrase is in bold and the head noun is highlighted.

Singing in the bath relaxes me.

I know the back streets .
(Here, the noun phrase is the direct object of the verb "know.")
She was the devil in disguise.
(Here, the noun phrase is a subject complement following the linking verb "was.")
As most nouns feature in noun phrases, let's look quickly at the definition for "phrase":

Definition of "Phrase"

A phrase has at least two words and functions as one part of speech.

It follows therefore that a noun phrase functions as a noun in a sentence. We can test this because we know that a noun can be replaced by apronoun (e.g., he, she, it, them). Looking at the examples above, we can replace each noun phrase with a pronoun.

It relaxes me.

I know them.

She was him.

Here are some real-life examples of noun phrases as subjects, objects, and complements:

This man has a nice smile , but he's got iron teeth . (Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko on Mikhail Gorbachev)
direct object of "has." The noun phrase "iron teeth" is the direct object of the verb "got." Here's the "pronoun test": He has one, but he's got them.)
I never learned from a man who agreed with me. (Science-fiction writer Robert Heinlein)
(The noun phrase "a man who agreed with me" is the object of the preposition "from." Here's the "pronoun test": I never learned from him.)
Every man of courage is a man of his word. (French dramatist Pierre Corneille)
("Every man of courage" is the subject of the verb "is." The noun phrase "a man of his word" is a subject complement following the linking verb "is." Here's the "pronoun test": He is one.)
It can get complicated. It's not unusual for nouns and noun phrases to be embedded within noun phrases. Looking at the last example, "courage" and "word" are both nouns, but they are not the head nouns of the phrases. They are both objects of the preposition "of," sitting in prepositional phrases that modify the head nouns.

Read more about prepositional phrases.
More Examples of Noun Phrases
Noun phrases are extremely common. Remember that a noun with any sort of modifier (including just a number or an article) is a noun phrase. Here are some more examples of noun phrases:

The best defense against the atom bomb is not to be there when it goes off. (Anon)
object of the preposition "against." The prepositional phrase "against the atom bomb" modifies "defense.")
I don't have a bank account , because I don't know my mother's maiden name . (Paula Poundstone)
(In this example, both noun phrases are direct objects.)
The best car safety device is a rear-view mirror with a cop in it. (Dudley Moore, 1935-2002)
(In this example, the first noun phrase is the subject, and the second is a subject complement.)
Only two things are infinite, the universe and human stupidity , and I'm not sure about the former . (Albert Einstein, 1879-1955)

The last thing to say about noun phrases is that they can be headed by pronouns as well as nouns, and they can be quite long.

Anybody who wants the presidency so much that he'll spend two years organizing and campaigning for it is not to be trusted with the office. (Journalist David Broder)
He is not to be trusted with the office.)

A Video Summary
Here is a video summarizing this lesson on noun phrases.

Why Should I Care about Noun Phrases?
Most native English speakers can form noun phrases without giving the grammar a second thought. So, if the truth be told, understanding how they function isn't particularly useful unless you're required to teach them or to compare them with similar structures in a foreign language you're learning.

That said though, there is a common issue associated with noun phrases.
When a noun phrase is the subject of a verb, ensure subject-verb agreement with the head noun.

The Spitfire's 9-yard belt of bullets give us the term "the full nine yards."

The Spitfire's 9-yard belt of bullets gives us the term "the full nine yards."

Do not be tricked into agreeing the verb with the nearest noun (here, "bullets"). When a noun phrase is the subject of a verb, the head noun governs the verb.

Read more about subject-verb agreement.

Interactive Exercise

Here are three randomly selected questions from a larger exercise, which can be edited, printed to create an exercise worksheet, or sent via email to friends or students.

See Also
What is a phrase? What is a clause? What are nouns? What are noun clauses? What is the subject of a sentence? What is an object? What is a complement? What is a direct object? What is the object of a preposition? Glossary of grammatical terms

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Note

Noun Clauses, Noun Phrases, and Single Words

Not all grammarians agree on the definitions of clauses and phrases. For some, the term phrase covers everything. In other words, for them, a clause is a type of phrase, and a single word is just a short phrase. Here at Grammar Monster, we go with the following:

Single Word. A single word is not a phrase.

Phrase. A phrase plays the role of one part of speech and has at least two words.

Clause. A clause plays the role of one part of speech and has a subject and a verb.
(Note: On occasion, the subject may be implied.)
It is a little more complicated than that though. Look at this example:

Anybody who wants the presidency so much that he will spend two years organizing and campaigning for it is not to be trusted with the office. (David Broder)

In this example, the bolded text (a noun phrase) contains two subject-verb pairings (i.e., "who" is the subject of "wants," and "he" is the subject of "will spend.") So, surely, the bolded text must be a noun clause not a noun phrase?
Well, no. It's a noun phrase. The text "who wants the presidency so much that he will spend two years organizing and campaigning for it" is functioning as an adjective modifying anybody. In other words, those subjects and verbs feature in an adjective clause. Get it? The bolded text is a noun phrase that contains an adjective clause. That doesn't make it a noun clause.

If you have a view on this, please tell us using this form.

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A noun phrase is a group of two or more words that is headed by a noun (a person, place, or thing) and includes modifiers (e.g., 'the,' 'a,' 'of them,' 'with her'). A noun phrase plays the role of a noun. In a noun phrase, the modifiers can come before or after the noun.

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ONLINE NOTES ON ADJECTIVAL PHRASE

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Our Story

The Quick Answer

What is an adjective phrase?

An adjective phrase is a group of words headed by an adjective that modifies a noun.

Example:

She had extremely menacing eyes. (In this example, the adjective phrase is highlighted and the head adjective is in bold. This adjective phrase modifies the noun "eyes.")

Adjective Phrase
An adjective phrase is a group of words headed by an adjective that describes a noun or a pronoun.
Easy Examples of Adjective Phrases
In each example below, the adjective phrase is shaded and the head adjective is bold.

She had extremely blue eyes.

She wore very expensive shoes.
(This adjective phrase describes (or " modifies" as grammarians say) the noun "shoes." The adjective "expensive" heads the adjective phrase.)
Sarah was hostile towards me.
(This adjective phrase modifies the noun "Sarah." The adjective "hostile" heads the adjective phrase. Like a normal adjective, an adjective phrase can be used before the noun it's modifying (as in the first two examples) or afterwards (as here).)

Real-Life Examples of Adjective Phrases
Here are some real-life examples of adjective phrases (with the head adjectives in bold):

An overly sensitive heart is an unhappy possession on this shaky earth. (German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)

I'm a fairly intelligent person, but I don't think my grades reflected that. (American footballer Barry Sanders)

People are so sick of these Twitter tirades. They want to be proud of their leaders. (US politician Tom Perez)

There is always someone more better than you and talented than you. Always. (Restaurateur David Chang)
(The adjective phrases modify the pronoun "someone.")

More about Adjective Phrases
In an adjective phrase, the head adjective can be at the start, the middle or the end of the phrase.

I am sad about the result. (start)

I am awfully sad about the result. (middle)

I am very sad. (end)

The other words inside the adjective phrase are known as the dependents of the head adjective. They are typically adverbs ("awfully" and "very") or prepositional phrases ("about the result").

If you ever find yourself discussing adjective phrases, it won't be too long before you encounter the terms "attributive adjective" andpredicative adjective.

Attributive Adjective. An attributive adjective typically sits before the noun it is modifying.
The beautifully carved frames are priceless. (The adjective phrase is before the noun it modifies ("frames"). This is an attributive adjective phrase.)
Predicative Adjective. A predicative adjective typically sits after the noun it is modifying.

The frames are beautifully carved and priceless.

When an adjective phrase (or any adjective for that matter) appears before its noun, it is highly likely to be an attributive adjective. However, an adjective that appears after its noun can also be attributive.

The frames beautifully carved by monks are priceless.

Even though most attributive adjectives sit before their nouns, the position of an adjective does not determine whether it is attributive or predicative. An attributive adjective sits inside the noun phrase of the noun it modifies, and a predicative adjective sits outside the noun phrase of the noun it modifies. Typically, a predicative adjective is linked to its noun with a linking verb (e.g., "to be," "to look," "to smell," "to taste").
The dog covered in mud looks pleased with himself. (In this example, the first adjective phrase even though it's positioned after its noun ("The dog") is attributive because it appears inside the noun phrase "The dog covered in mud." The second is predicative because it appears outside the noun phrase of the noun it modifies. Note how it is linked to its noun with a linking verb ("looks").)

More about Multiword Adjectives
Be aware that there are other types of multiword adjectives:

Adjective Clause. Like all clauses, an adjective clause includes a subject and a verb.
The bread you bought yesterday has gone mouldy. (The clause "you bought yesterday" is a multiword adjective describing "The bread." It has a subject ("you") and a verb ("bought"). It is an adjective clause.)
Adjectival Phrase. The term "adjectival phrase" is often used interchangeably with "adjective phrase," but lots of grammarian reserve this term for multiword adjectives that are not headed by an adjective.

My uncle dated the girl with the tattoos.
preposition "with," this is a prepositional phrase. It is best classified as an "adjectival phrase" as opposed to an "adjective phrase.")

A Video Summary
Here is a video summarizing this lesson on adverbial phrases.

Why Should I Care about Adjective Phrases?
Native English speakers are great at using adjective phrases. Adjective phrases cause few mistakes. However, here is one notable issue.
(Issue 1) Don't use a hyphen with an adverb ending "-ly."
By far the most commonly discussed topic related to adjective phrases is whether to use a hyphen to join an adverb to the head adjective. For example, some writers are unsure whether they should write "professionally qualified editor" or "professionally-qualified editor? Here's the quick answer: don't use a hyphen.

When an adverb ending "-ly" (and lots do) is modifying an adjective, don't use a hyphen to join it to the adjective. The hyphen is unjustified (in the interest of writing efficiency). However, if your adverb is one like "well," "fast," "best," or "better" (i.e., one that could feasibly be mistaken as an adjective), then use a hyphen to eliminate any ambiguity.

She has beautifully-formed feet.

She has well-formed feet.
(The hyphen is justified to make it clear you mean the adverb "well," i.e., healthily, and not the adjective "well," i.e., healthy.)
In truth, there is often no real ambiguity with adverbs like "well," "fast," and "best," but the hyphen has become a point of style, which is semi-justifiable with the it-eliminates-ambiguity argument. The same is not true for "better" and "more." Often, there is ambiguity. Look at these examples:

Alliteration creates better flowing sentences.

Alliteration creates better-flowing sentences.
(With the hyphen, it is now clear that the intended meaning is sentences that flow better.)

Janet has started eating more nutritious food.

Janet has started eating more-nutritious food.
(With the hyphen, it is now clear that the intended meaning is the same amount of food that is more nutritious.)

Interactive Exercise

Here are three randomly selected questions from a larger exercise, which can be edited, printed to create an exercise worksheet, or sent via email to friends or students.

See Also
What is a phrase? What is an adjective? What are nouns? What are linking verbs? What does modify mean? What is a predicative adjective? What are adjective clauses? Glossary of grammatical terms

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Adjective Phrase | What Is an Adjective Phrase?

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Our Story The Quick Answer What is an adjective phrase? An adjective phrase is a group of words headed by an adjective that modifies a noun. Example: She had extremely menacing eyes. (In this example, the adjective phrase is highlighted and the head adjective is in bold.

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ADJECTIVE PHRASE EXERCISE

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SUMMARY :
This week Madam Fadzilah gave us new materials which are the prepositional videos. Based on my understanding, a prepositional expression is a set of terms that includes the preposition, its object and any modifiers to the object. A prepositional phrase usually modifies a verb or a noun. Adverbial phrases and adjectival phrases, respectively, are two types of prepositional phrases. Besides that, a prepositional expression is made up of at least one preposition and the object it regulates. Therefore, a noun, a gerund (a verb form ending in “-ing” that functions as a noun), or a clause may all be used as the object. Since adjectives modify nouns, we assume a prepositional term is acting adjectivally as it acts on a noun. The adjectival action of a prepositional phrase is referred to as an adjectival phrase. When a prepositional phrase acts upon a verb, we say it is behaving adverbially because adverbs modify verbs. A prepositional phrase that behaves adverbially is called an adverbial phrase.

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ONLINE NOTES ON PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE

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Prepositions are words which begin prepositional phrases.

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PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE EXERCISE

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my notes on prepositional phrase

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SUMMARY :
This week Madam Fadzilah gave us materials which are the adverbial phrase videos. Based on my understanding,  an adverb phrase is simply a group of two or more words that function as an adverb in a sentence. Just as an adverb can modify a verb, adjective or another adverb, an adverb phrase of more than one word can further describe a verb, adverb or adjective. Adverb sentences are used to explain how, when, when, or when something happened.

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EXERCISE : ADVERB PHRASE

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NOTES : ADVERB PHRASE

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An adverb phrase is simply a group of two or more words that function as an adverb in a sentence. Just as an can modify a , adjective or another adverb, an adverb phrase of more than one word can further describe a verb, adverb, or .

Adverb phrases typically answer the questions how, where, why or when something was done, as you'll see in the adverb phrase examples below.

Consider the following sentences:

The first sentence does not contain an adverb or adverb phrase at all. The second sentence contains the adverb "here" to describe where the car was parked. The third sentence contains the adverb phrase "right here," which emphasizes where the car was parked and employs a phrase instead of a single adverb.

The final sentence of the group contains a longer, more informative adverbial phrase. Note that "right here under the bridge" is a prepositional phrase that uses the preposition "under" and the object "bridge." In this case, the prepositional phrase functions as an adverb in the sentence. Since it modifies the verb to describe location, it is both a prepositional phrase and an adverbial phrase.

Adverb Phrases Show How, Where, Why, When

A simple adverb phrase usually contains an adverb and at least one other word before or after it, though a prepositional phrase or infinitive phrase can also act as an adverbial.

Adverb Phrases Describing How

Adverb Phrases Describing Where

Adverb Phrases Describing Why

Adverb Phrases Describing When

Adverb Phrase in a Sentence

Adverb phrases can be used in any position in a sentence. Consider these adverb phrase examples so you'll know what you're looking for:

Bob nodded like a bobblehead.

Meet me at the mall later this evening.

Without thinking, he turned down the road.

They must kiss before sunset to break the spell.

She went online for more information.

In the forest, many creatures snarl and growl.

I will not do that, never in a million years!

Dad spoke softly to calm her fears.

She slammed the door in a huff.

We will reconvene earlier than usual.

Truly happy, I gave him my answer.

She took some time off for a much-needed vacation.

At every turn, problems blocked his path.

I saw a lot of trash beside the highway.

He decided to join a gym to get in shape.

The dog came in for his bath, incredibly reluctantly.

We strolled through the gardens very slowly.

He made his decision as quickly as possible.

Put the flowers by the birdbath.

Jose always arrives sooner than the other students.

She flew the plane through the fog calmly and skillfully.

So as not to disturb anyone, Michelle tiptoed to bed.

The seamstress mended the hem with needle and thread.

Sometimes I don't clean under the bed.

He performed the tasks without care.

Come closer to get a better look.

Take this medication as often as needed.

The oath was recited somewhat hesitantly.

Mary needs to drive her new car much more carefully.

To see the view, Harry climbed to the peak.

The mystery books were placed next to the crime dramas.

The line was moving frustratingly slowly.

The parade coursed around the town square.

She runs five miles every day.

The children opened their presents with delight.

This product is available in all places.

She responded very rudely.

You need to wash your hands better than that.

He stood on this very spot and lied to me.

Adverb Phrases vs. Adverb Clauses

It is important to remember that a phrase is a group of words that does not contain a subject and a verb. When you look at the adverb phrase examples above, you'll see that "right here under the bridge" does not contain a verb, so it is just a long phrase.

An adverb clause , on the other hand, is a group of words that does contain a subject and a verb. That group of words modifies a verb, adverb or adjective in the sentence, just as an adverb phrase does. For example:

I parked the car where I could easily find it later.

This adverbial has both a subject ("I") and a verb ("find"), so it is a clause. In its entirety, it modifies the verb "parked" to describe where the car is located.

To better understand the difference between an adverb phrase and an adverb clause, check out the examples of adverb clauses here on YourDictionary.

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An adverb phrase is simply a phrase that acts as an adverb to describe a verb, adverb, or adjective. Adverb phrases typically answer the questions how, where, why or when something was done, as you'll see in these adverb phrase examples

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SUMMARY :
For week 5 & 6, Madam Fadzilah posted material on google classroom of phrasal verbs. Based on my understanding, phrasal verbs are phrases that indicate actions. They consist of a verb and a particle or two particles in some cases. The particle sometimes changes the verb's meaning.

For example:
[verb + adverb] e.g: look up

[verb + preposition] e.g: look after

[verb + adverb + preposition] e.g: look forward to

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Exercise on Phrasal Verbs - 04 :: Learn English online - free exercises, explanations, games, teaching materials and plenty of information on English language. :: page 04

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SUMMARY :
This week Madam updated some new materials on relative clause. Based on my understanding,  dependent clause is the relative clause. It has a subject and a verb, but it is not a complete sentence. It's sometimes referred to as a "adjective clause" because it functions similarly to an adjective in that it provides additional information about a noun. When sentences are combined, a relative clause always starts with a "relative pronoun," which stands in for a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun.

Below are my own notes

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What is a relative clause?

Click here to download this explanation as a pdf.

See a list of all the exercises about relative clauses here.

We can use relative clauses to join two English sentences, or to give more information about something.

I bought a new car. It is very fast.
→ I bought a new car that is very fast.

She lives in New York. She likes living in New York.
→ She lives in New York, which she likes.

Defining and Non-defining

A defining relative clause tells which noun we are talking about:

I like the woman who lives next door.
(If I don't say 'who lives next door', then we don't know which woman I mean).

A non-defining relative clause gives us extra information about something. We don't need this information to understand the sentence.

I live in London, which has some fantastic parks.
(Everybody knows where London is, so 'which has some fantastic parks' is extra information).

Defining relative clauses:

1: The relative pronoun is the subject:

First, let's consider when the relative pronoun is the subject of a defining relative clause.

We can use 'who', 'which' or 'that'. We use 'who' for people and 'which' for things. We can use 'that' for people or things.

The relative clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. We can't drop the relative pronoun.

For example (clause after the object of the sentence):

More examples (clause after the subject of the sentence):
Try an exercise where the relative pronoun is the subject here.
2: The relative pronoun is the object:

Next, let's talk about when the relative pronoun is the object of the clause. In this case we can drop the relative pronoun if we want to. Again, the clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. Here are some examples:
(Clause after the object) (Clause after the subject)
Non-defining relative clauses:

We don't use 'that' in non-defining relative clauses, so we need to use 'which' if the pronoun refers to a thing, and 'who' if it refers to a person. We can't drop the relative pronoun in this kind of clause, even if the relative pronoun is the object of the clause.

(Clause comes after the subject)

(Clause comes after the object)

Prepositions and relative clauses

If the verb in the relative clause needs a preposition, we put it at the end of the clause:

For example:

The music is good. Julie listens to the music.
→ The music (which / that) Julie listens to is good.

My brother met a woman. I used to work with the woman.
→ My brother met a woman (who / that) I used to work with.

The country is very hot. He went to the country.
→ The country (which / that) he went to is very hot.

I visited the city. John comes from the city.
→ I visited the city (that / which) John comes from.

The job is well paid. She applied for the job.
→ The job (which / that) she applied for is well paid.

Whose

'Whose' is always the subject of the relative clause and can't be left out. It replaces a possessive. It can be used for people and things.

The dog is over there. The dog's / its owner lives next door.
→ The dog whose owner lives next door is over there.

The little girl is sad. The little girl's / her doll was lost.
→ The little girl whose doll was lost is sad.

The woman is coming tonight. Her car is a BMW.
→ The woman whose car is a BMW is coming tonight.

The house belongs to me. Its roof is very old.
→ The house whose roof is old belongs to me.

Where / when / why

We can sometimes use these question words instead of relative pronouns and prepositions.

I live in a city. I study in the city.

→ I live in the city where I study.
→ I live in the city that / which I study in.
→ I live in the city in which I study.

The bar in Barcelona is still there. I met my wife in that bar.

→ The bar in Barcelona where I met my wife is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona that / which I met my wife in is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona in which I met my wife is still there.

The summer was long and hot. I graduated from university in the summer.

→ The summer when I graduated from university was long and hot.
→ The summer that / which I graduated from university in was long and hot.
→ The summer in which I graduated was long and hot.
(See a list of all the exercises about relative clauses here.)

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Clear explanations of English relative clauses, with lots of examples and exercises.

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Exercise 1

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Exercise 2

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Exercise 3
https://www.englishtestsonline.com/relative-clauses-adjective-clauses-advanced-level-test-quiz-o nline-exercise-with-answers-2/

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Exercise 4

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Exercise 5

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SUMMARY :
For this week, Madam gave us new materials at google classroom on adverbial clause.

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SUMMARY :
Hello, so for this week Madam uploaded a new material on google classroom which is the conditional and participle clauses.

Conditional clause
- Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if.

Participle clause
- A participle clause is a dependent clause which uses a participle form of a verb. These clauses are used to avoid making sentences overly complicated. They are used mainly in written English and they allow us to convey a great deal of information in a shorter form

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SUMMARY :
Hello, for this week, Madam uploaded a new material on google classroom which is basic sentence vs compound sentence.

There are 4 types of sentences altogether.

1. Simple sentence contains only one independent clause.

2. Compound sentence contains at least two independent clauses. These clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon.

3. Complex sentence contains a subordinate clause and an independent clause.

4. Compound-complex sentence is basically a combination of compound and complex sentence. It contain at least two independent clauses and at least on subordinate clause.

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What do you think of when you hear the word structure?

I think of builders and architects planning the parts of a building and figuring out how all of the elements will fit together in the final product.

You and I might not build buildings, but we do build sentences. We can think of ourselves as word architects, and word architects need to study sentence structure so that they know what possibilities sentences hold.

That way, we can learn to vary our sentences, which will make our writing more engaging, and we can make sure that our sentences are grammatically correct.

But before we get to studying sentence structure, have you ever stopped to think about what a sentence actually is?

A sentence is a group of words, with both a subject and a verb, that expresses a complete thought. Sentences make it easy to understand ideas and learn information.

We can categorize sentences based on different criteria, and one way to categorize them is based on their structure.

What are clauses and why are they important?

When I say that we're looking at a sentence's structure, what we're really looking at is what combination of independent clauses and dependent clauses a sentence has. Because of that, it's important that you know a little bit about clauses before we get started.

are groups of words with both a subject and a verb. There are two main types of clauses.

Independent clauses are clauses that can stand alone as complete thoughts.

I teach grammar is an independent clause. It contains a subject (I), a verb ( teach), and it expresses a complete thought.

Dependent clauses are clauses that cannot stand alone as complete thoughts.

Because I teach grammar is a dependent clause. It contains a subject ( I), a verb ( teach), and it does not express a complete thought.

Okay...back to sentence structure...

When we categorize sentences based on structure (different combinations of independent and dependent clauses), we find that there are four sentence structures. Let's learn about each one!

The Four Sentence Structures

1. Simple Sentences

A simple sentence contains only one independent clause.
I kicked the ball.
Remember that an independent clause is a group of words that has both a subject and a verb, and expresses a complete thought.

I'll use sentence diagrams to show you what these different sentence structures look like because the diagrams really SHOW you the different structures! Here is a sentence diagram of a simple sentence. Note that there is only one horizontal line.

I kicked the ball is an independent clause. It contains a subject ( I) and a verb ( kicked), and it expresses a complete thought.

Let's look at something that can cause confusion: simple sentences contain one subject and verb, but both or either of those things can be compound. ("Compound" means that something is made up of two or more elements.)

Look at the diagram below and note that the sentence has a compound subject ( Lewis, Alice) and a compound verb ( played, read).
Lewis and Alice played in the backyard and read in the house.
In the diagram above, the compound elements are on separate horizontal lines, but there is just one spot where the main horizontal line meets the vertical line. This shows us that it's still a simple sentence; it just has compound elements.

Speaking of compound things, let's learn about compound sentences!

2. Compound Sentences

A compound sentence contains at least two independent clauses.
I kicked the ball, and it hit Tom.
These clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon. (When you join two independent clauses with only a comma, it's a mistake called a comma splice.)

A coordinating conjunction ( for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) is a word that glues sentence elements (words, phrases, clauses) together that are the same.

Here's a sentence diagram of a compound sentence. Note that there are now two horizontal lines, and one is directly below the other.

I kicked the ball is an independent clause.

It hit Tom is also an independent clause.

And is a coordinating conjunction joining the two independent clauses.

I kicked the ball, and it hit Tom is a compound sentence.

Remember that some sentences ( Jeremy and I kicked the ball.) might seem like they're compound if they have compound elements ( Jeremy and I), but they're actually simple.

In order to be a complete sentence, a group of words needs to contain a subject and a verb, and it needs to express a complete thought.

If a group of words is missing any of that information, it's probably a sentence fragment, and if you have a group of words containing two or more independent clauses that are not properly punctuated, it's probably a run-on sentence.

3. Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains a subordinate clause and an independent clause.
Tom cried because the ball hit him.
A subordinate clause is a group of words that has a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought.

Here's a sentence diagram of a complex sentence. Note that there are still two horizontal lines, but one of them is below the other and moved to the right.

Tom cried is an independent clause.

Because the ball hit him is a dependent adverb clause modifying the verb cried.

Tom cried because the ball hit him is a complex sentence.

Sometimes, it can be hard for people to tell the difference between compound sentences and complex sentences, and a sentence's structures can be changed by swapping out just one word! You can learn more about that here.

4. Compound-Complex Sentences

A compound-complex sentence is just what it seems like it would be. :) It's basically a combination of a compound sentence and a complex sentence. You know what that means, right? It means that these guys contain at least two independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause.
Tom cried because the ball hit him, and I apologized immediately.
Here's a diagram of a compound-complex sentence. Note that it's a hybrid of a compound sentence and a complex sentence! Two of the horizontal lines are directly above and below each other and the third is hanging out there in the middle.

Tom cried because the ball hit him, and I apologized immediately.

Tom cried and I apologized immediately are both independent clauses. They're being joined by the conjunction and.

Because the ball hit him is a dependent adverb clause modifying the verb cried.

The whole sentence is a compound-complex sentence.

Now you have a great understanding of sentence structure! Be sure to sign up for our free bi-weekly newsletter so that we can keep in touch!

Okay, now you know about simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences, but you might be wondering why this information is even important. Here are 9 things understanding sentence structure will do help you do:

1. Write with clarity. Writing with an understanding of sentence structure helps you present you ideas clearly. This means that you'll be able to communicate your ideas without ambiguity.

2. Write effectively. Whether you're writing an essay, a report, an email, or a speech, knowing how to structure sentences helps you organize your thoughts logically. This enhances your ability to communicate your ideas persuasively and convincingly.

3. Use correct punctuation. Sentence structure is closely tied to punctuation rules. When you understand how sentences are structured, it helps you use the right punctuation.

Even if you don't know how to punctuate a particular sentence, understanding sentence structure allows you to search for the right answer. For example, if you know sentence structure, but you're unsure of punctuation rules, you might perform the following searches:

- Do I add a comma after an introductory adverb clause?
- Does a noun clause acting as the subject of a sentence need a comma after it?

But, in order to create relevant searches, you would need to know what about sentence structure!

4. Have better reading comprehension. When you understand how sentences are constructed, you can better comprehend the material you read. This is particularly important when dealing with complex or technical content. When you understand the grammatical structure of a sentence, it helps you rank the ideas in the sentence based on their relative importance-it helps you understand how the parts of the sentence fit together.

5. Expand your vocabulary. Analyzing sentence structure can lead to a better understanding of word usage, synonyms, antonyms, and idiomatic expressions. This deepens your vocabulary and helps you choose the most appropriate words for your writing.

6. Think critically. Breaking down a sentence's structure encourages you to think critically about the relationships between words and phrases. This can enhance your analytical skills and help you identify flaws or inconsistencies in arguments.

7. Learn a foreign language. If you're learning a new language, understanding sentence structure is crucial! Different languages have different structures, and grasping these differences aids in language acquisition.

8. Be a better editing or proofreader. When you know how sentences are supposed to be constructed, you can identify errors more easily during the editing and proofreading process. This includes spotting run-on sentences, sentence fragments, and subject-verb agreement issues.

9. Get creative. Using proper sentence structure is important, but understanding it also allows you to play with language creatively. You can experiment with sentence lengths, structures, and arrangements to develop your own unique style of writing style. As they say, "You need to understand the rules before you can break them!"

Understanding sentence structure empowers you to effectively express your thoughts and have meaningful conversations. It's a fundamental skill that supports thinking, reading, and writing!

Let's review what we covered on this page!

A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. Sentences need to have a subject and a verb.

Clauses are groups of words that have both a subject and a verb. Independent clauses can stand alone as complete thoughts. Dependent clauses cannot stand alone as complete thoughts.

When we categorize sentences based on their structure, we find that there are four sentence structures. Each one is simply a different combination of independent and dependent clauses.

1. Simple sentences contain just one independent clause.

2. Compound sentences contain two or more independent clauses.

3. Complex sentences contain one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

4. Compound-complex sentences contain two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

Understanding sentence structure helps you read, write, and think more effectively.

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Sentence Structure (Simple, Compound, Complex, & Compound-Complex)

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Find everything you wanted to know about sentence structure! (Including sentence diagrams!) Read more. You know you want to.

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(conditional clause)

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(participle clause)

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SUMMARY
Hello, for this week Madam uploaded a new material on google classroom which is direct and indirect speech

Direct speech is like a text that reports the exact thoughts expressed to a person in their original form. It's frequently surrounded by quotation marks so that the reader realises that the quoted content is the speaker's original storey.

Indirect speech is used to report what someone may have said, and so it is always used in the past tense. Instead of using quotation marks, we can show that someone’s speech is being described by using the word “that” to introduce the statement first.

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Muhammad Rafiq is a freelance writer, blogger, and translator with a master's degree in English literature from the University of Malakand.

What Is Direct Speech? What Is Indirect Speech?

Direct speech is exactly what it sounds like-text that reports the exact thoughts expressed by a person in their original form. It is often enclosed in quotation marks so that the reader understands that the quoted text is the speaker's original narrative.

Indirect speech is also known as reported speech, indirect narration, or indirect discourse. In grammar, when you report someone else's statement in your own words without any change in the meaning of the statement, it is called indirect speech.

Quoting a person's words without using his own word and bringing about any change in the meaning of the statement is reported speech. Look at the following sentences:

Direct Speech: She says, "I am a little bit nervous."

Indirect Speech: She says that she is a little bit nervous.

In the first sentence, the writer conveys the girl's message using her actual words (e.g., "I am a little bit nervous."). In the second sentence, the writer conveys her message but in his own words without changing the meaning. Thus, direct and indirect speech each report a person's statement in different ways.

This article will cover the following topics:

Key Terminology

The Basic Rules of Direct and Indirect Speech

Important Word Changes: How Words Are Used Differently in Direct vs. Indirect Speech

Examples of Direct Speech Converted to Indirect Speech

Understanding Direct and Indirect Speech in Different Types of Sentences

Assertive Sentences

Imperative Sentences

Interrogative Sentences

Exclamatory Sentences

Optative Sentences

Key Terminology

During the process, you will come across many important terms that you need to know better so that you can convert any direct speech into indirect speech easily and without any hassle. Consider the following examples from the previous section:

Direct Speech: She says, "I am a little bit nervous."

Indirect Speech: She says that she is a little bit nervous.

Now consider the different grammatical aspects of both.

Reporting Speech: The first part of the direct speech is called reporting speech (she says).

Reported Speech: Thesecond part of the sentence, which is enclosed in inverted commas or quotation marks, is called reported speech (I am a little bit nervous).

Reporting Verb: The verb of the reporting speech is called the reporting verb (says).

Reported Verb: The verb of the reported speech is called the reported verb (am).

The Basic Rules of Direct and Indirect Speech

Before proceeding, you must memorize these rules:

Changes in Person of Pronouns:

First-person pronouns in reported speech are always changed according to the subject of the reporting speech.

Second-person pronouns in reported speech are always changed according to the object of the reporting speech.

Third-person pronouns in reported speech are not changed.

Changes in Verbs:

If the reporting speech is in the present or future tense, then it is not required to change the verb in the reported speech. This verb could be in any tense, i.e., present, past, or future. For example:

Direct Speech: He says, "I am ill."

Indirect Speech: He says that he is ill.

Direct Speech: She says, "She sang a song."

Indirect Speech: She says that she sang a song.

Direct Speech: You say, "I shall visit London."

Indirect Speech: You say that you will visit London.

If the reporting verb is in the past tense, then the reported verb will be changed per the following criterion.

Present indefinite tense is changed into past indefinite tense. For example:

Present continuous is changed into past continuous tense.

Present perfect is changed into the past perfect tense.

Present perfect continuous tense is changed into past perfect continuous tense.

Past indefinite is changed into past perfect tense.

Past continuous tense is changed into past perfect continuous tense.

No changes are necessary to change into past perfect and past perfect continuous tenses.

In future tense, no changes are made except shall and will are changed into would.

Important Word Changes: How Words Are Used Differently in Direct vs. Indirect Speech

Word in Direct Speech

Word in Indirect Speech

Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

Memorize the above rules because they are necessary to convert direct speech into indirect speech.

The following examples cover all the aforementioned rules.

Examples of Direct Speech Converted to Indirect Speech

Understanding Direct and Indirect Speech in Different Types of Sentences

Assertive Sentences

Sentences that make a statement are called assertive sentences. These sentences may be positive, negative, false, or true statements. To convert such sentences into indirect narration, use the rules mentioned above, except said is sometimes replaced with told. Look at the following examples:

Direct Speech: She says, "I am writing a letter to my brother."

Indirect Speech: She says that she is writing a letter to her brother.

Direct Speech: She says, "I was not writing a letter to my brother."

Indirect Speech: She says that she was not writing a letter to her brother.

Direct Speech: She said to me, "I am writing a letter to my brother."

Indirect Speech: She told me that she was writing a letter to her brother.

Imperative Sentences

Imperative sentences give an order or direct command. These sentences may come in the form of advice, appeal, request, or order. Either a period or exclamation point is used at the end of the sentence, depending on the forcefulness of the speaker. For example:

Shut the door!

Please shut the door.

Repair the door by tomorrow!

To convert these types of sentences into indirect speech, follow the rules below along with the above-mentioned rules.

The reporting verb is changed according to reported speech into order if the sentence gives a direct command. For example:

The reporting verb is changed according to reported speech into request if the sentence makes a request. For example:

The reporting verb is changed according to reported speech into advise if the sentence gives a piece of advice. For example:

The reporting verb is changed according to reported speech into forbade if the sentence prevents someone from doing something. For example:

Examples

Interrogative Sentences

Sentences that ask questions are called interrogative sentences. Every interrogative sentence ends with a question mark. For example:

Do you live here?

Have you ever watched Terminator III?

Is it raining?

To convert interrogative sentences into indirect speech, follow the following rules along with the above-mentioned rules:

The reporting verb said to is changed into asked.

If the reporting speech has the reporting verb at its start, then if is used in place of that.

If the reporting speech has interrogative words like who, when, how, why, when, then neither if is used nor any other word is added.

A period is placed at the end of the sentence instead of a question mark.

Examples

Exclamatory Sentences

The sentences that express our feelings and emotions are called exclamatory sentences. Exclamation marks are used at the end of an exclamatory sentence. For example:

Hurray! We have won the match.

Alas! He failed the test.

How beautiful that dog is!

What a marvelous personality you have!

To change exclamatory sentences into indirect speech, follow the rules below along with the above-mentioned rules:

If there is an interjection, i.e., alas, aha, hurray, etc., in the reported speech, then they are omitted along with the exclamation point.

The reporting verb, i.e., said, is always replaced with exclaimed with joy, exclaimed with sorrow, exclaimed joyfully, exclaimed sorrowfully, or exclaimed with great wonder or sorrow.

If there is what or how at the beginning of the reported speech, then they are replaced with very or very great.

In an indirect sentence, the exclamatory sentence becomes an assertive sentence.

Examples

Optative Sentences

Optative sentences express a hope, prayer, or wish. Usually, there is an exclamation mark at the end of an optative sentence. For example:

May you succeed on the test!

May you get well soon!

Would that I were rich!

To change optative sentences into indirect speech, follow the rules below along with the above-mentioned rules:

If the reported speech starts with the word may, then the reporting verb said is replaced with the word prayed.

If the reported speech starts with the word would, then the reporting verb said is replaced with the word wished.

The exclamation mark is omitted.

In indirect speech, the optative sentences become assertive sentences.

Examples
This content is accurate and true to the best of the author's knowledge and is not meant to substitute for formal and individualized advice from a qualified professional. © 2014 Muhammad Rafiq
Iqra on August 31, 2020:

Thank you so much. This one article was enough to cover all the information.

Perry on August 31, 2020:

How do we change,

1.He buys a camera .

2.I wrote a letter

Nn on August 28, 2020:

Very well explain, thanks

Muhammad Yasin on August 28, 2020:

Very well explain .thanks

Selvam on August 25, 2020:

He said "Oh!I see"

Nishanthi on August 24, 2020:

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ebuka on August 12, 2020:

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MB Kargbo on August 06, 2020:

This is wonderful!

My Geography teacher said,'The earth is round'.

Help me with this, Sir and what's the concept that justifies this.

Haile on July 30, 2020:

Much usefull

Yogeshwar on July 27, 2020:

Ans of Zoya's question:

Father, "We shall go for a picnic tomorrow".

Children said, " Can we go to Gulmarg?"

Zoya on July 23, 2020:

Father suggested that they should go for a picnic the next day. Children asked if they

could go to Gulmarg. ( Change from indirect to direct speech)

gael on July 23, 2020:

can you change this to indirect:

He said to her, 'What a hot day!

Opel on July 18, 2020:

The teacher forbade me to play with fire

Asim Baig on July 15, 2020:

Very easy to comprehend. Explained every concept / rules in a very nice manner.

Ahmed on July 10, 2020:

Sir kindly change this sentence into indirect

The teacher said, I have often told you don,t play with fire.

Muhammad Rafiq (author) from Pakistan on July 10, 2020:

Rohit said that he had been playing PUBG.

Vishu bhai on July 10, 2020:

Change it to indirect

Rohit said,"I was playing PUBG"

Muhammad Rafiq (author) from Pakistan on July 09, 2020:

Binanda asked what the time was.

Swagata on July 08, 2020:

Plz change the narration

Binanda said, what is the time now?

Swagata on July 08, 2020:

It's good but i have a question binanda said that, what is the time now

333 on July 07, 2020:

Its good

Hi on July 07, 2020:

theres a typo erro

Onyema chibuike on June 29, 2020:

Thank you very much

I have learnt a good lesson from your article

Muhammad Rafiq (author) from Pakistan on June 27, 2020:

This sentence cannot be changed into indirect speech as it is lacking in an essential part, which is called Reporting Speech. Without a Reporting Speech, we cannot convert it into Indirect Speech. Please, read the article thoroughly.

KarisChyoma on June 27, 2020:

Thanks

* on June 27, 2020:

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Mee Nge on June 27, 2020:

How to change ' Who are my parent' to indirect speech?

Zoha on June 25, 2020:

Kindly change into indirect

1.He Will says to us, you can not play with me,

2.we shall say to you, they have lost our pens.

3.we Said, from where do these things come.

Muhammad Rafiq (author) from Pakistan on June 22, 2020:

My girlfriend asked whether she liked horror films.

Huma naz on June 22, 2020:

Direct:- My girlfriend asked, "Do you like horror films?"

Indirect:- ???

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Thanks

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Bakana on May 09, 2020:

How about if the reported part is on the beggining of sentence while the reportin is on the end

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Unknown on April 16, 2020:

I hate it, just joking I love it

hirosh on April 16, 2020:

Reported speech is just a category in English Grammar to get the sentences directly or indirectly

Usman Zafar on April 09, 2020:

If the reporting speech is having the reporting verb at it its start, then if is used in place of that.

I Could Not Understood It Please Help Me What Does It Mean?

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Muhammad Rafiq (author) from Pakistan on April 02, 2020:

ډيره مننه احمد خان وزير چې تاسو زما مقاله خوښه کړه. مهرباني وکړه دا مقاله له خپلو ملګرو سره شريک کړه. مننه!

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Dear Amit@the student replied respectfully that he knew that.

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Amit on March 26, 2020:

My question_ "I know that, sir" replied the student

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Thank you

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Thanks Taurine Tarakia for your comments. I am glad it helped you.

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Thanks Karzai for your comments.

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Direct and Indirect Speech With Examples and Explanations

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Muhammad Rafiq is a freelance writer, blogger, and translator with a master's degree in English literature from the University of Malakand. Direct speech is exactly what it sounds like-text that reports the exact thoughts expressed by a person in their original form.