# data[].attributes.headline
Acoelomates- lack a coelom (do not have a true body cavity); it is usually filled with cells 

# data[].attributes.subject
Acoelomates- lack a coelom (do not have a true body cavity); it is usually filled with cells 

# data[].attributes.body
Pseudocoelomate has the beginnings of a body cavity, but lacks mesentery (or peritoneum);
Coelomate animals have a true body cavity and organs are ncased in peritoneal membrane

# data[].attributes.body
Characteristics: only present during embryonic development in some chordates
- Notochord: provides skeletal support, gives the phylum its name, and develops into the vertebral column in vertebrates. It is located between the digestive tube and nerve cord, providing skeletal support through the length of the body. Acts as the primary axial support of the body throughout the animal's lifetime.
- Dorsal hollow nerve cord: develops into the central nervous system: the brain and spine
-Pharyngeal slits: openings in the pharynx that develop into gill arches in bony fish and into the jaw and inner ear in terrestrial animals
-Post-anal tail: skeletal extension of the posterior end of the body, being absent in human and apes, although present during embryonic development

# data[].attributes.body
Tunicates: Sea squirts and lancelets
- (Cephalochordata): There are about 30 known species of lancelets.  They are small, eel-like organisms that live in the ocean.  They are filter feeders and use cilia to filter food out of the water.  They anchor their tails in the sand and let the water wash over their mouths.  They have a nerve cord, but no brain or vertebrae.
-  (Urochordata): Tunicates are also known as sea squirts.  They are a barrel-shaped sack with two openings or siphons that water passes through.  They draw water into their body through one siphon, filter out food like plankton, and expel the remaining water out of the other siphon.

# data[].attributes.body
Chordates are deuterostomes that have a notochord.  They also have gill slits at some stage of their lives, a dorsal nerve cord, and a post anal tail. In addition, a ventral heart is present. There is an endoskeleton and exoskeleton present. Eyes are derived from the brain and blood flow is forward in ventral vessel and backward in dorsal vessel.

# data[].attributes.body
- often called sponges
- Multi-cellular organisms which are sessile/sedentary in nature. Most of them are marine animals while a few are fresh water forms. Body is cylindrical, asymmetrical or has radial symmetry.
- Body wall is diploblastic which consists of an outer layer called pinacoderm and an inner layer called choanoderm
- Body wall contains numerous pores called ostia through which water enters in the body through a canal system into the central body cavity, cavity called spongocoel
- Body also contains one or more openings called oscula through which water passes out from the body
- Reproduction may be asexual or sexual
NO TISSUES OR ORGAN SYSTEMS
1. contains a few specialized cells
2. Asymmetrical
3. adults are sessile
4. tiny pores all over body (ostia)
- Central opening osculum
ANATOMY:
- body of a sponge is a collection of a few different types of cells loosely arranged in a gelatinous matrix called a 'mesohyl'

# data[].attributes.body
1. Calcarea: skeleton consists mainly of calcareous spicules
- Examples: Sycon, Leucosolenia
2. Hexactinellida (Hyalospongiae): skeleton consts mainly of silliceous spicules
- Examples: Euplectella, Hyalonema

# data[].attributes.body
Sponges:
- Cacareous
- Glass
- Demosponges

# data[].attributes.body
1. unsegmented
2. flattened body
3. acoelomate: no coelom between tissues
4. bilateral symmetry
5. Cephalization
6. Tissues
7. Gastrovascular cavity with pharynx
-Contains about 20,000 species of soft-bodied, bilaterally symmetrical, invertebrate animals, commonly called flatworms.
ANATOMY:
- dorso-ventrally flattened
- Beneath the outer covering are two layers of muscle, an outer circular

# data[].attributes.body
- Turbellaria: mostly free-living, primarily carnivorous, flatworm of class.  They are characterized by a soft epidermis that is ciliated, at least on the ventral surface.
- Trematoda: also called flukes, have oral suckers, sometimes supplemented by hooks, with which they attach to their vertebrate hosts
-Cestoda: also known as tapeworms, has lost the typical turbellarian form. The bulk of a typical cestode body consists of a series of linearly arranged reproductive segments called proglottids. There is no mouth or digestive system

# data[].attributes.body
1. Jointed appendages: all arthropods have jointed limbs attached to their hard exoskeletons that allow for flexibility and movement.  The joints generally bend in only one direction but allow for sufficient predatory and defensive actions
2. Tough exoskeleton (chitin): their bodies do not have internal bones for support; they must shed or molt their exoskeletons
3. Segmented: 3 (Head, thorax, abdomen): internally and externally segmented
4. Bilateral Symmetry
5. Open Circulatory System: blood is pumped through open spaces called sinuses in order to reach tissues. Organs are located in the cavity called the hemocoel.

# data[].attributes.body
Animals related to insects
- Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, shrimps, barnacles, woodlice, etc. )
- Myriapoda (millipedes, centipedes, etc. )
-Arachnids (scorpions, king crabs, spiders, mites, ticks, etc.)

# data[].attributes.body
Distinguished by their body, which is divided into three major regions: head (mouth parts, eyes, and a pair of antennae)

# data[].attributes.body
1. spiny skeleton
2. internal skeleton
3. water vascular system- consists of a series of fluid-bearing tubes that connect in a ring-like structure throughout the organism.  It connects to the podia, and can be used to fill them with fluid elongates and stiffens the podia.
4. radial symmetry- their body parts extend outward from the mouth; usually has 5 parts, making them pentamerous
5. deuterostome

# data[].attributes.body
They possess five-part radial symmetry around a central disk. Second they all possess a very unique water vascular system.

# data[].attributes.body
Phylum of soft-bodied, bilaterally symmetrical segmented animals
1. Body divided into segments that are separated by septa (internal walls)
2. Setae
True Coelom (true cavity)
3. Body Wall: covered with epidermis overlaid with a thin, pliant cuticle secreted by the epidermal cells
4. Digestion: unsegmented gut that runs through the middle of the body from the mouth, located on the underside of the head, to the anus.
5. Circulation: blood flows toward the head through a contractile vessel above the gut and returns to the terminal region through vessels below the gut; it is distributed to each body compartment by lateral vessels
6. Respiration: thin-walled, feathery gills through which gases are exchanged between the blood and the environment
7. Reproduction: sexual or asexual
Nearly all annelids have a fluid-filled cavity between the outer body wall and the gut, and this is referred to as a coelom

# data[].attributes.body
CLASSES:
- Polychaeta
- errant polychaetes
- sedentary polychaetes: have various modifications to insure that wastes will be deposited near the mouth of the tube or burrow, where they are washed away
ANATOMY:
- have gills used for gas exchange
- tentacles of feather-duster worms are used for respiratory exchange as well as ford feeding
- may have a single pair of excretory tubes or a pair in each segment

# data[].attributes.body
1. soft bodied- un-segmented with a distinct head, muscular foot and visceral hump
2. internal or external shell: secreted by mantle; It is made up of calcium carbonate.  External (most of molluscs); Internal (slug, cuttle fish, squid) or absent (octopus)
3. free-swimming larva trochopore
4. four parts (foot, mantle, shell, visceral mass)
- Mantle: thin, fleshly fold of dorsal body wall more or less covering the body. It encloses a space
5. Mostly marine
6. Symmetry: bilateral; when adults, they become asymmetrical

# data[].attributes.body
Gastropoda- single shelled cowries, cones, etc. (made up mostly of snails and slugs)
Bivalvia- two shelled like clams, mussels, etc. (scallops and oysters)
Cephalopods- a group including octopus and squid
Aplacophora- solenogasters
Monoplacophora- segmented limpets
Poluplacophora
Scaphopoda- tusk shells

# data[].attributes.body
1. Soft bodied
2. Stinging tentacles
3. Radial Symmetry
4. Specialized tissues
- 2 germ layers
- endo and ecto

# data[].attributes.body
-Bodies and tentacles have two cell layers, the endoderm and the ectoderm, which is analogous to the epidermis
- The muscles of the body wall help a medusa swim, and the tentacles of anemones and coral are also extended through hydrostatic action

# data[].attributes.body
Hydrozoa- tiny predatory animals which live in the ocean and can be found singularly or in colonies
Cubozoa- box jellyfish, which differ from true jellyfish in that they have a primitive nervous system and eyes
Scyphozoa- jellyfish
Anthozoa- sea anemones and corals

# data[].attributes.body
Many different sizes and shapes.  It is divided into four sections: neck, head, body and foot.  It feeds by the rotifer's jaws called the trophi, and found inside the throat behind the mouth entrance.
- They have an inability to reproduce. They divide at regular intervals to make up for dying cells. Cells of rotifera grow larger as the organism ages, but they don't increase in number. Female rotifers are larger than males and are able to reproduce asexually without the help of a mate

# data[].attributes.body
-Notochord: a flexible rodlike structure that forms the main support of the body in the lowest chordates; a primitive spine
-Nerve Cord: a dorsal tubular cord of nervous tissue above the notochord of a chordate
-Pharyngeal slit: filter-feeding organs found in non-vertebrate chordates and hemichordates living in aquatic environments
-Post-anal Tail: posterior elongation of the body, extending beyond the anus. Contains skeletal elements and muscles, which provide a source of locomotion in aquatic species.  It also helps with balance, courting, and signaling when danger is near.
-Setae: bristles attached to each segment
-Hemal system: open to the environment and allows for gas exchange through a series of channels throughout the body
- Coelom: often used as a storage area for gametes and acts as a hydrostatic skeleton for locomotion