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Radial Cleavage: cell division that is parallel or perpendicular to the axis.

Indeterminate cleavage: The tendency of a cell to be able to form an embryo if broken off.

Ex. Echinodermata, Chordata

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Spiral cleavage: planes of cell division are diagonal to the vertical axis.

Determinate cleavage: The development fate of each cell is established early.
Ex. Mollusca, Annelida

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Embryological Developmental
Characteristics: involved in multicellular embryos' formation in all animals, male + female gametes
Major Groups within phyla: sponges
Distinction of why they are different: no true tissues (Parazoa), characterized by special cells called Coanocytes
Important Anatomical Characteristics: no true tissues, no body cavity, and no gut development, asymmetrical, Differentiated cells, both sexual and asexual, cell to cell communication, porous bodies
Important life cycles: hermaphroditic, they function as either male or female for reproduction, sexual and asexual reproduction
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Embryological Developmental
Characteristics: develop from two embryonic layers, cleavage (mitotic divisions) and gastrulation
Major Groups within phyla: sea jellies, sea anemones, corals
Distinction of why they are different: Nematocysts- specialized cells that they use mainly for capturing prey
Important Anatomical Characteristics: two major body forms: the polyp and the medusa, have a mouth but no anus, no organs, diploblastic (two true tissues), radial symmetry
Important life cycles: sexual reproduction, often involves a complex life cycle with both polyp and medusa stages
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Embryological Developmental
Characteristics: cleavage and gastrulation (the embryonic forms of adult body tissues are produced).
Major Groups within phyla: flatworms
Distinction of how they are different: Aceolomates- no body cavities
Important Anatomical Characteristics: bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic (composed of three fundamental cell layers), organ systems, body is dorso-ventrally flattened, no digestive system, and no circulatory or respiratory systems
Important life cycles: hermaphroditic (i.e., each individual produces both eggs and sperm), and cross-fertilization between individuals is typical
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Embryological Developmental
Characteristics: eggs, cell division
Major Groups within phyla: Seisonidea, Bdelloidea, and Monogononta
Distinction of why they are different: complete digestive tract with both an anus and a mouth
Important Anatomical Characteristics: body cavity filled with fluids that separates the digestive tract and the outer body wall, bilateral symmetry, pseudocoelomates (body cavity, not enclosed by mesoderm)
Important life cycles: sexual and asexual reproduction

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Embryological Developmental Characteristics: spiral cleavage, and their embryonic cells are determinate

Major Groups within phyla: snails, octopuses, squid, clams, scallops, oysters, and chitons
Distinction of how they are different: soft bodies that aren't divided into segments, muscular foot used for locomotion, viceral mass (contains most of the organs)
Important Anatomical Characteristics: unsegmented and bilaterally symmetrical, presence of an internal or external shell, nervous and sensory systems, digestive and excretory functions, external reproduction
Important life cycles: external fertalization (egg + sperm)
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Embryological Developmental
Characteristics: Radial Cleavage and Indeterminate cleavage, anus forms before the mouth
Major Groups within phyla: Tunicates (sea squirts and salps) and Vertebrates (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals)
Distinction of how they are different: has a notochord- hollow dorsal nerve cord at some point during lives, most highly evolved organisms
Important Anatomical Characteristics: Coelomate: fluid-filled body cavity completely lined with mesoderm, Deuterostomes, bilateral symmetry (triploblastic)
Important life cycles: begins with fertilization (sperm + egg), primitive form= fertilization occurs externally (in the water), asexual reproduction takes place in tunicates and in some vertebrates- females of some fish and lizards can reproduce without fertilization
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Embryological Developmental Characteristics: Radial Cleavage and Indeterminate cleavage
Major Groups within phyla: sea stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers
Distinction of how they are different: anus on top of mouth
Important Anatomical Characteristics: Deuterostome, radial symmetry, several arms from a central body, contains various organs
Important life cycles: sexual (fertalization) or asexual (regeneration) reproduction,
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Embryological Developmental Characteristics: spiral cleavage and determinate cleavage
Major Groups within phyla: ringed worms or segmented worms
Distinction of how they are different: pseudocoelomates, segmented bodies
Important Anatomical Characteristics: triploblastic and bilaterally symmetrical Coelomates, Protostomia (coelem from cell masses), both mouth and anus
Important life cycles: some asexually reproduction
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Embryological Developmental: Characteristics: spiral and determinate cleavage
Major Groups within phyla: Chelicerates (such as spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions, and horseshoe crabs), Crustaceans (such as lobsters, crabs, and shrimp), and Uniramians (millipedes, centipedes, and insects)
Distinction of how they are different: Protostomes, three body segments
Important Anatomical Characteristics: Exoskeleton, segmented Bodies, jointed appendages, bilateral Symmetry, open circulatory system

Important life cycles: larva and pupa stages and the process of metamorphosis
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