# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Section four is also interesting to bring to the surface the narrative strategy adopted by the narrator to describe Grendel, who is fatally hurt and Beowulf's victory. The monster's whole body was in pain, with tremendous wounds, it's sinews were split and it's bone-lappings were burst.

# data[].attributes.body
Summary

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
ANONYMOUS

- da BEOWULF - Lines 738 - 753; 793 - 804; 814 - 827 -

- RIASSUNTO IN INGLESE -

ANTEFATTO IN INGLESE (BACKSTORY)

Hrothgar, King of Denmark, builds for himself and for his own court a large dwelling, to which he gives the name of Heorot. Hrothgar's mansion draws the attention of Grendel, a huge and bloody monster, who begins to attack Hrothgar's palace every night, reaping victims among the Danes. No one is able to defeat Grendel, and therefore a time of fear and pain begins for the King and his folks. At this point the announcement of Grendel's massacres crosses the sea, and reaches southern Sweden, where the Geat nation lives. Beowulf, a Geat warrior of brave soul and extraordinary strength, instantly arranges a ship ad sails in order to go and help Hrothgar. After landing in Heorot and receiving the rewards of King Hrothgar, Beowulf, together with the company of fourteen Geat warriors that he brought with him from Sweden, settles in the great Heorot Hall, waiting for Grendel to carry out his usual nighttime raid. As expected, in a little while Grendel breaks into Heorot's palace. The story contained in the text "Beowulf and Grendel: the fight" occurs at this point of the poem.

Se hai difficoltà con qualche parola dell'antefatto aiutati con la visualizzazione bilingue che trovi in basso

RIASSUNTO IN INGLESE (SUMMARY)

After breaking into the great Heorot Hall, Grendel instantly grasps and tears to pieces a Geat warrior who is lying on a bench; then, he turns towards Beowulf, aiming to do the same thing to him. But the hero replies to Grendel's attack by tightening the monster in a strong grip: astonished by the huge strength of Beowulf, Grendel is frightened, and tries to escape; yet Beowulf does not allow it. In the meanwhile, the Geat warriors attack the creature many a time with their swords, yet without causing any effect, as Grendel, by means of a spell, has deprived the swords of their sharp edge. Finally Beowulf, thanks to his astounding strength, snatches Grendel's arm, who gets away to die elsewhere. Thereby Beowulf, shortly after his arrival at Heorot, releases the Danes from their oppressor.

Se hai difficoltà con qualche parola del riassunto aiutati con la visualizzazione bilingue che trovi in basso

Visualiazzazione bilingue

Hrothgar, King of Denmark, builds for himself and for his own court a large dwelling, to which he gives the name of Heorot.

Hrothgar, re di Danimarca, fa costruire per sé e per la propria corte una grande dimora, che battezza con il nome di Heorot.

Hrothgar's mansion draws the attention of Grendel, a huge and bloody monster, who begins to attack Hrothgar's palace every night, reaping victims among the Danes.

La reggia voluta da Hrothgar attira l'attenzione di Grendel, un mostro gigantesco e sanguinario, che comincia ad attaccare Heorot ogni notte, mietendo vittime tra i danesi.

No one is able to defeat Grendel, and therefore a time of fear and pain begins for the King and his folks.

Nessuno è in grado di sconfiggere Grendel, e così per re Hrothgar e per il suo popolo comincia un periodo di paura e di dolore.

At this point the announcement of Grendel's massacres crosses the sea, and reaches southern Sweden, where the Geat nation lives.

A questo punto la notizia delle stragi di Grendel attraversa il mare e giunge nella Svezia meridionale, dove vive il popolo dei Geati.

Beowulf, a Geat warrior of brave soul and extraordinary strength, instantly arranges a ship ad sails in order to go and help Hrothgar.

Beowulf, guerriero Geato dall'animo eroico e dalla forza straordinaria, organizza immediatamente una nave e salpa per recarsi in aiuto di Hrothgar.

After landing in Heorot and receiving the rewards of King Hrothgar, Beowulf, together with the company of fourteen Geat warriors that he brought with him from Sweden, settles in the great Heorot Hall, waiting for Grendel to carry out his usual nighttime raid.

Dopo essere approdato a Heorot e aver ricevuto gli omaggi di re Hrothgar, Beowulf, insieme alla truppa dei quattordici guerrieri Geati che egli ha portato con sé dalla Svezia, si sistema nella grande sala di Heorot, in attesa che Grendel compia la consueta incursione notturna.

As expected, in a little while Grendel breaks into Heorot's palace.

Come previsto, di lì a poco Grendel irrompe nella sala.

The story contained in the text "Beowulf and Grendel: the fight" occurs at this point of the poem.

Il racconto contenuto nel testo "Beowulf and Grendel: the fight" si inserisce a questo punto della narrazione.

After breaking into the great Heorot Hall, Grendel instantly grasps and tears to pieces a Geat warrior who is lying on a bench;

Fatta irruzione nella grande sala di Heorot, Grendel attacca e strazia all'istante un guerriero Geato che riposa su una panca,

then, he turns towards Beowulf, aiming to do the same thing to him.

quindi si indirizza verso Beowulf per fare lo stesso con lui.

But the hero replies to Grendel's attack by tightening the monster in a strong grip:

Tuttavia l'eroe risponde all'attacco di Grendel stringendo il mostro in una vigorosissima presa:

astonished by the huge strength of Beowulf, Grendel is frightened, and tries to escape; yet Beowulf does not allow it.

colto alla sprovvista dall'enorme forza di Beowulf, Grendel si spaventa e prova a fuggire, ma Beowulf non glielo permette.

In the meanwhile, the Geat warriors attack the creature many a time with their swords, yet without causing any effect,

Nel frattempo i guerrieri Geati attaccano a ripetizione la creatura con le loro spade, ma senza risultato,

as Grendel, by means of a spell, has deprived the swords of their sharp edge.

perché Grendel, con un incantesimo, ha privato quelle spade del loro margine affilato.

Finally Beowulf, thanks to his astounding strength, snatches Grendel's arm, who gets away to die elsewhere.

Alla fine Beowulf, grazie alla sua enorme forza, strappa il braccio di Grendel, che si allontana per andare a morire.

Thereby Beowulf, shortly after his arrival at Heorot, releases the Danes from their oppressor.

Così Beowulf, a poche ore dal proprio arrivo ad Heorot, libera i danesi dal loro oppressore.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Riassunto in inglese Beowulf and Grendel: the fight

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
ANONYMOUS BEOWULF AND GRENDEL: THE FIGHT - da BEOWULF - Lines 738 - 753; 793 - 804; 814 - 827 - - RIASSUNTO IN INGLESE - ANTEFATTO IN INGLESE (BACKSTORY) Hrothgar, King of Denmark, builds for himself and for his own court a large dwelling, to which he gives the name of Heorot.

# data[].attributes.body
Beowulf's origin
Beowulf is an epic poem which was written sometime between 550 and 1000 CE. It is a good example of alliterative verse, which is the repetition of sounds from line to line. The story centers on the heroism, strength, and bravery of the main character, Beowulf. He was more than likely a fictional character, but the story provides information about the society in which Beowulf lived. Specifically, it highlights the role of violence and the endless cycles of death and revenge that dominated the lives of the Germanic people in pre-Christian Europe.Beowulf is a sweeping tale that meshes together supernatural, historical, and moral elements, and it fits in right alongside Homer's epics, Iliad and Odyssey. Beowulf's story takes place in the 6th century in Denmark and Sweden. The main character, Beowulf, is a man who possess tremendous strength and bravery. The epic follows him as he successfully kills three monsters. Each monster serves a purpose in the narrative, and reveals facets of Beowulf's character. He proves his bravery when he kills the first monster. The second monster's death avenges the death of Beowulf's men, and shows that he is committed to justice, however violent that justice may be. And when he slays the third monster, he affirms the fact that he is a true hero. He faces his own death without fear, and fights bravely to the end when all others, but one, ran away

# data[].attributes.body
Once upon a time you dressed so fine
You threw the bums a dime in your prime, didn't you?
People'd call, say, "Beware doll, you're bound to fall"
You thought they were all kiddin' you
You used to laugh about
Everybody that was hangin' out
Now you don't talk so loud
Now you don't seem so proud
About having to be scrounging for your next meal.

How does it feel
How does it feel
To be without a home
Like a complete unknown
Like a rolling stone?

You've gone to the finest school all right, Miss Lonely
But you know you only used to get juiced in it
And nobody has ever taught you how to live on the street
And now you find out you're gonna have to get used to it
You said you'd never compromise
With the mystery tramp, but know you realize
He's not selling any alibis
As you stare into the vacuum of his eyes
And say do you want to make a deal?

How does it feel
How does it feel
To be on your own
With no direction home
Like a complete unknown
Like a rolling stone?

You never turned around to see the frowns on the jugglers and the clowns
When they all come down and did tricks for you
You never understood that it ain't no good
You shouldn't let other people get your kicks for you
You used to ride on the chrome horse with your diplomat
Who carried on his shoulder a Siamese cat
Ain't it hard when you discover that
He really wasn't where it's at
After he took from you everything he could steal.

How does it feel
How does it feel
To be on your own
With no direction home
Like a complete unknown
Like a rolling stone?

[...]

-Bob Dylan

# data[].attributes.body
Bob Dylan is an American singer-songwriter, author and painter born in May 24th 1941. Dylan first became famous as a folk musician. In 1962 he released his first album, simply called "Bob Dylan". Also, Dylan is one of the famous people who appear on the cover of The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Heart Club Band. In 2016 Dylan received the Nobel prize in Literature "for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition".
The song "Like A Rolling Stone" has a lot of meanings, but Bob Dylan said that it was a song for his ex-girlfriend. He had written it in ten pages and he didn't think about it as a song, until he was at the piano and "the paper was singing".
Like A Rolling Stone is considered to be a ballad, but why? They have a lot in common. The first point is that it was sung. It's a mixture of dialogue and narration: in fact is a story and Dylan in the chorus ask to the girl "How does it feel?", like he was talking to her in that precise moment. The song has not a moral aim and there are a lot of repetitions (line 7/8 "Now you don't talk so loud,/ Now you don't seem so proud."). It is written with a simple language.

# data[].attributes.body
Most writers on the form distinguish three kinds of the ballad: traditional, literary and popular ballad. The traditional ballad is a song, transmitted orally, commenting on life by telling a story in popular style. The story is told in flashes and each stanza embodies a separate passage of dialogue or a distinct scene. There are also refrains, repetitions and stock descriptive phrases. The stanza has four lines (ABCB). The literary ballad is written by a learned poet. Some of those ballads belong to the Romantic period. The popular ballad is the product of a literate or at least a semi-literate urban population.
The old English ballads include the best exciting poetry in the language. Most of them had been composed from 1350 to 1550, so the language is different from the modern English.
The most popular subjects were: no line between dead and human beings, magic, border, outlaws (Robin Hood) and love and domestic tragedy.
ROBIN HOOD
In England the Robin Hood ballads are better known than any others. Robin Hood is one of the great English folk heroes. Maybe he was a real historical character who lived in the north-midlands in the 12 century. He is described as living in Sherwood Forest, near Nottingham, as a leader of a group of outlaws. In short Robin Hood is the typical romantic hero. The Robin Hood ballads are humorous (and not tragic) because they come from central England and not from the Scottish border.

# data[].attributes.body
The origins of the theatre in Britain are linked to religious celebration especially to commemorate Christian events. These performances took place in the nave of the church, but soon they moved outside, so this meant that Latin was replaced with English. The so-called "Miracle Plays" gave dramatic shape to the whole story of the Bible. These plays were staged by the members of the guilds and were performed on movable stage wagons called "pageants". The actors were all amateurs, but they were generally paid. In the "Morality Plays" actors represented personification of human vices and virtues, making the first step forward on a psychological interpretation of characters. The actors were now an association formed for the specific purpose of acting. At the end of the 15th century the word "interlude" started to be used; it referred to a short play, performed by a small acting company at a lord's house . The interlude used two main technical expedients: the disguise and the "Vice" whose purposes was to arouse laughter by means of a witty game of words.

# data[].attributes.body
The plot
King Hrothgar, the ruler of the Danes, is troubled by the rampages of a demon named Grendel. Every night, Grendel attacks King Hrothgar's wealthy mead-hall, Heorot, killing Danish warriors and sometimes even eating them. A young Geat warrior named Beowulf travels to Heorot Hall from his own lands to lend a helping hand—literally. Beowulf offers to fight Grendel himself. King Hrothgar gratefully accepts his offer. Grendel attacks Heorot Hall, Beowulf is waiting for him. Choosing to fight Grendel in hand-to-hand combat, Beowulf wrestles the demon into submission and eventually tears off his arm at the shoulder. Mortally wounded, Grendel flees into the wilderness and dies. Beowulf, Hrothgar, and their followers throw a wild party to celebrate. Hrothgar also gives Beowulf many presents and treasures to reward him for his heroic defeat of the demon. Unfortunately, Grendel has an overprotective mother who decides to avenge her son. Beowulf dives into the lake and finds the cave, where he takes on Grendel's mother in another one-on-one battle. When Beowulf returns to the surface, carrying the sword hilt and Grendel's severed head, the Danish warriors have given him up for dead. When everyone sees that Beowulf has survived this second challenge, there's even more partying and gift-giving. Finally, the Geats take their leave of the Danes;the king Hygelac and all his relatives are killed, and Beowulf becomes the King of the Geats. He is an honorable and heroic warrior-king, rewarding his loyal thanes (warrior lords) and taking care of his people. But one day, Beowulf finally meets his match: a dragon, woken by a thief stealing a goblet, begins attacking the Geats, burning villages and slaughtering people. Beowulf takes a group of eleven trusty warriors, plus the thief who knows where the dragon's lair is, to the barrow for a final showdown with the monster. Only one man, Wiglaf, remains at Beowulf's side. With Wiglaf's help and encouragement, Beowulf is able to defeat the dragon, but he is mortally wounded in the process.
After Beowulf's death, the Geats build an enormous funeral pyre for him, heaped with treasures. Once the pyre has burned down, they spend ten days building an enormous barrow (a large mound of earth filled with treasure) as a monument to their lost king

# data[].attributes.body
The epic poem is a long narrative poetical composition dealing with the recollection of a glorious past in the national history of a country, the praise of the great and so on. References to historical events are numerous. The society described in epic poetry is aristocratic and military; there is no attempt to deal with the story of a single human being, common people exist because they are related to heroes. The narrative of the epic poem is made up of a series of vivid, pictoral flashes against an unstable moving background. These ''type-scenes'' are themselves narrative formulae like the banquet, the battle, the voyage and the funeral. Another peculiarity of the epic poem is its being an objective narration, since the poet's point of view coincides with the ones of the literary characters described. The main theme is the nature of heroic life, the function and character of leadership in heroic society. The didactic aim is linked to the celebration of heroic ethic: all men should direct themselves to actions which lead to glory and praise. The style is elevated, the vocabulary is extremely rich and various.

# data[].attributes.body
Do you know the answer?

# data[].attributes.body
Anglo-Saxon literature or Old English literature was written in Anglo-Saxon from the second half of the 5th century to the time of the Norman conquest in 1066. It includes:

epic poetry

chronicles

riddles

translations of the Bible from Latin

stories about lives of saints

The most important works are the epic poem  Beowulf  and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.

The scop
Old English poetry was anonymous and oral. The poets were called scop, and entertained the noblemen in the halls of kings often accompained by a harp.

The verse form
The most important formal aspects of Anglo-Saxon Poetry were stress, alliteration, kenning and litotes. Each line was divided in two halves by a break or 'caesura' and had four stresses; alliteration was used to link the two halves of the line. The kenning is a formulaic phrase that is used in place of name or noun (in Beouwulf, the sea is called the 'whale's road') and litotes is a rhetorical understatement in which the negative of the opposite meaning is used. (''Cain got no good from committing that murder'' Beowulf)

The riddle
Typical of Anglo-Saxon literature was the riddle, a linguistic guessing name, whose intention is to mystify or mislead. Riddles describe familiar things in an unfamilIar way.

Old English prose
Old English prose first appeared in the 9th century and continued to be recorded through the 12th century. Prose was written in Latin before the reign of King Alfred who decided to translate many books from Latin into Old English