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a method used in certain techniques of psychotherapy whereby the client learns by imitation alone, without any specific verbal direction by the therapist

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the theory set forth by psychologist Albert Bandura which states that a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment. Bandura accepts the possibility that an individual's behavior may be conditioned through the use of consequences.

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portions of an individual's knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences.

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what are the physiological processes involved in the threat response?

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what are the physiological processes involved in the threat response?

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the endocrine and sympathetic nervous systems are activated when there is a threat and the body receives a shot of adrenaline in order to fight or to take flight. this causes increased blood flow, respiration, pupil dilation, and suppression of non essential bodily functions.

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what is the function of the frontal lobe?

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what is the function of the frontal lobe?

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regulates impulsive behavior, it is not fully developed and formed until adult life

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gage was a railroad worker who put dynamite into rocks. he used a 6 foot bar to crush the dynamite powder, and it ignited. this caused the steel pole to fire up into his left eye socket through the top of his skull. he survived but his behavior went from mild mannered to having a rude personality

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the extension of research findings and conclusions from a study conducted on a sample population to the population at large.

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what is one function of the prefrontal cortex?

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what is one function of the prefrontal cortex?

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it helps regulate impulsive behavior and decision making. there is a correlation between low PFC functioning and criminal behavior

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describe bandura's bobo doll experiment 

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describe bandura's bobo doll experiment 

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demonstrated that children are able to learn through the observation of adult behaviour. The experiment was executed via a team of researchers who physically and verbally abused an inflatable doll in front of preschool-age children, which led the children to later mimic the behaviour of the adults by attacking the doll in the same fashion.

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the traditional culture of the Southern United States has been called a "culture of honor", that is, a culture where people avoid intentionally offending others, and maintain a reputation for not accepting improper conduct by others.

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are there any alternative explanations for Gage’s change in behavior?

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are there any alternative explanations for Gage’s change in behavior?

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There could be alternative explanations because the damage to Gage's frontal lobe shows correlation but not necessarily causation. Other possible explanations include: PTSD, change after near-death experience, he met new people, stress, shunned public/close people, friends' perception.

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what is the difference between processing, judgement and decision making?

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what is the difference between processing, judgement and decision making?

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processing: analyzing and considering available information
judgement: making an assessment based on the analysis of information
decision making:drawing a conclusion and deciding how to act based on the judgement made

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in the experiment, the children had to control their initial impulse and process what their options were eating it or waiting for another one. then the children had to make a judgement on whether or not they would actually eat the marshmallow

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what can an increase in testosterone levels cause?

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what can an increase in testosterone levels cause?

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agression and social dominance

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how could a lack of response to emotional stimulus explain violence?

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how could a lack of response to emotional stimulus explain violence?

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A lack of response to emotional stimulus explain violence at times because we would be unaware towards our actions more. It would leave us to unconsciously carry out harmful actions because we would not be emotionally aware. We would not be able to recognize the danger or consequences of those actions and are more likely to go through with it.

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a steroid hormone that stimulates development of male secondary sexual characteristics, produced mainly in the testes, but also in the ovaries and adrenal cortex.

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can you apply the cognitive processes of processing, judgement, decision making to other situations?

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can you apply the cognitive processes of processing, judgement, decision making to other situations?

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we can apply the cognitive processes of processing, judgement, and decision making to every situation involving a decision. We cannot escape these processes as they are part of a core system in the way we do what we do, or our behavior.

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what is the amygdala’s relationship with emotion? 

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what is the amygdala’s relationship with emotion? 

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The amygdala is known as the “emotional centre”. It activates our stress response and also correlates to how we identify and recognize fears. Since its function is connected to the stress response, this determines our emotional response as well. It activates stress before our conscious brain is aware of it which also interlaces with how we express our emotions as well.

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what were some of the methods and results of SM’s case study?

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what were some of the methods and results of SM’s case study?

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They exposed her to snakes and spiders, took her to one of the world’s scariest haunted houses, and had her watch a series of horror films. They also had her fill out questionnaires probing different aspects of fear, from the fear of death to the fear of public speaking.

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what were the methods and results of Albert et al.’s rat experiment on testosterone and social dominance?

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what were the methods and results of Albert et al.’s rat experiment on testosterone and social dominance?

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They studied the alpha males from different rat colonies. Divided the rats into 4 groups: castration, castration with empty tubes, castration with testosterone-filled tubes, a “sham” castration (placebo). The results showed that castration decreased aggression, but having tubes filled with testosterone returned it to normal. The study suggests testosterone, aggression and social dominance are closely linked.

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how does SM’s case demonstrate the role of the amygdala in experiencing fear?

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how does SM’s case demonstrate the role of the amygdala in experiencing fear?

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Because of her bilateral amygdala destruction at a young age, she

What is one or more reasons why SM’s case might not be generalizable?

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how are twin (and adoption) studies conducted?

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how are twin (and adoption) studies conducted?

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In twin studies, researchers gather multiple identical and fraternal twins and measure a particular behavior. They see how similar the identical and fraternal twins are to each other and calculate the overall average.

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what were the methods and results of Raine and Baker’s study?

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what were the methods and results of Raine and Baker’s study?

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The researchers gathered data through questionnaires from the twins, their parents, and their teacher on antisocial behavior from the twins. The study showed that antisocial behavior in twins are half a product of genetics and half of environmental factors.

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how can twin and adoption studies show that antisocial behavior is influenced by genetics and environment?

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how can twin and adoption studies show that antisocial behavior is influenced by genetics and environment?

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By studying identical and fraternal twins, researchers can learn how genetics and environment influence antisocial behavior. By studying identical twins separated at birth, researchers can learn how environment influence behavior. Groves et. al. showed that heritability of antisocial behavior is only 28% in adults and 14% in children.

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what were the methods and results rosenzweig and bennets rat experiment? 

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what were the methods and results rosenzweig and bennets rat experiment? 

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The method that was used were rats  that were place into a stimulated. The results of the study of the study that the anatomy of the brain was different in the EC and IC they found that there was an increased  thickness and higher weight of the cortex.

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how does the albert study suggest a causal relationship between testosterone and behaviour?

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how does the albert study suggest a causal relationship between testosterone and behaviour?

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Testosterone is shown to have an effect on behaviour through the castration of the rats. Castration to remove testosterone seemed to decrease aggression but on the other hand, castration with testosterone-filled tubes returned the rats to the normal state, as of being aggressive the same way. Castration also resulted in the alpha males losing their alpha status and subordinate rats taking their place. This study suggests testosterone, aggression and social dominance are closely linked.

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allows the neurons (nerve cells) in the brain to compensate for injury and disease and to adjust their activities in response to new situations or to changes in their environment.

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how could triangulation influence the validity of this research?

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how could triangulation influence the validity of this research?

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By using multiple methods of research, researchers can gain more quantitative data that can be used for more analysis that will apply to the general population. Researchers from the Raine and Baker’s study could conduct an observational study on the twins to see how they behave instead of relying on people in the twins’ life.

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what are the counter-arguments for saying that the MAOA gene causes aggression?

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what are the counter-arguments for saying that the MAOA gene causes aggression?

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In the Meyer-Lindenburg et. al. study variations of the MAOA gene will only show if it was paired with emotional arousal such as seeing an angry face or a fearful one.

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why might people with an MAOA-L gene be more prone to impulsive violent reactors to threat?

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why might people with an MAOA-L gene be more prone to impulsive violent reactors to threat?

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People with a variation of the MAOA gene shows greater activity in their amygdala during emotional arousal and they also show less activity in their ventromedial prefrontal cortex compared to people with the normal MAOA gene.

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The vmPFC helps regulate our learning and our ability avoid behavior that results in negative consequences for the self

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what are the research findings on correlations between the MAOA variant (MAOA-L) and the brain?

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what are the research findings on correlations between the MAOA variant (MAOA-L) and the brain?

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The MAOA gene variation produces less monoamine oxidase A enzyme, so the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain are affected. The Caspi. Et. al. study showed that the presence of the variation of the MAOA gene coupled with abuse as a child increased the likelihood of displaying antisocial behavior.