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Argentina, unbenounced to most people, is home to various indigenous people of whom play different roles in society. These tribes inhabit different parts of the nation. The Southwestern regions of Argentina are inhabited by the indigenous Mapuche people. About 113,680 Mapuche people live in Argentina, and they make up 0.3% of the entire population of the country. The Mapuche people were forced into reservations during the birth of Argentina. Many Mapuche people, however, are comfortable with urban life and have moved to cities such as Buenos Aires. Historically, the Mapuche people are farmers and are under the leadership of the Lonko, or chief. The Mapuche people have many uncommon beliefs of which are extremely rare anywhere else. For example, they believe in a creator called the ngenechen, who embodies both old and young men along with old and young women. The Mapuche people also believe in worlds known as Weu Mapu and Winche Mapu. Last of all, these indigenous people believe in animal sacrifice to balance the cosmos. The Mapuche are not the only tribe in the nation that have a notable population. The Kolla people are another large population of indigenous people in the area. They inhabit Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia. There are 70,505 Kolla people living in Argentina, which is second to only the Mapuche. In 1540, Kolla people met Spaniards who were conquering the area and resisted them for 110 years before forfeiting their land. The Kolla were forced to work by the Spaniards, and then the Argentines, for minimal wage, even after Argentina’s independence. Kolla tribes are much more developed than most tribes, as they hold elected positions. The Kolla people are closer to the majority of Argentine citizens. Some tribes, on the other hand, have had many quarrels with Argentine citizens. The Qom people, also known as the Toba people, inhabit the lands of Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay. There are about 70,000 Qom in Argentina to date. The name Qom literally means “simple people”. This tribe was originally nomadic hunters in the forests of Chaco. However, the region was taken over in the 1880s by the government of the newborn nation. After this, they were employed to work in the various cotton plantations. Argentines have a bitter hatred for the Qom- in 1924- police and rangers massacred 200 without reason. They have also killed many individually over issues including land and property boundaries. There are major threats facing the Qom today, the biggest being the loss of land and livelihood, because Argentines have rivaled the group over these issues. Last of all, the Qom speak their own language, Toba, which is extremely different from most modern day languages. The Qom people are very different from most Argentine citizens in various ways, but they have learned to live amongst each other. Overall, Argentina’s indigenous people have made their own mark on the country.

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Native Americans of Argentina (Aborigen)

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19th & 20th century photos of the Indigenous Natives of Argentina. I tried to add a photo of a Native from every overall tribal nation and I included Argentina's specific name for their Natives in the title.

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There is an extremely wide variety of different types of people in the nation of Argentina, and they come from many different backgrounds. First of all, the makeup of the people is lopsided, as caucasian dominates the people of the nation. The total population of Argentina is about 44 million people. An astounding 97.2% of these people are white descended from Europeans, mostly Spanish and Italian.  The remainder is made up of 2.4% native people, or Amerindians, and 0.4% Africans. Within Europe, Argentines come from a very wide variety of countries. Some major countries include Italy, Spain, France, Britain, and Germany. There are also Argentines from other, less prominent European countries. These groups have formed communities and live among each other. These various ethnic groups have had different, yet large impacts on the nation as a whole. Immigrants to Argentina have a wide variety of origins. Technically, the spanish were the first immigrants to come to Argentina. They conquered the area from the already developed Indians. Many of the immigrants in the 18th and 19th centuries were slaves brought against their will. The English actually tried to invade Argentina in 1806 and 1807, but failed. However, some of the English remained in Argentina after the failed attempted and wealthy families welcomed them in. Scottish immigrants in the early 1800’s arrived and founded their own town, Monte Grande. Irish immigrants came during the 19th century and settled in the countryside. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the vast majority of immigrants were Italian and Spanish. Swiss, French, and German immigrants were among the crowd. The reason that there were so many immigrants is because, at the time, Argentina had an open immigration policy, and everyone who wanted to come was allowed to legally. These immigrants have made their marks on the country and each has changed it in their own special way. In the past, Argentina has not had large amounts emigrants migrating away from the country. However, recently, Argentina’s emigration has shot up due to the country’s political, economic, and social instability. A test conducted about 15 years ago showed that 30% of Argentines have a strong desire to emigrate, but not exactly to where you might think. The top 4 destinations of emigrants are Spain, Italy, the US, and Israel. Between 2001- 2003, 255,000 emigrants left Argentina. At this time, Argentina was in a large recession, and though its economy still isn’t the best, it has stabilized. The debt, unemployment, and amount of country below the poverty line even now has convinced Argentines to move away. Argentines have formed new communities in Italy and Spain, but mostly in the US. Argentina has the fourth largest Jewish population in the world and many are traveling to Israel. Though emigrants overall have decreased the population of Argentina, they affect the country just as much as immigrants. Overall, the ethnic groups, as well as the immigrants and emigrants, have changed Argentina in various ways.

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Argentina’s geological location has impacts on its economy, climate, and the environment within the nation. Part of the reason that Buenos Aires is such a large and booming city is because of its location on the Atlantic Ocean. This location allows the city to easily import and export goods. The country features one of the world’s longest coastlines at about 3,100 miles. This allows not just large cities, but also small towns to be able to trade goods very efficiently. Thanks to the many rivers, towns that would otherwise be landlocked farther inland are able to access the economy as well. Some Latin American countries are large trade partners of the nation, Argentina can easily travel over land to these places, especially Brazil, of which it shares a border with. Argentina’s location in the world is, for the most part, helpful to its economy because of its easily accessible coastlines and rivers. Due to the fact that Argentina is spread out so far, the climate is extremely diverse- from sub-tropical towards the North to the extremely cold and windy sub-arctic climate in the south. It is important to keep in mind that, because Argentina is in the Southern Hemisphere, the seasons there are reversed in comparison to us here in the US.  The heat is very intense in the Northeast and Northwest and the most intense part is from November to February, and the average high temperature in the North reaches up to 97 degrees with abundant rain. The winter is still very warm at about 77 degrees. Buenos Aires has an average temperature in July of about 52 degrees and the average is about 77 degrees while the highest temperatures are about 87 degrees in Summer. At the top of Patagonia, the high is about 81 degrees in January and 54 in July while at the very Southern tip it is cold year round, in the 50’s and 40’s as an average. The location of Argentina causes many plants and animals to inhabit the area, which are now affected by deforestation, pollution, and other various environmental problems. A census in 1914 showed that Argentina had over 105 million hectares of forest. This land was very important for the wildlife and vegetation growing in the region. Now, that number has decreased to somewhere in between 12 and 45 million hectares. Part of this horrible deforestation is because soybean, due to perfect growing conditions, has been invading the country’s forests. In addition, the amount of land being used for growing cattle has been increasing while also decreasing the amount of vegetation land. Last of all, due to the fact that Buenos Aires has become such a large city because of its location, the pollution from citizens has been clouding the environment and creating very contaminated air above the metropolis. These environmental problems are very concerning and often overlooked. Overall, Argentina’s geographical location is extremely important to its inner workings and affects the rest of the world as well.

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Argentina’s geological features are surprisingly important to the culture of the nation. Being a massive country, there are many different features in store for travelers and for local Argentines to explore. The West side of Argentina is largely overlooked, as it is still very full with agriculture and wildlife. Though the region is host to Mendoza, one of the nation’s biggest, nicest, and stylish cities, the rest of the region is largely unvisited. The region features the very popular Southern Andes, which is part of one of the biggest mountain ranges in the world. The highest part of not only Argentina, but all of South America is in this range, Aconcagua, which is about 22,838 feet tall. The region has become the largest wine-producing part of Argentina, and many wines from the region are served around the world. Many types of wildlife are existent here and the mountains and rivers intrigue many adventurous travelers. In addition, the Northeast part of the nation is a wondrous part of the country, both naturally and in terms of wildlife. The most popular and famous attraction of this area is by far Iguazú Falls, which are a set of breathtaking waterfalls on the border of Argentina and Brazil. This is the world’s largest waterfall system, and attracts many millions of tourists every year. The waterfalls are surrounded by amazing wildlife and vegetation, while the waterfalls themselves are up to 269 feet tall and a breathtaking display of the nature of South America. This area is filled with wildlife, and in some parts, jungles, including the jungle at San Ignacio which is home to monkeys and pumas. The rest of the region ranges between a wide variety of terrain. Along the many rivers of the area, small port cities and towns are thriving while surrounded with the amazing nature of the area. They are home to lots of marine wildlife and are very important passages for trade. The last area of Argentina is the Southern region, which is extremely different from most other parts of the country. The entire south part of Argentina is made up of Patagonia, which is a vast, beautiful land of ice and mountains. Technically, this area takes up almost half of the country. The area doesn’t feature any trees or grass for hundreds of miles and the glaciers create natural valleys which beautifully add to the scenery. This area also has some wildlife, but not large amounts, as whales and Sea Lions are common to see near the ocean’s edge. The Southern Ice Field is hard to travel, but is extremely beautiful. Argentina is the closest country in the world to Antarctica, at only about 600 miles away. Overall, the country has about 1.074 million square miles of land, which is the 2nd biggest country in Latin America after Brazil. Overall, the various parts of Argentina’s geography have their individual impacts on the nation as a whole.

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The art of a culture is not only limited to the sounds and pieces of art. The architecture, theater, and literature also express the country’s views and perspectives. The architecture featured in the nation is a melting pot of different designs. These styles throughout the nation reflect many traits of the country. From the very beginning in 16th century through the 19th century, the Spanish Colonial era created a thriving architectural community and in some places, these buildings have been preserved. A large amount of architecture is Italian due to the amount of Italian immigrants, which means that the building is very colorful and has a beautiful facade. Traditional Argentine Architecture, however, features stones and colonial styled buildings. However, in downtown Buenos Aires, the architecture is much more modern buildings crafted from glass, sleek lines, and innovated concepts. In the South, including parts of Patagonia, the architectural style is more German and Austrian. The west, due to the fact that it is very prone to earthquakes, has very low buildings. These designs have helped to shape the nation. In addition to architecture, Argentina’s theater is a very prominent art in the country. Buenos Aires is considered to be the Latin American capital of theater and one of the most prominent theater cities in the entire world. There are 3 theater circuits in Buenos Aires- the first one is the official circuit formed by the government and are more formal, and perform theater, opera, plays, lyrics, and ballet. The commercial circuit is based off of profitability and good humor and performs local versions of international plays. The last circuit is the alternative circuit, which is located in the Abasto area. This circuit is made up of many small theaters focused on independent theater. Outside of Buenos Aires, theater is not quite as popular though notable cities have their own large theaters and put on many different types of performances. Another important, yet often overlooked type of art in Argentina is literature. The country was actually named after a poem- Martin del Barco Centenera wrote a poem in the 16th century called La Argentina. Early Argentine writing came from the poetry of the tribes that roamed the area before the Spanish came to the nation. As Argentina became an official country, the country was already full withauthors. Some of the famous writers of the time wrote, often in the form of poems, about the rural life of gauchos, or cowboys, and their cattle. Poetry became very popular, and was more common than regular writing at some times in certain parts of the nation. Argentine writers, for the most part, used European literature styles up until the end of the 19th century. Now, many pieces of literature are inspired by the fairly new urban society. This literature has quickly evolved as the world constantly changes. Overall, these arts have shaped Argentina and crafted into the cultural center that it is today.

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Argentina’s art is full of cultural traditions that have spread not only throughout the nation, but the entire world as well. Argentina’s dancing is greatly dominated by one type of dance of which is known very well. The most famous of Argentine dances is the tango. This dance originated in Buenos Aires, but has become known throughout not just Latin America, but the entire world. The tango was invented in 1880 in Argentina and was based off of sadness, nostalgia and lost love. It is extremely common to see tango shows in Argentina especially in Bueno Aires. Most other dances are based off of the Argentine Tango, including the Chamame dance. Other, more modern popular styles of dance in Argentina include Folk, Rock, and Classical dancing, which are common to see in bigger cities. What is there to dance to without Argentine music? The various styles of Argentine music are important to the overall culture of the country. Tango music is always popular, as it is the foundation for the main symbol of arts in Argentina- the Tango. Tango Nuevo,  is a new type of tango and it was introduced in the latter part of the 20th century, incorporates classical and jazz music into the traditional Tango rhythm. However, more recently, rock and pop music are more common, especially in the bigger Argentine cities such as Buenos Aires. In addition, DJ’s have become increasingly popular, mostly in Buenos Aires. Traditional folk music from the Andes has spread throughout the country in the past century and has become very well known. A type of music called Cumbia, which is originally from Columbia but has spread throughout Latin America, features percussion and woodwind instruments playing low and mellow sounds. Visual art is also important in the nation’s culture, as it represents many aspects of the country in physical form. Argentine’s painting history is not as lengthy as many other countries, as the popularity of painting was seldom until the end of the 19th century, but it is very interesting. Many of the early Argentine paintings are inspired by Gauchos and life in the Pampas, or rural parts of the nation. In the 20th century, painters, the most famous being Benito Quinquela Martin, started to paint about the lives of working citizens, along with Argentine immigrants. Other Latin American and International painting trends have become popular in Argentina in the past century. Due to the fact that both Argentine painters and sculptors traveled, mostly to Europe, they brought back with them academic, Impressionism and Cubism forms of art. Painting is definitely not the only sustained visual art present in Argentina- sculpting is popular as well, along with more modern forms of art, such as making grand pieces art with regular, everyday items. Overall, Argentina’s dance, music, and visual art are an essential piece of the puzzle of the nation.

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Argentine tango. "Gallo Ciego". Fernando Gracia and Sol Cerquides with "Solo Tango orquesta". Танго.

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Argentina’s daily life is very interesting, and features fascinating culture traits and traditions. The clothing of Argentina has changed quite a bit over time, and though the past has had mostly traditional clothing, the dress now is much more accustomed to the 21st century. In Modern-Day Argentina, most people dress a bit more fancy every day than here in the US. Jeans, nice pants, dressy shoes, and nice t-shirts are not uncommon for men while most women were very feminine clothing. However, more traditional Argentine clothing includes very traditional Gaucho, or Argentine cowboy, outfits. A very interesting Argentine article of clothing is Alpargatas, which are traditional shoes made from canvas with a rope sole. They come in a variety of colors and patterns. Ponchos, made out of many materials and for men and women, are extremely common to see in various parts of the country. A wide variety of Argentine cuisine has deep roots in the past. For example, before the Europeans arrived in the 1500’s, the Argentine Native Indians learned how to grow many different fruits and vegetables, including squash, melons, and sweet potatoes. In the late 1800’s, Argentina was flooded with over one million immigrants. Almost all of these immigrants came from Europe, and most came from Italy and Spain. Immigrants brought their culture with them, and that is why a large part of Argentine food includes Pizza and Pasta. Other immigrants, such as British, German, and Jewish brought their traditions and food with them. Every single one influenced the modern day Argentine dishes. More that 4% of the entire world’s meat comes from Argentina, which is why it is no big surprise that Beef is the national dish of the nation.

Where is all this meat coming from? Well, Argentina is full of Gauchos, or Argentine cowboys, who own swaths of land filled with cows. Some common Argentine ways to prepare beef are Parrillada, a dish with steak and other beef, or Carbonada, which is a stew that includes beef and many vegetables. Other and more famous dishes include Chorizo, which is a popular spicy sausage, and Empanadas which are small pies that have mostly savory fillings. Aside from food and clothing, where do the majority of Argentines live? Well, Argentina features several big cities, including the capital and metropolis, Buenos Aires. A large amount of Argentines live in Buenos Aires, about ⅓ of the entire population of the nation. 3 million live in the city limits, but including the entire area, the population is upwards of 15 million at about 15,482,000. Cordoba is the second biggest city, with about 1,613,000 residents. The city is in the geological center of the country and is a large agricultural and technological center. Rosario is a large city, and is host to 1,325,000 Argentines. Most are drawn to Rosario for the architecture and very charming downtown. The fourth-biggest city in Argentina is Mendoza. Mendoza is home to 1,109,000 Argentines and is known for its national museums. Overall, the current population of argentina is about 43.85 million residents. Argentine food, clothing, and communities are extremely important to each and every citizen of the nation.

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Argentina is home to quite a large life expectancy, along with an amazing education system and literacy rate. Though the life expectancy of most countries in the world have a notable difference between men and women, Argentina has a very large difference. The average life expectancy of men in Argentina is about 72.7 years. On the other hand, Argentine women have a life expectancy of 79.9 years. This difference is much more than most at 7.2 years. Combined, these average to 76.3 years, which is the overall average life expectancy in Argentina. This ranks 50th out of all countries. The top five causes of death in Argentina are Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, Flu/Pneumonia, Breast Cancer, and various Lung Cancers. The literacy rate of Argentina is actually quite high, especially for a Latin American country. Literacy for men, 15 and over, in Argentina is about 98%. Though uncommon, women have a slightly larger rate at about 98.1%. Combined, these rates average somewhere in between, but the total is closer to 98.1%. Argentina’s literacy is one of the highest in Latin America, though that number has been greatly on the decline over the past century. Some of the higher literacy rates in Latin America include Uruguay at 98.5% and Cuba at a surprising 99.8%. Education in Argentina features an intricate and complicated system, of which contains some of the best schools in the area. Argentina’s school system, compared to most Latin American countries, and internationally, has a fairly good reputation. Education in Argentina starts for children at ages two to five at the pre-primary level, or kindergarten. At age six, Argentine kids begin Primary schooling, which is similar to elementary school here in the US. There are two main options for Primary schools- either six years of primary school and then another six years in secondary school, or seven years of primary school and five years of secondary school. There are two sub-divisions of secondary school in Argentina- lower secondary is mainly for general education and upper secondary provides education for students who specialize in something specific. After either or both secondary experiences, Argentine students can take a university entrance exam to enter one of the many state universities. Some of the most notable universities include Universidad de Buenos Aires, Universidad Austral, and Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires. Overall, Argentines have a fairly good life expectancy, along with a terrific literacy rate and education system.

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The religions of Argentina have had many impacts on the nation the form of holidays and immigration. Many major Christian holidays have become national holidays in Argentina, which means that most Argentine citizens take these days off from work and school. Some of these holidays include Maundy Thursday on April 13, Good Friday on April 14, Easter on April 16, Immaculate Conception Day on December 8, and Christmas on December 25. Jewish holidays, especially in Buenos Aires, are often observed. These include the first and last days of Passover on April 11 and April 18, the first and second days of Rosh Hashanah, the beginning of the Jewish New Year, on September 21 and 22, and Yom Kippur on September 30. Muslim holidays have been observed more often in Argentina over the course of the last 30 years because their population’s constant rise in the nation. The most notable are the End of Ramadan, the holiest month on the calendar on June 25, Eid-Al-Adha on September 9, and most of all, the Muslim New Year on September 22. Though these dates are based on the 2017 holidays, the dates change constantly and are always observed by various Argentines. Another vital part of Argentina’s religion is the immigration patterns of religion as they arrived in Argentina. Many of Argentina’s millions of immigrants traveled to Argentina for religious reasons. When the Spanish first arrived in the 16th century, they brought with them Roman Catholicism, which has been the major religion throughout the history of the nation, and even today. More central Europeans continued to immigrate to the nation, sustaining this religion through its history. However, many immigrants whose origins spread throughout several centuries in Northern Europe and brought over the Protestant branch to  the Americas. During both world wars, mostly the second, Jews flooded over to Argentina because of the hostile conditions in Europe. Their culture and traditions have long since remained in the nation. Other groups, such as Portuguese and Italians came to Argentina and kept their religions, but made only little changes to the country’s overall variety religions. Overall, Argentina’s religious holidays and immigrants have impacted the country greatly and continue to widen the variety of religions present in the nation.

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Argentina’s religious situation is extremely interesting and represents much of the culture of the nation. Argentina’s religious variety is not extremely wide, as Roman Catholicism is, by an extremely large amount, the most popular religion. Argentina’s constitution does outline freedom of religion and for the most part, the Government respects this right and grants it to all citizens. However, it also states in the the Constitution that the Government sustains the “apostolic Roman Catholic faith.” This comes into play as Roman Catholics are provided some privileges by the Government that are not available to other religions. Interestingly, the constitution requires the government to economically support Roman Catholicism. Due to this, about 92% of all Argentines are Catholic, though less that 20% attend services on a normal basis. This actually means that the majority of the nation’s people are catholic but don’t practice their religion. This religion is so dominant in the nation that the leader of the religion for the entire world is from there. That’s right, a little known fact is that the current Pope was born in downtown Buenos Aires and grew up in the city. The remaining Argentines are split up into different forms of christianity, along with other religions in general. A large portion of the remaining Argentines are Protestant. A very small part of Argentines are Mormon, Jehovah’s witness, or otherwise Christian. In addition, Buenos Aires has a very large Jewish population- the biggest in latin america and constantly one of the biggest in both americas. Currently, the population of the city contains 300,000 jews and its population is only only behind New York. Many churches and temples in Argentina are very grand, such as the La Plata Cathedral in the city of La Plata. There are many other places of worship in Buenos aires that are very notable. Religious customs are very important to life in Argentina. Local customs, such as spiritualism (the belief in the ability of the living to communicate with the dead), have become part of Argentine Catholicism in certain provinces. Some Argentines consult healers or witches and/or be part of folk rituals in some religions. The most notable custom, however, is that the majority of Argentines that live in Buenos Aires visit the Luján Virgin Statue during their lives. The statue is 65 kilometers from the city and was built in 1620. A chapel was built around the statue, but a basilica has now replaced it. Residents continue to visit every year. Many styles of the arts are in some ways related to religion (mostly Roman Catholicism), including dance and visual art. Overall, Argentina’s religions contain a variety of different beliefs, which have each affected the nation in their own way.

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The history of Argentina has left behind historical figures, important events, and holidays. The historical figures of Argentina have been a vital part of the nation’s success, along with its independence. Jose de San Martin is a very well remembered Argentine. He was a soldier, statesman, and leader of the revolutions against Spanish rule not only in Argentina, but also Chile and Peru. Another important character in Argentina’s history is Juan Manuel de Rosas, who ruled in the first half of the 1800’s as a dictator and led violent campaigns against the Indians. He was very cruel to his people, and is remembered as a horrible person in general. Domingo Faustino Sarmiento was a vital figure for the 19th century new-born Argentina. He was exiled to Chile by Juan Manuel de Rosas, the dictator of the time, but returned to overthrow him. He was also elected as president and he valued peace and education above all else. Juan Peron is a more recent important figure in Argentine history. Peron was elected three times as president and made many positive modifications to the nation, including the reshaping of the economy. There are many important events of Argentine history that stand out. In the 16th century, Spanish colonization begins in the River Plate Coast (part of Argentina). Spain establishes the Viceroyalty of the River Plate in 1776. In 1810, the Viceroyalty was overthrown and the war for Independence started soon after. Independence was declared in 1816 from Spain. In 1880, Argentina finally started to grow at a faster pace. Full suffrage, for adult males, is introduced in 1912. Later, in 1945, Argentina joined WWII against Japan and Germany, on the side of the allies. Starting in 1946, Juan Peron is elected 3 times in a row and starts to make changes to the economy. These events have shaped the nation as it is today. Argentina’s history has left behind many national holidays. Argentina celebrates Día de la Revolución de Mayo every May 25 to celebrate the May Revolution in 1810, when the Argentine Revolution began and the first national government was formed. Another notable holiday, on July 9, is Día de la Independencia which celebrates the Declaration of Independence, which was signed in 1816. Argentines proudly celebrates Paso a la Inmortalidad del General Martín Miguel de Güemes, which is the remembrance of the death of Martin Miguel de Güemes, who was the general in the Argentine War for Independence. He was vital in the Argentine war for independence. On August 21, the citizens of Argentina celebrate Paso a la Inmortalidad del General José de San Martin, which is the anniversary of the death of  José de San Martin who was very important and helped to liberate Argentina, Chile, and Peru. All in all, Argentina has a lengthy history of which has left behind a great legacy in the form of events, figures, and holidays.

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Argentina’s currency, workforce, and household income are important statistics and parts of the economy as a whole. First of all, Argentina’s currency is a vital piece of the economy altogether. Argentina uses Argentine Pesos, which currently each equal about 0.0059 US Dollars. The main bank in all of Argentina is the Central Bank of the Republic of Argentina, which is located in the largest city of Buenos Aires, along with most important government buildings. The coins included in the system are 5, 10, 25, and 50 centavos and 1 and 2 pesos. The banknotes in the system include 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 pesos. When Argentina became independent, they first used Spanish pesos until 1881. Between 1881- 1969 Argentina used the silver and gold Pesos. From 1970 until 1983, the Peso Ley, which was much more valuable, replaced the normal Pesos. Until 1991, Argentina used the previous currencies, from before the Peso Ley. Since 1992, Argentina has been using the Argentine Peso and exchange rates have been constantly fluctuating. An important statistic of Argentina’s economy is the average annual Household Income per Capita, which was $3,858.52 in 2016. This stands for the average amount of income during 2016 for all households in Argentina. In 2015, the Household Income per Capita was quite a bit lower at $2,742.77. The highest that the Household Income per Capita has reached in Argentina was $5,742.77 and the lowest in the past 13 years was $1,383.33 in 2004. Another important part of Argentina’s economy is the workforce. The bulk of Argentina’s workforce has shifted between occupations throughout its history. However, during most of Argentina’s history, the nation’s focus was on agriculture. The Pampas, or grass fields, provided space for farmers to grow wheat and raise animals such as cattle and sheep. However, only 10% of today’s Argentine workforce is agricultural. The other 90% is made mostly of the service sector, the oil and gas industry, mining, shipbuilding, food, tobacco, and automotive industries. The job opportunities are a main reason why many Argentines live in port cities.

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Argentina’s currency, workforce, and household income are important statistics and parts of the economy as a whole. First of all, Argentina’s currency is a vital piece of the economy altogether. Argentina uses Argentine Pesos, which currently each equal about 0.0059 US Dollars. The main bank in all of Argentina is the Central Bank of the Republic of Argentina, which is located in the largest city of Buenos Aires, along with most important government buildings. The coins included in the system are 5, 10, 25, and 50 centavos and 1 and 2 pesos. The banknotes in the system include 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 pesos. When Argentina became independent, they first used Spanish pesos until 1881. Between 1881- 1969 Argentina used the silver and gold Pesos. From 1970 until 1983, the Peso Ley, which was much more valuable, replaced the normal Pesos. Until 1991, Argentina used the previous currencies, from before the Peso Ley. Since 1992, Argentina has been using the Argentine Peso and exchange rates have been constantly fluctuating. An important statistic of Argentina’s economy is the average annual Household Income per Capita, which was $3,858.52 in 2016. This stands for the average amount of income during 2016 for all households in Argentina. In 2015, the Household Income per Capita was quite a bit lower at $2,742.77. The highest that the Household Income per Capita has reached in Argentina was $5,742.77 and the lowest in the past 13 years was $1,383.33 in 2004. Another important part of Argentina’s economy is the workforce. The bulk of Argentina’s workforce has shifted between occupations throughout its history. However, during most of Argentina’s history, the nation’s focus was on agriculture. The Pampas, or grass fields, provided space for farmers to grow wheat and raise animals such as cattle and sheep. However, only 10% of today’s Argentine workforce is agricultural. The other 90% is made mostly of the service sector, the oil and gas industry, mining, shipbuilding, food, tobacco, and automotive industries. The job opportunities are a main reason why many Argentines live in port cities. Argentina's economic workforce, along with the currency and money earned by the citizens, are important pieces of the economy and help to keep the nation stable.

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In addition to being quite large, Argentina’s economy is extremely important to the country, as well as its trading partners around the world. Argentina contains the third-largest economy in all of Latin American, following Mexico and Brazil. Additionally, Brazil, China, and the United States are Argentina’s top three trade partners. Argentina has a fairly high income compared to most countries. The unemployment rate is about 6.557%. The GDP, or gross domestic product per year, is $545.9 billion dollars. The rank of Argentina’s GDP against other countries is 25th in the world. Almost 73% of the entire population, not just the workforce, works in services. The top industries in the entire country include Food Processing, Motor Vehicles, Consumer Durables, and Textiles. A vital part of Argentina’s economy, along with how the nation’s people make most of their money. Argentina exports the 45th most products of any country. The most common and valuable exports are mostly Agricultural- for example the exports from 2015 over 3 billion are Soybean Meal, Soybeans, Soybean Oil, Corn, Animal feed, and Car and Truck parts. The largest export partners are China, the United States, Chile, India, and Brazil. Argentina exported $58.1 billion dollars worth of goods in 2015. In addition to these exports, Argentina also imports goods to recieve what it needs to remain as a successful and civilized country. Argentina is also ranked 45th out of all countries for imports. The most common imports in Argentina are Petroleum Gas, Cars, Vehicle Parts, Telephones, and Refined Petroleum. Argentina’s largest export partners are Brazil, China, the United States, Germany, and Mexico. Argentina imported $59.5 billion dollars worth of various goods. Overall, Argentina’s economy is very important to the growth of the nation.

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Argentina’s president, constitution and law system are essential to the success of the government. The President of Argentina is currently Mauricio Macri. Macri studied to be a civil engineer at schools in the Buenos Aires area. Macri ran for many political positions after his graduation and he even founded the Commitment for Change Political Party. Macri won the 2015 presidential election of Argentina with 51% of the overall vote. While in office, Macri has introduced many new and different ideas to Argentina. While running, Macri’s vows included the improvement of the country’s reputation with investors, increasing the country’s economic growth, and most of all, repairing Argentina’s relationship with many other countries. Argentina’s Constitution is a very important document that outlines the most important laws of the country. The Argentine Constitution consists of many different parts. The Preamble states several starting points for the nation’s conception, making it a representative government. It also lays out the basic start for the policy for the new country’s support of immigration.  The first main part outlines the declarations, rights and guarantees along with the new rights and guarantees. The second part shows the Authorities of the Nation, including the federal government which contains the Legislative Power, Executive Power, and Judicial Power. It also discusses the power of each individual province, which is surprisingly very superior as long the provinces follow the laws. Argentina has a very wide variety of laws.The structure of the law in Argentina contains various different parts. The overall law is the Constitution, and under that is the Bill of Rights, followed by the form of Government, Delegation of Powers to the National, Precedence of Laws such as International Treaties, and Provincial Constitution. The Constitution contains important laws including: “The Federal Government supports the Roman Catholic Apostolic religion,” “ Each province shall enact its own constitution under the republican, representative system,” and “The citizens of each province shall be entitled to all rights, privileges, and immunities inherent in the condition of citizen in the other provinces. The extradition of criminals is a reciprocal obligation among all the provinces.” In addition to these fairly normal laws, there are some quite odd laws. In an Argentine city named Rosario, horses are legally obligated to wear hats, or caballeros, but only on very hot days, or when it is "hace calor". Gauchos, or cowboys, can do whatever they want. Also, DJs in Argentina must play the same number of tango songs in comparison to all other genres. Last of all, Feather beds are illegal in Argentina because of the “feeling” that they provide. Overall, Argentina’s law system along with the president and government are extremely important to the country.

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The Republic of Argentina is a democratic republic and features a complicated government of which has many functions. The government is similar, yet at the same time it is different from most of the other governments in the world. Argentina adopted its current constitution in 1853 and it created Argentina as a democratic republic with three branches.

These branches, legislative, executive and judicial, feature the same basic setup as we do here in the United States. The president and vice president serve four years per term, and can be immediately reelected several times in a row. Senators serve for 6 years and representatives serve for 2 years.

Argentina has been a historically republican country. Within this complicated government, Each branch of Argentina’s Government has a specific role. The executive branch is the strongest and has the most power, containing a president, vice president and cabinet. In addition, there is a two-house National Congress in Argentina and it consists of a Senate with 72 members and a Chamber of Deputies with 257 members in the Legislative branch. Last of all, the Judicial branch is, similar to the US, made of a complex web of courts. The highest court in the country is the Supreme Court of Justice, which contains judges appointed by the president and approved by the Senate. The power of this high court is to declare the acts of legislature to be unconstitutional. In addition, there is a Supreme Court along with a lower court system in every province of the country. These branches each contribute to the country’s success in their own, special way. How are these officials There are two main political parties in Argentina. Two major political parties are prominent in Argentina. The first party is the Justicialist Party, which was founded in 1945.  The second, and older, party is the Radical Civic Union, which was founded in 1891. In the past, the Justicialist Party, or the PJ, stands for the majority of labor interests while the Radical Civic Union, or the UCR, typically represents the middle-class voters, specifically in urban areas. Unlike the United States, citizens of Argentina can start to vote at 16 years old and citizens between the ages of 18 and 70 must vote by law, which is uncommon in most countries. Overall, the different various inner workings of Argentina’s government are important to the well being of the citizens and the nation as a whole.