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Connections between Humans and Cockroaches  

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Connections between Humans and Cockroaches  

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We can study human anatomy and physiology using a Cockroach because Humans and Cockroaches have the same levels of Hierarchy (besides the organism level of hierarchy) which allow action potentials to be stimulated in both organisms.

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Organism: Principle of Complimentary (Cockroach)

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Organism: Principle of Complimentary (Cockroach)

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Because Cockroaches breathe through holes in their body (structure), Cockroaches can hold their breath for 40 minutes and are not required to breath through their mouth.

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Organ System: Principle of Complimentary (Nervous System)

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Organ System: Principle of Complimentary (Nervous System)

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Because the nervous System is made up of Nerves, Spinal Cord, Sensory Receptors, and the Brain (Structure), the Nervous system can respond to internal and external changes and activate muscles and glands in the cockroach (function).

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Because a cockroach's leg has three joints and three legs in total (giving a cockroach 18 joints/knees) which is a structure, they can run very fast (function).

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Tissue: Principle of Complimentary (Nervous Tissue)

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Tissue: Principle of Complimentary (Nervous Tissue)

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Because Nervous tissue has long cell processes and a flexible cell body (structure), it can bend and stretch to send impulses throughout the body (function).

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Cell: Principle of Complimentary (Neuron)

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Cell: Principle of Complimentary (Neuron)

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Because neurons have long axons and lengthy dendrites branching out at the end of the nerve cell (structure), the neuron can transmit messages in the form of impulses from one part of the body to the other (function).

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Chemical: Principle of Complimentary (K+, Ca+)

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Chemical: Principle of Complimentary (K+, Ca+)

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Why can Calcium enter the presynaptic membrane and bind to Vesicles?
Because of Calcium's flexible and small structure, it has the ability to flood through Calcium Channels into the presynaptic membrane and perform its function (of permitting neurotransmitter release). In addition, it's ability to attach to vesicles, which is unique to its structure, allows it to bind to synaptic vesicles. Other chemicals, like Anionic proteins for example, aren't small enough or flexible enough to perform Calcium's functions.

Why can Potassium travel across the Cell Membrane and change the voltage of a neuron?
Potassium can travel across the cell membrane and change the voltage of a neuron because of its small, flexible structure. Other negative chemicals inside the cell membrane, like anionic proteins, are too large to flood through voltage gates and perform Potassium's specific function.

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Examples of Homeostasis & How Internal Conditions were Maintained in the Experiment

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Examples of Homeostasis & How Internal Conditions were Maintained in the Experiment

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Example 1: Action Potential.
After a stimulus was detected (from touching the barbs of the cockroach's leg), an action potential was conducted. The stimulus had made a change and in order for the cell to go back to rest, it had to undergo the steps of an action potential. The rate of popping and the amplitude of the lines from the recording increased after touching the cockroach's leg, giving proof that an action potential was stimulated in this experiment.

Example 2: Growing Leg
Once the cockroach's leg was cut off, it grew back in 125 days. The living cockroach's body detected a change (a missing leg) and responded to this stimulus/change by growing back the leg.

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Purpose: To observe the electrical/chemical pulses traveling down a cockroach's neuron and to listen/watch an action potential in action.

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What does each part of the experiment represent?

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What does each part of the experiment represent?

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Spikes/Pulse - Neuron activity due to the opening and closing ion channels.
Positive Spike - When the voltage of the outside of the membrane is more positive (the inside of the membrane is more negative at this time).
Negative Spike - When the voltage of the outside of the membrane is negative (the inside of the membrane is more positive at this time).
Popping Noise - Discharge rate of the cockroach's leg neurons.

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What is an Organism?
An Organism is a living being/a group of organs working together.
What is the organism in this experiment?
A Cockroach.

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What is an Organ System?
An organ system is a group of organs that perform a common function.
What organ system is being affected in this experiment?
Nervous System - the SpikerBox works on the cockroach's nervous System. Neurons, the cell effected by the SpikerBox, is a part of the Nervous System.

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What is an organ?
Organs are made out 2 or more tissues and perform a specific function.
What type of organ is being experimented on in this experiment?
The Cockroach's LEG

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What is a tissue?
A tissue is a group of cells with similar structures and functions.
What type of tissue is being effected through this experiment with the cockroach?
Nervous Tissue. The nervous tissue's function is to send impulses to other parts of the body. Through this experiment, the cockroach's conductivity (the ability to pass messages to other cells) and irritability (the ability to be stimulated) of the nervous tissue is illustrated the cockroach's action potential.

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What is a cell?
A cell is a basic unit of life.
What type of cell is being affected through this experiment with the cockroach?
Nerve Cell/Neuron. The popping noise we heard after turning the SpikerBox on was the discharge rate of the alive neurons in the leg. The pulse conducted through the SpikerBox was due to the opening and closing of the neuron's ion channels.

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What type of chemicals are at use in this experiment?
Calcium & Potassium

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Why can a certain function occur?
The Principle of Complimentary is what a structure can do depending on its form.

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Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is changing. In other words, it is the body's ability to respond to stimuli.

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What are the levels of Hierarchy in a cockroach?

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What are the levels of Hierarchy in a cockroach?

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1. Chemical
2. Cell
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Organ System
6. Organism

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In this cockroach experiment, we began by removing the cockroach's leg after submerging its body under ice. After pinning the electrodes from the provided SpikerBox into the femur of the cockroach to serve as our recording electrode, we turned the SpikerBox on. After plugging the sound cable into our phone and opening the SpikeRecorder App, we observed the spikes/pulses and the popping noise of the leg's nerve cells.