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https://www.canva.com/design/DADYJKZg_94/B7IB3Vs1A1omOoL6omEdPQ/view?utm_content=DADYJKZg_94&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link&utm_source=sharebutton

1880 - 1890 (LOUIS LE PRINCE): Louis Le Prince created first (unofficial) motion picture, not Thomas Edison as believed. He disappeared before the showcase in New York.

1893 (THOMAS EDISON): Thomas Edison produced the kinetoscope- used to view a motion picture through a peephole.

1895 (AUGUSTE AND LOUIS LUMIÉRE): Auguste and Louis Lumiére produce a Cinematograph- also known as a film camera, but also a  film projector.

1898 (BIRT ACRES): Birt Acres produced the first camera for amteur use with a 17.5mm gauge called the 'Birtac Home Cinema'.

1902 (EDWARD RAYMOND TURNER): Edward Raymond Turner produced a natural colour motion picture system.

1913 (LÉON GAUMONT): Léon Gaumont produced the Chronochrome using a full color additive system also known as RGB components.

1924 (IWAN SERRURIER): Iwan Serrurier produced the Moviola which allows the film editor to view the film while editing it. This is the first machine made for editing.

1934 (CONRAD NERVIG): Conrad Nervig (the film editor) won the Academy Award for Best Film Editing for 'Eskimo' (1933).

1956 (AMPEX VRX-1000): The Ampex VRX-1000 becomes the world's first successful videotape recorder. It allows television to be recorded and edited using a magnetic tape.

1958 (AN EVENING WITH FRED ASTAIRE): 'An Evening with Fred Astaire' (the oldest surviving television network colour videotape) airs.

1966 (AMPEX 16-TRACK): The Ampex 16-track version of the MM 1000 is the world's first 16-track professional tape recorder put into mass-production.

1967 (EECO-900): EECO produces the EECO-900 edit controller (which used their proprietary On-Time time code)- meaning they don't require physically cutting any tape.

1971 (CMX-600): CMX-600 becomes the first non-linear video editing system.

1984 (EDITDROID): Lucasfilm creates the EditDroid (the computer workstation using multiple analog LaserDiscs to enable random-access editing).

1991 (ADOBE PREMIERE): Adobe Premiere is produced, changing the editing production and creating a "new era".

2000s (MULTICORE SPU): Multicore SPUs are produced- this enables ordinary computers to edit video at higher resolutions.

2010s (PHYSICAL TO DIGITAL): Digital cinema technology improved in the early 2010s and therefore most of the theaters across the world converted from physical to digital.

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Editing film and tv is the process after pre-production and production (known as post-production) that allows processes to take place after recording footage and before distributing the film/tv show as a final product. Editing processes include similar techniques I will be using for the trailers I am producing. On this Padlet blog are the most common techniques used when editing film/tv shows with examples.

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A film editor (Jaws, El Cid, The Savage Eye)

Known as “mother cutter” for experience in editing

“New Hollywood” era from 1968 - 1882

Editing techniques used in Jaws:

Overall the film Jaws was not perfectly directed as Jaws was Steven Spielberg's debut film. Parts of the film such as the shark itself did not look very good in the raw footage and so Verna Fields had to edit the film to make it look better. Fields would also need to use continuity editing to actually make the film effective. Fields started by removing all scenes in which the shark appeared "lifeless" (the mechanical design was faulty) and therefore added in the scenes in which the shark looks like a real living shark. The specific technique used was jump cuts which made it seem like the sequence of shots was a lot quicker than when first filmed. The alternation between the shots of the shark from all around the boat also gives a sense of unease as the audience do not know where the shark will be.

There are lots of visual motifs in Jaws such as juxtaposition between shots for example in one scene there is a typewriter writing a report about the shark attack at the beginning of the film. This is different to what is actually happening because the mayor is telling people not to worry about sharks and they are not doing anything about it. This is a continued theme throughout the whole film for example Martin, Matt, and Quint are trying to tell the mayor that the shark is dangerous. The opening scene is also important because the juxtaposition is when she is attacked by the shark and he is on the beach.

When the shark appears, the most commonly used technique is cross cutting. This is because it shows the things that are happening at the same time. This is used in Jaws because there are things happening at the same time quite a lot for example the shark and also Brody, Quint, and Hooper. This is an editing technique that is used more in the horror genre specifically. Horror films/TV shows use techniques such as these more often because it adds tension as the audience are not seeing something for a long time. This links back to Fields trying to remove long shots of the shark so it doesn't look bad. In other examples, cross cutting and similar techniques are used in Alien to quickly show what action is going on in the scene while not actually showing the "Alien". This adds suspense because the audience is waiting to see what the shark (in the case of Jaws) looks like. The horror genre is most effective when the audience have to imagine what the "Alien" or "Shark" looks like because it will be based on the worst thing they can think of. As this is different for different people it is better to use this technique than use other villains that may not seem as effective to some people, or in the future.

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Edited famous films such as Solo, Rocky, and Never Say Die

Started working first in 20th Century Fox

Edited Rocky (looking at the training montage)

Editing techniques used in Rocky:

Throughout all the Rocky films there is always a montage at some point. This is an editing technique that is more rarely used, however other films and tv shows have copied/found inspiration from the Rocky films and has influenced montages such as Hot Fuzz, which is not a direct copy however it has adapted from the idea of Rocky to use montage when there is a "training" scene (for the police). Rocky IV is 31.9% montage. This is because Conrad was inspired by "Soviet Montage Theory"- a reliance on montage from famous Soviet filmmakers such as Lev Kuleshov which are a result of issues at the time with beliefs such as "films that focused on individuals rather than masses were deemed counterrevolutionary, but not exclusively so." This challenged traditional beliefs while in the Stalin era (and after) therefore contemporary filmmaking became important to Soviet filmmakers. The reason Conrad took inspiration from Soviet filmmaking was because of political issues at the time. Rocky was produced in the 1960s which is when the Cold War was a major issue for the public (especially in USA) therefore an underlying theme of the Rocky films was American propaganda. This means that Conrad used editing to show an idealistic perspective of the character Rocky, who was portrayed as a "typical American".

Music is another element that is added into film and tv in the post-production process. The song that people remember from Rocky is Eye Of The Tiger, which has also been used in other films or tv shows when using similar editing techniques (montage) in parodies. This has the effect of audience reaction and meaning because the Rocky films are often linked to the music used and the importance of it to tell a story.

The genre of the Rocky films are considered "drama/sport". Rocky is not typical of something in the drama genre (such as The Godfather) however there is a specific sub genre of drama/sport (Warrior). A drama film/tv show is usually a narrative fiction which has serious themes. A sport film is usually a focus on a particular sports event, group of people, or individual who is participating. This means that sometimes non-continuity editing is used to add suspense such as in Cool Runnings when they crash the editing disorientates the audience as if they were in the bobsleigh. Narrative is also important to drama/sport films/tv shows. This can be narrated through an actual narrator to an event that is taking place. Another use of narration is the protagonist looking back in the past to them taking place in an event. In Rocky V it is narrated by past events that have already happened, using the editing technique of flashbacks.

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Edited Black Mirror episode USS Callister

Has been editing since 1999

Editor for big shows such as Doctor Who, Cold Feet, Humans

Editing techniques used in USS Callister:

Editors for tv shows are not as well known, especially for shows such as Black Mirror where each episode is different. This means that for Black Mirror there is not a specific editor in each post-production process, however one episode that stood out in terms of editing was USS Callister. The editing for this episode was different because it was edited to mimic Star Trek and similar tv shows. This meant that it was important to be directed as such, but also editing it in a similar way. Star Trek was produced originally in the 1960s therefore production would be a different process. MacArthur knew this and therefore used a 4:3 format for the opening scene to introduce the episode. This is similar to how the original series of Star Trek looked. As the lift opens the format changes to 16:9 as it would look now. This is effective because the audience should not notice the change due to the technique called seamless editing. As we see the doors open, the screen widens at the same time making it more subtle.

MacArthur also explains the focus on change in perspective. At the beginning of the episode the audience understand the plot through the perspective of Daly, who we assume is the protagonist. As the episode progresses there is a shift in perspective towards Nanette. She then becomes the protagonist as it is revealed that Daly is taking their DNA. While the footage is accurate in showing this (as is done in a similar style to Star Trek still), it is also important, as in anything, to use editing to make this even more effective. Nanette is present in more scenes later in the episode and individual shots are from her perspective. The audience also get more insight into what her plan is for example when they are at the lake and she tricks Daly. In the editing, the point after the lake is quicker (added tempo) which is helped by the music that is added.

While Black Mirror has its own overall genre, USS Callister is based on the science fiction genre. Editing to keep to the generic conventions of science fiction appeared to be the most important part of the editing process (and as a whole for the production of this episode). Typically science fiction is set in the future, and usually in space or with space themes. That is the case for USS Callister (the episode is named after their starship- a link to the USS Enterprise of Star Trek) as the final scenes of the episode are in space with that being the theme. Although the episode isn't actually focused on the simulation and the message is about the issues happening in real life there is a focus on the science fiction genre at the end. This allows MacArthur to use many different editing techniques to add to the effectiveness of the message- mostly a dependence on special effects to keep to the genre of science fiction.

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Types and purposes of editing for film and television

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Types and purposes of editing for film and television

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Continuity editing is a process in filmmaking and TV that means shots/scenes are related and the audience can understand the link. This is done by using shots that are related or seen as related to each other and sometimes by cutting a longer shot. The overall effect of continuity editing is consistency so the audience can understand how the plot works. Continuity editing can also be subdivided into temporal continuity and spatial continuity meaning how the audience can tell that the shots/scene are related. An example of where continuity editing has been considered well in a film is in ‘Die Hard’ when the lift opens and the antagonist is looking at the mannequin. This is because we see the lift as if we are in the crowd of people and then this cuts to shots of them looking shocked, the woman screaming, the antagonists running over to the lift, then the shot zooming in and then the main antagonist is looking at the mannequin. This shows that the shots have occured chronologically because they make sense when put together in the order of the final product and matches up to the order it would seem before editing.

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Non-continuity editing is when the shots/scenes seem unrelated or not put together very well. Although this can be an accident as a result of poor filmmaking it can also be purposely done to confuse the audience in terms of the plot of the film. Without continuity editing people cannot determine what is happening at specific times and therefore disorientates the audience which is a technique used more in horror films/TV shows. The film ‘As Above So Below’ uses this to reinforce the already disorientating plot. In the film, the catacombs they are in are literally upside-down. The style of filming was also “found footage” meaning that the filming was made to seem like it was recorded unprofessionally and then found e.g on a mobile phone that was found. This style is prevalent from the start to the finish of this film which suits the film because it seems like all the scenes are recorded by the main protagonist therefore it also seems unreliable and unrelated as found footage filming makes it seem as it was recorded as you would normally record on something such as a mobile phone for example making multiple videos at multiple points in the plot therefore only showing filming for some of the events in the plot.

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Speeding up film is a technique used by filmmakers to make a shot quicker that could either be a timelapse effect to make something worth hours in filming in seconds (timelapse often used in shots of the sun setting/rising) or to make it seem like one specific character/object is individually sped up in this case like Superman. This is done because Superman is meant to be really fast and therefore the following shot that follows of him flying around the world quickly is reinforced by this. As the film was produced in 1978 they just filmed Superman flying normally and then the editors sped this up later on in the post production process.

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Slowing down film is another technique similar to speeding up film however they are slowing down the footage. This is used for lots of different reasons but similar to using sped up film from Superman it is often used to indicate “superpowers” or something that humans can’t normally do. In the case of ‘Matrix Reloaded’ it is used to show that the protagonist is doing something unusual that the antagonists cannot do. The slow motion effect is also used in the same content to make the audience focus on the action meaning it is used a lot in action films.

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A flashback is when a scene is placed in a film that appears to show past events, even in the middle of a plot that it currently occurring. It is used to show important events that have happened that affect the story and the characters without taking up too much time in the film. It is usually easy to tell the difference between the past and the present in films as flashbacks are edited to look different ranging from a younger version of a character, change in mise-en-scene such as the weather would be different. In terms of technical differences filmmakers will use effects to make it seem different without having to film over a long period of time. In 'Pulp Fiction' there is a flashback where the lighting is bright and warmer colours (used in lots of flashbacks where the character is a child because it represents the fact that in the flashback the child has not gone through anything challenging that might be happening in the present, and we often look back positively on our childhood) and the clothes seem older/from another decade. This tells us that it is a flashback since it is a different atmosphere to the present in 'Pulp Fiction' which has a darker and shadowy atmosphere. Another example is in Friends. In this case it is different to Pulp Fiction because it uses different ways of telling the audience it is a flashback. As mentioned before, Pulp Fiction uses different lighting as an example to show a different type of environment it is filmed. This could be time of day as an example. In Friends, they wear different clothes and look slightly different however editing is not a main part in how to make it look like a flashback. This makes Friends less effective than Pulp Fiction because it is not too noticeable at first that they look different. They are in the same place as before as well so it doesn't seem different. This means that editing is just as important as filming because they can both help to create meaning in film and television.

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Perception of space is how the mise-en-scene of the shot appears to the audience to understand the location and space around a character/object. This is important because it is useful to continuity editing for example without perception of space the audience would find it difficult to understand where the events are taking place. In 'Night School' there are many scenes that take place within the classroom with more than one character talking. The filming of these shots in the scene use perception of space to help the audience who is talking and who they are talking to. Techniques such as the 180 degree rule, the 30 degree rule and over the shoulder shots. As there are so many people in 'Night School' the camera placement is what it would normally be in other films such as with only two people talking, however the camera moves based on who the character is talking to. So if a character is talking to someone the camera is where the listener would be placed.

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This means the speed at which the film seems to play in terms of things that are happening in the plot. Action films typically use more rhythm and pace to make the film more effective. This is because the events of the film appear quicker and therefore there are more shots in a period of time than in other films such as comedy. Comedy has a slower pace to other genres as the focus is on the dialogue. Even when the comedy uses humour based on the actions of the characters such as slapstick comedy, the shots are usually long and show the progression of a joke. There are many ways of changing the rhythm and pace of a film. Some of these include frequency of shots, editing tools such as blurring the frames (to make it appear as though characters/objects etc are moving at greater speed). An example of this is in 'Beethoven' the action scene where Beethoven helps the dogs to escape has a lot of fast paced action because the shots are individually short, so when they are put together this makes the whole scene appear to happen quicker than when filming the original shots.

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This is when the plot of the film is revealed by something or someone. Typically there is a narrator which is a voice you can hear, however the narrator is not present in the film and the other characters cannot hear what the audience does (non-diegetic sound). Examples of narrative are motivated editing (creating motivation to further the narrative), development of drama, and providing and withholding information. An example of this is in the opening scene of 'Zombieland'.The narrator in this case is the main character which is effective because the film is about him and his reaction to what is happening. The opening scene is important, because it is a way of letting the audience know what the main character is like as well as learning it is a film about zombies.

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Another technique is to cause a specific reaction from the audience. This is important to certain parts of a film because the audience will have to react a certain way (e.g like/dislike a character) in order to fully understand the story being told. This will also help to engage the audience as if they do not understand then they will not like the film. There are two ways of manipulating the audience's reaction- creating suspense, and creating pace. An example that uses both of these is in Twilight. First it creates pace because there is a car that is going to run her over, however suspense is also created when he runs over to her and stops the car.

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Meaning is important because without it the film would be boring. The goal of a film is to make the audience want to watch it, enjoy watching it, and then remembering what happened. Without meaning this would not be possible. The ways of creating meaning include juxtaposing elements within editing, creating empathy with a character, or creating bias in fiction or documentary editing. This is a technique that has been used in the Marvel films. The most recent film 'Endgame' is very popular, even though it has not been released in the UK yet. This shows that the previous Marvel films that are related had meaning- films that have meaning can also make the audience watch the sequel as well as watching the original film again.

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Discontinuous Editing in Christopher Nolan films

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Analysing Christopher Nolan's use of discontinuous editing to portray a non-linear narrarative while bridging the gap between visuals and story. Mild spoilers for Memento, The Prestige and Inception

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The first shots in the film, of the first scene, that set the scene and help the audience to understand what the film will be about.

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When there is audio in the shot that is relevant and happening within the scene, however this then disappears with the audio still there.

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Toy Story 4 Trailer #1 (2019) | Movieclips Trailers

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When filming one subject, if the shot changes it should be by at least 30 degrees.

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Glass Trailer #2 (2019) | Movieclips Trailers

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When two sequential shots of the same subject are taken from camera positions that vary only slightly if at all. This type of edit gives the effect of jumping forwards in time.

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When one character is shown looking at another character, and then the other character is shown looking back at the first character.

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Shazam! Exclusive Movie Clip - A Wizard Made Me Look Like This! (2019) | Movieclips Trailers

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180 Degree Rule (Dora and The Lost City Of Gold)

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180 Degree Rule (Dora and The Lost City Of Gold)

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When there is dialogue between characters the camera should remain only within the 180 degrees (on the imaginary axis).

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Dora and The Lost City Of Gold Trailer #1 (2019) | Movieclips Trailer

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When the audience can see what the character would be seeing.

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Harry Potter - The Order of The Phoenix - Eyeline Matching

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A cut from one shot to another where the two shots are matched by the action or subject and subject matter.

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Lawrence of Arabia - The Greatest Cut of All

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When the editing is so subtle the audience will not notice the transition between shots.

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A series of short shots are edited into a sequence to condense space, time, and information.

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Favorite Pixar's Up scene ever - Ellie and Carl's relationship through time, Sad scene

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Putting two things together that do not make sense once put together. This shows difference and contrast.

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Cross Cutting/Parallel Editing (The Hustle)

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Cross Cutting/Parallel Editing (The Hustle)

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When the camera is focused on one action, to then cut to focusing on another action to establish what action is happening at the same time.

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The Hustle Trailer #2 (2019) | Movieclips Trailers

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When the shot stops on one frame to make it seem as if the video has become a photograph of something in the video.

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When the footage is slowed down by reducing the speed of the footage in the film.

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300 - Slow Motion Fight Scene [HD - 1080p]

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When the screen is showing two shots happening at once, to show that what is on screen is happening at the same time in the film.

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A type of transition into another shot where the new shot moves across the screen to cover the previous shot.

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A type of transition into another shot where parts of the previous shot "dissolves" into the new one, groups of pixels at a time.

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Psycho (12/12) Movie CLIP - She Wouldn't Even Harm a Fly (1960) HD

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A type of transition into another shot where the previous shot reduces to the point where it is not visible and the new shot is now visible.

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Gemini Man Trailer #1 (2019) | Movieclips Trailers