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The OSI model is a conceptual model, created by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1978 and revised in 1984, to describe a network architecture that allows data to be passed between computer systems.

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A technique used to gain unauthorized access to computers, whereby the intruder sends messages to a computer with an IP address indicating that the message is coming from a trusted host.

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A MAC address is a hardware identification number that uniquely identifies each device on a network. The MAC address is manufactured into every network card, such as an Ethernet card or Wi-Fi card, and therefore cannot be changed.

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Network Access Protection. Network Access Protection (NAP) is a Microsoft technology for controlling network access of a computer, based on its health. With NAP, system administrators of an organization can define policies for system health requirements.

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A host-based firewall is a firewall installed on each individual server that controls incoming and outgoing network traffic and determines whether to allow it into a particular device (i.e. the Microsoft firewall that comes with a Windows-based computer).

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An intrusion detection system (IDS) is a device or software applicationthat monitors a network or systems for malicious activity or policy violations.

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A honeynet is a network set up with intentional vulnerabilities; its purpose is to invite attack, so that an attacker's activities and methods can be studied and that information used to increase network security. A honeynet contains one or more honey pots, which are computer systems on the Internet expressly set up to attract and "trap" people who attempt to penetrate other people's computer systems.

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A firewall is a system that is designed protect a computer or computer network from network-based attacks.

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Stateful inspection, also known as dynamic packet filtering, is a firewalltechnology that monitors the state of active connections and uses this information to determine which network packets to allow through the firewall. Stateful inspectionhas largely replaced an older technology, static packet filtering.

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A firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. A firewall typically establishes a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external network, such as the Internet.

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An IPS, or intrusion prevention system is used in computer security. It provides policies and rules for network traffic along with an intrusion detection system for alerting system or network administrators to suspicious traffic, but allows the administrator to provide the action upon being alerted.

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In computer terminology, a honeypot is a computer security mechanism set to detect, deflect, or, in some manner, counteract attempts at unauthorized use of information systems. Generally, a honeypot consists of data (for example, in a network site) that appears to be a legitimate part of the site, but is actually isolated and monitored, and that seems to contain information or a resource of value to attackers, who are then blocked.

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DNS spoofing, also referred to as DNS cache poisoning, is a form of computer security hacking in which corrupt Domain Name System data is introduced into the DNS resolver's cache, causing the name server to return an incorrect result record, e.g. an IP address. This results in traffic being diverted to the attacker's computer (or any other computer).

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Account Lockout refers to the number of incorrect logon attempts permitted before a system locks an account.

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These type of attacks is when anytime your computer can be physically accessed by an attacker, that computer is at risk.

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The Maximum password age  policy setting determines the period of time (in days) that a password can be used before the system requires the user to change it.

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The Minimum password age policy setting determines the period of time (in days) that a password must be used before the user can change it. You can set a value between 1 and 998 days, or you can allow changes immediately by setting the number of days to 0.

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A password that is difficult to detect by both humans and computer programs, effectively protecting data from unauthorized access. Passwords are typically case-sensitive, so a strong password contains letters in both uppercase and lowercase.

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A Brute Force Attack is a attack that doesn't rely on lists of passwords, but rather tries all possible combinations of permitted character types.

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A dictionary attack uses a dictionary containing an extensive list of potential passwords that the attacker then tries in conjunction with a user ID in an attempt to guess the appropriate password.

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This is a computer program that records every keystroke made by a computer user, especially in order to gain fraudulent access to passwords and other confidential information.

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Sniffers are valid forms of test equipment, used to identify network and application issues, but the technology has been rapidly co-opted by attackers as an easy way to grab logon credentials.

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A Group Policy Object (GPO) is a collection of settings that define what a system will look like and how it will behave for a defined group of users