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Fondriest.com

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Stands for "Power of Hydrogen."A measure of how acidic or basic a water sample is. Purest form of water has a pH of 7, with normal ranges being 6.5-8.5.

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The safe levels for freshwater life in water is between 7.0 and 8.0 pH. For some Saltwater fish species a pH up to almost 10 is suitable.

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pH is the unit of measure. it is based off of the positively charged hydrogen ions in a solution. See a pH acidity chart to find standardized values

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One very common occurrence of human impact on the natural pH of water can be seen in rain. Any rain with a pH below 5.0 is considered acidic and it is caused by the burning of fossil fuels.

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Point source pollution- Any single identifiable source of pollution from which pollutants are discharged, such as a pipe, ditch, ship or factory smokestack
Alkaline- Any substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration and increases the pH of water, or in other words, a base
Erosion-Areas with high levels of Erosion greatly effect effect the pH, by either washing away Alkaline elements or pushing acidic elements towards.

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Limestone and carbonate materials that are dissolved in water can alter the pH of water greatly.

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Measure the water’s ability to conduct electricity, which provides a measure of what is dissolved in water.

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Total dissolved solids- Is the sum of all ion particles in a solution that are smaller than 2 microns.
Salinity- The total concentration of all dissolved salts in water.

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The quantity of oxygen that has been dissolved in a water source such as a lake, pond, or stream.

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A human cause for increased conductivity is run off from land that has high levels of salt or minerals.

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Conductivity is used to measure the amount of ionized dissolved solids in a polar solution. Measured as micro-Siemens per centimeter or µS/cm

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One very common cause of offset conductivity is in times of drought and times of excess water levels. on common cause of increased salinity and salt levels in the water around here is the winter. We live in a climate that experiences all four seasons so during the winter when we salt our roads the water/ice will dissolve it and runoff into our streams and rivers.

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Distilled Water- .5-3 uS/cm
Melted Snow- 2-42 uS/cm
Tap Water- 50-800 uS/cm
Potable Water- 30-1500 uS/cm
Freshwater Streams- 100-2000 uS/cm
Industrial Wastewater- 10000
Seawater- 55000 uS/cm

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Expected limits should be anywhere from 5 to 7 g-mL.

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The different types and amounts of nutrients in the water sample.

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Eutrophication-excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.
Algal blooms- Excessive algal growth due to a large amount of nutrients.
Total dissolved solids-any minerals, salts, metals, cations or anions dissolved in water

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The recommended levels of minerals in water should be 10% copper, 6% calcium, 5% magnesium, and sodium 3%.

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Units to measure nutrients in water are PPM and mg/L.

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Human causes for increased levels of nutrients in water are people dumping minerals like nitrogen and phosphorus which act like a fertilizer that cause an excessive amount of algae to grow.

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Natural causes of increased nutrient levels are manure from animals getting into waters.

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Air Saturation:
The amount of oxygen saturated in the water.

Oxygen Solubility:
How much the oxygen can dissolve into the water.

Salinity:
How much salt content is in the body of water. Effects how much the oxygen can dissolve in to water.

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mg/L and Time (for measuring how long it takes the oxygen to dissolve)

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One human cause is non point source pollution. Non point source pollution in the form of contaminated runoff can get into bodies of water and make them nutrient rich, which causes plants to grow at a rapid rate which eventually causes a loss of oxygen which kills animals.

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Once the dissolved oxygen levels drop below 5 g/mL, the plants and fish are deprived of the oxygen they need to survive. The plants and fish then suffocate.

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Link 1
Link 2
USGS

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Fondriest.com

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https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/nutpollution.html
http://www.lifeionizers.com/blog/minerals-in-drinking-water/