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Mason, Mya, Amory, Kathryn, Kitty, Sierra

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Mason, Mya, Amory, Kathryn, Kitty, Sierra

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The Cherokee Nation continually provides its citizens with access to information about the tribes growth, successes and annual budgets.

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A new president, Alvaro Arzu, was chosen in a runoff election. Under Arzu peace negotiations were finalized. Peace accords ending the 36-year internal conflict were signed in December of 1996. ☭

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The US intervened and helped overthrow the Communist President

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President Ramiro De Leon Carpio changed the human rights and started peace talks between the government and rebels of the Guatemalan Revolutionary National Unity.

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Guatemala's former military leader Efrain Rios Montt was one of the central American nation's most controversial figures, who briefly seized power during one of the bloodiest periods of the country's brutal 36-year civil war.

In May 2013, he was found guilty of genocide and crimes against humanity, but the conviction was later overturned by the high court.

Legal battles over whether he was fit to stand for retrial endured until his death in 2018.

Born in Huehuetenango, Efrain Rios Montt joined the army as a young man and was an officer by the time President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman was deposed in a CIA-backed military coup in 1954.

He rose through the ranks to become a brigadier general and the army's chief of staff in 1970 during the military regime of President General Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio.

He came to power through a coup in March 1982 in the middle of Guatemala's bloody war, in which Marxist rebels battled the military regime.

Guatemala country profile

Healing Guatemala's civil war scars

Civilians - the vast majority of them indigenous Mayans - were caught in the crossfire, and an estimated 200,000 died before a truce was reached in 1996, making the conflict one of Latin America's most violent wars.

Although Gen Rios Montt was overthrown by his Defence Minister Oscar Humberto Mejia Victores in August 1983, he is considered to have had a major impact on the conflict through the so-called Guns and Beans campaign.

The rebels were offered terms through which they would be fed if they supported the regime, but crushed if they continued fighting.

Prosecutors say that during his 17 months in power, Gen Rios Montt and his chief of military intelligence, Gen Jose Mauricio Rodriguez Sanchez, ordered the deaths of more than 1,700 members of the Ixil Maya ethnic group, whom they suspected were supporting the rebels.

In 2012, Guatemalan President Alvaro Colom apologised to the relatives of the victims of a December 1982 massacre in which Guatemalan soldiers killed more than 200 people in the village of Dos Erres, saying it was a stain on Guatemala's history.

'Guatemala was in ruins'

General Rios Montt returned to the political limelight when he ran for president in 2003, despite a constitutional rule that no-one who had overthrown a government could stand for the presidency.

During the campaign, he was accused of orchestrating a violent protest by his supporters against the constitutional ruling.

A journalist died of a heart attack while running away from protesters in what became known as Black Thursday in Guatemala City.

But Gen Rios Montt was cleared of manslaughter charges in 2006, with prosecutors citing a lack of evidence.

He stood for president again in 2006 but was defeated in an election was marred by violence, with more than 22 people connected with political parties killed in the run-up to the vote.

The general returned to public office in 2007 as a member of Congress, which secured him immunity from prosecution over the war crimes allegations.

But that immunity expired with the end of his term in office in January 2012, and within two weeks of leaving office he was summoned to court and formally charged with genocide and crimes against humanity.

Prosecutors called for 75-year sentences to be given to both Gen Rios Montt and his former spy chief.

Although the case was beset with delays, legal loopholes and a temporary suspension, the pre-trial hearing was held in January 2013.

The three-judge tribunal reached its verdict on 10 May, declaring him guilty and sentencing him to 80 years in prison.

Gen Rios Montt did not testify during the court proceedings, but broke his silence to give an impassioned hour-long defence before the three judges retired to consider their verdicts.

On more than one occasion, the 86-year-old apologised for appearing doddery, reminding the judges he was a great-grandfather. But he was crystal clear in claiming that there was no evidence he ordered the extermination of the Ixil ethnic group during his presidency.

"I am innocent," he said. "I never had the intent to destroy any national race, religion, or ethnic group."

He argued that his "mission as head of state was to reclaim order, because Guatemala was in ruins", rather than overseeing the civil war at a local level.

On 20 May, the Constitutional Court of Guatemala overturned the conviction.

A retrial eventually resumed in October 2017, behind closed doors and in special conditions because of his deteriorating mental health.

He died of a heart attack, aged 91, on 1 April 2018.

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Guatemala's former military leader Efrain Rios Montt was one of the central American nation's most controversial figures, who briefly seized power during one of the bloodiest periods of the country's brutal 36-year civil war. In May 2013, he was found guilty of genocide and crimes against humanity, but the conviction was later overturned by the high court.

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The US initiated a near 4 decade rain of terror

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The Cherokee Nation is the largest tribal nation in the United States.

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General Efrain Rios Montt seized power after a military coup. He annulled the 1965 constitution and dissolved Congress and suspended political parties.

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Some people think that the US was aware of the issues they were causing, and others disagree.

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¨Cherokee Facts. The Cherokee are an indigenous Native American tribe, originally from the regions of Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virginia.¨

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Carlos Arana was elected president and guatemalan military took more control over its citizens. Violence escalated against guerilla groups and indigenous communities.

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A lot of people do not have knowledge of the involvement of the United States.

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The Guatemala civil war began when guerilla groups started battling government military forces and lasted 36 years.

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In 1951 the president of Guatemala, Jacobo Arbenz tried to take land from the United Fruit Company and give it to Mayans but they didn't want to so John Dulles and Allen Dulles who had invested a lot in the company convinced the US that Jacobo Arbenz was a threat. Fear of communism also helped start the war the Dulles brothers convinced the Eisenhower administration that Arbenz was communism so the US became anxious.

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In 1951 the president of Guatemala, Jacobo Arbenz tried to take land from the United Fruit Company and give it to Mayans but they didn't want to so John Dulles and Allen Dulles who had invested a lot in the company convinced the US that Jacobo Arbenz was a threat. Fear of communism also helped start the war the Dulles brothers convinced the Eisenhower administration that Arbenz was communism so the US became anxious.

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http://maddenswar.tripod.com/id2.html

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These are dancers from the Cherokee Nation

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These are dancers from the Cherokee Nation

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65th Cherokee National Holiday Intertribal Powwow.

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The US was intimately involved in arming and training soldiers that murdered thousands of innocent civilians.

Specifically, the CIA armed funded and trained 480 soldiers to 'get rid of' their democratic president.

The USA claims to be unaware of the side they were supporting and had good intentions in their element of the war

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The US trained and equipped Guatemalan security forces that murdered thousands of of civilians in the civil war.

The US supported tactics of repression, which would lead to the deaths of 200,000 people.

The civil war, which erupted as a result of American intervention stumped Guatemala's economic growth.

The United States goal was to contain the the spread of communism in Latin America, which they succeeded at.

Anyway we look at the war, Guatemala paid the overall price.

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https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/latin_america-jan-june11-timeline_03-07

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https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/01/obituaries/efrain-rios-montt-guatemala-dead.html

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Gen. Efraín Ríos Montt in 2003, the year he was nominated for president of Guatemala by the Republican Front party.

Credit Credit Mario Linares/Reuters

Gen. Efraín Ríos Montt, who as dictator of Guatemala in the 1980s ordered fierce tactics to suppress a guerrilla insurgency and was later convicted of genocide and crimes against humanity, died on Sunday in Guatemala City. He was 91.

The cause was a heart attack, according to his lawyers, Jaime Hernández and Luis Rosales. The general had dementia and had suffered lung and heart problems in recent years.

In the panoply of commanders who turned much of Central America into a killing field in the 1980s, General Ríos Montt was one of the most murderous. He was convicted in 2013 of trying to exterminate the Ixil ethnic group, a Mayan Indian community whose villages were wiped out by his forces.

A Guatemalan judge found that the general had known about the systematic massacres, in the hillside hamlets of the El Quiché department, and had done nothing to stop them or the aerial bombardment of refugees who had fled to the mountains.

The conviction, seen as a landmark in human rights law, was overturned shortly afterward. At his death he was being retried in absentia.

But the general was also a paradox. He began his political career as a reformer and became an evangelical preacher and teetotaler. Though reviled by many, he was a hero to others who believed his "beans and bullets" policy had helped keep Guatemala from falling under the power of Marxist-led guerrillas.

President Ronald Reagan was General Ríos Montt's most prominent admirer. After meeting him in 1982, Mr. Reagan said the general was "getting a bum rap on human rights."

"I know that President Ríos Montt is a man of great personal integrity and commitment," he said. "I know he wants to improve the quality of life for all Guatemalans and to promote social justice. My administration will do all it can to support his progressive efforts."

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Gen. Rios Montt, center, announcing the formation of a junta after the overthrow of Gen. Romeo Lucas García's right wing government.

Credit Associated Press

José Efraín Ríos Montt was born on June 16, 1926, in the highland town of Huehuetenango. He joined the army as a young man and was trained at the United States Army School of the Americas in the Panama Canal Zone.

Guatemala has long been under the shadow of American influence. The leftist president Jacobo Arbenz was overthrown in a C.I.A.-backed coup in 1954, an event in which General Ríos Montt, then a young junior military officer, played a minor role.

In 1970, he became army chief of staff, but lost his post as a result of political rivalries and was sent to Washington to join the faculty of the Inter-American Defense College.

General Ríos Montt returned to Guatemala in 1973. The next year he ran for president as the candidate of a coalition supported by the center-left Christian Democrats. He lost after what was widely seen as fraud directed by military commanders. He was then sent out of the country as military attaché in Spain.

In the late 1970s, after returning to Guatemala, General Ríos Montt reinvented himself. He took a Dale Carnegie course in human relations, abandoned Roman Catholicism, became a preacher in the California-based Church of the Word, and struck up friendships with American evangelists, including Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson.

With his slicked-back hair, bushy mustache, charismatic speaking style and reputation for personal rectitude, General Ríos Montt built an enthusiastic following. On March 23, 1982, he and a handful of other officers staged a successful coup. He became head of a three-man junta.

By that time, leftist guerrillas had seized power in Nicaragua and were mounting strong campaigns in El Salvador and Guatemala. Determined to crush the Guatemalan insurgency, General Ríos Montt intensified the scorched-earth campaign that had been waged by his predecessor, Gen. Romeo Lucas García. In his first five months in power, according to Amnesty International, soldiers killed more than 10,000 peasants.

Thousands more disappeared. Hundreds of thousands fled their homes, many seeking refuge across the border in Mexico. Nearly all victims were indigenous people of Mayan extraction.

General Ríos Montt liked to say that a true Christian carried the Bible in one hand and a rifle in the other.

Mr. Ríos Montt at his trial in 2013. He was convicted of genocide and crimes against humanity and sentenced to 80 years in prison. Credit Moises Castillo/Associated Press

"If you are with us, we will feed you," he told Guatemalan peasants. "If not, we will kill you."

Rival officers deposed General Ríos Montt in a coup on Aug. 8, 1983, after he had effectively ruled as dictator for 17 months. He remained a public figure, however, running for president in 1990 and 2003. Supporters portrayed him as incorruptible, and said he had brought a measure of peace to a country that was careening toward anarchy.

General Ríos Montt served several terms in Congress, which gave him immunity from prosecution. When his last term expired in 2012, he lost that immunity.

By then, advances toward civilian democracy in Guatemala had made it feasible to indict him. An exhaustive "truth commission" investigation provided much evidence. More came from the excavation of mass graves.

General Ríos Montt's trial opened in January 2013. He and his former chief of intelligence were charged with responsibility for massacres in 15 Ixil Maya villages in which 1,771 unarmed men, women, and children were killed.

The general, who was then 86, protested his innocence.

"I never did it," he testified at his trial. "Of everything that has been said here, there has never been any evidence of my participation."

In pronouncing her verdict after a two-month trial, Judge Yasmín Barrios said she was "completely convinced" of General Ríos Montt's guilt. She sentenced him to 80 years in prison.

Relatives of victims who packed the courtroom, many wearing colorful Maya clothing, erupted in cheers of "Justice!" and "Yes, it was genocide!" The general's co-defendant was acquitted.

"For Guatemala it broke ground that these people are no longer untouchable," Jo-Marie Burt, a Latin America expert at the Schar School of Policy and Government at George Mason University, said of the trial. "The Ríos Montt trial was another example of Latin America leading the way in showing that it is possible to bring war criminals to trial and to bring some measure of reparation to the victims, and to rewrite the historical record so that it's a more accurate reflection of what happened and who was responsible."

General Ríos Montt is survived by his wife, María Teresa; a son, Enrique, who served as army chief of staff but resigned after being charged with embezzlement; and a daughter, Zury, a former member of Congress who is married to a Republican former member of the United States Congress, Gerald C. Weller. Another son, Homero, a military doctor, was killed in a helicopter crash in 1984.

"Consider the thousands of unarmed men, women and children killed by the army while he sermonized about morality, and he is a monster," wrote David Stoll, a professor of anthropology at Middlebury College in Vermont. "Consider the hopes invested in him by many Guatemalans, including poverty-stricken Catholic peasants, and he becomes a hero of mythic proportions."

Correction:

An earlier version of this obituary misstated the length of General Ríos Montt's trial. It was about two months, not five. The earlier version also misstated the year General Ríos Montt's son Homero died - it was 1984, not 1982 - and overstated what is known about the helicopter crash in which he was killed. Most reports at the time said that the helicopter experienced mechanical failure; it has not been determined that guerrillas shot it down.

Elisabeth Malkin and Nic Wirtz contributed reporting.

A version of this article appears in print on , on Page D11 of the New York edition with the headline: Efraín Ríos Montt, Guatemalan Dictator Convicted of Genocide, Dies at 91. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Efraín Ríos Montt, Guatemalan Dictator Convicted of Genocide, Dies at 91

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Gen. Efraín Ríos Montt, who as dictator of Guatemala in the 1980s ordered fierce tactics to suppress a guerrilla insurgency and was later convicted of genocide and crimes against humanity, died on Sunday in Guatemala City. He was 91. The cause was a heart attack, according to his lawyers, Jaime Hernández and Luis Rosales.

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1.)Efrain Rios Montt killed 200,000 people and caused 45,000 disappearances.
2.)Efrain Rios Montt was a dictator for 17 months
3.)Efrain Rios Montt died on April 1st, 2018.

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-Born on June 16, 1926
-Dictator of Guatemala.
-Convicted of genocide and crimes against humanity.
-Ran for president after he was dictator from 1990-2003

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The Cherokee Nation's mission is to protect, preserve, and promote, the Cherokee culture.

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1817-1828

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1. The Cherokee Nation has more than 360,000 citizens and over 11,000 employees

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Efrain Rios Montt was a Guatemalan dictator. In the 1980's Montt ordered fierce tactics to suppress a guerilla insurgency. Montt was later convicted on Genocide. He was given 80 years in prison. Montt wanted to exterminate ethnic groups within Guatemala. He died of a heart attack on April 1st, 2018

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The Cherokee Nation is a federally-recognized government that represents the Cherokee people.  It is committed to protecting its inherent power, preserving and promoting Cherokee culture such as language and values, and improving the lives of the upcoming generations of Cherokee citizens. 

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The Cherokee Nation is a federally-recognized government that represents the Cherokee people.  It is committed to protecting its inherent power, preserving and promoting Cherokee culture such as language and values, and improving the lives of the upcoming generations of Cherokee citizens. 

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https://webtest2.cherokee.org/Default.aspx

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Bella, Lani, Emmaline, Courtney, Dylan, Julia

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Bella, Lani, Emmaline, Courtney, Dylan, Julia

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https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-12-29/why-you-need-know-about-guatemalas-civil-war

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The Guatemalan Civil War ran from 1960 to 1996. It was fought between the government of Guatemala and various rebel groups.

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The Guatemalan Civil War ran from 1960 to 1996. It was fought between the government of Guatemala and various rebel groups.

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Tim Lopes, Max Lopes, Jeffrey Lopes, Dan Lopes, Joe Lopes, Will Lopes

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Tim Lopes, Max Lopes, Jeffrey Lopes, Dan Lopes, Joe Lopes, Will Lopes