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Many people begin the story of Canadian history with the coming of the European settlers. This is because written history began with the settlers. If we start with the settlers, however, we ignore the rich oral history of Indigenous Canadians, which has much to teach historians. Oral tradition has historically not been given much attention, but is now becoming a more mainstream method of identifying Aboriginal history and solving disputes.

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Sixties Scoop (& Aboriginal Child Welfare)

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Sixties Scoop (& Aboriginal Child Welfare)

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This event involved the aboriginal children being "scooped" up and either adopted by other Canadians or put into foster homes. They took the children normally without consent from their parents, leaving the families torn. They would take children as young as newborn.

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The first document outlining guidelines for European settlement in North American Aboriginal territories. Instituted by King George III following France's defeat to the English during the French and Indian War. The document states that all land is Aboriginal until ceded by treaty. It bans settlers from taking Aboriginal lands unless they where bought by the crown.

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The legal identity given to an aboriginal person in Canada. The Canadian government developed this aspect to show the criteria to highlight who would be legally considered an Indian. It defines exactly who qualifies to earn that Indian Status. Aboriginals who are given an Indian statues fall under " Indian Act on the Indian Register " (a registry that is run by Northern Affairs Canada and Indian). Status Indians are given a status card which contains their identity, band they come from as well as their registration number.
https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/indian_status/

https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100032463/1100100032464

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Reserves were created by the Canadian government to "contain" the aboriginal bands (groups/treaties) and allow for more land for immigrants.
https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/reserves/

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The Constitution Act was an act that was in allowance of the rights of Aboriginal people. Canada at first was not in agreement of this act, but as the Aboriginal people fought for their rights, they were able to make this act, in section 35, work in their favour. There are four clauses that are dedicated to the rights of the Aboriginal people.
http://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/constitution_act_1982_section_35/

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Enfranchisement was the legal process through which native status aboriginals could gain full Canadian citizenship by revoking their cultural identity. This legislation was first implemented in the Gradual Civilization Act of 1857. Native Canadians could enfranchise by joining the Canadian Military, attending University off of a reserve for an extended period of time, or by marrying a non-native man, in the case of women. However, the act was amended in 1951 and 1985, which changed under which circumstances Indigenous peoples would enfranchise.
https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/enfranchisement/

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The Indian Act is a piece of Canadian Legislation that first became law in 1876, and was amended in 1951, as well as 1985. The act covers which first nations members are given Indian status, governs affairs within native reserves, and matters relating to native bands.
https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-act

http://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/the_indian_act/

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The White Paper: The White Paper was proposed in 1969 by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, and basically asked to abolish the Indian Act. It was intended to create "equal" rights and stop discrimination (everyone else in Canada was being discriminated against since they didn't have the special status). The paper would take away the Status, land, and rights of the Indigenous peoples, and understandably, the Indigenous peoples did not like it, and there were fierce protests. http://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/the_white_paper_1969/

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Bill C-31 is an amendment of the Indian Act passed in 1985 with the purpose to reduce some of the discrimination and sexism present in the Indian Act. To be specific, women had more rights, and eligibility for Indian Status for women was easier to gain (e.g a women who married a First Nations man could get Indian Status, or First Nations women marrying outside of the Indigenous peoples could maintain her Status). https://canadianhistory.ca/natives/timeline/1980s/1985-bill-c-31

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Schools for First Nations children that were set up by the Federal government in order to assimilate them into European culture. The children were often forced away from their homes, abused, and taught to despise their culture. The last residential school was closed in 1996. The Canadian government under Harper officially apologized in 2008.