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In forests, shading by leaves makes competition for light intensity, particulary for seeds growing on the forest floor. In aquatic environments most photosynthesis occurs relatively near the surface of the water , since the first meters of water absorbs more light.

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-PH levels , mineral composition and physical structure of rocks and soil will limit the distribution of plants and organsims the feed on them.

pH : can limit the distribution
1 directly : by extreme acidic or basic conditions.
2 indirectly: by affecting the solubility of toxins and nutrients

Composition :
The composition of rocks and soil that makes up the substrate which is the riverbed can affect the water chemistry which will influence the resident organsims.

Fresh water and marine environment:
The structure of the subtrate in the first layer of the soil will determine wether the organsim can attach to it or burrow into it

Done by :
Showq
Salma
Amna Abd

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Sunlight provides energy for most ecosystem , sunlight must be within the normal range in order to not cause harm to photosynthetic organisms and destroy the environment , in a very hot temperature the animal and plants will not be able to cool down and the sun rays may case a damage to DNA and proteins of organisms . If the sun light level is low the plants and aquatic organisms will not be able to absorb heat for photosynthesis

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Water -> Availability of water limits where many organisms can live. Ex: Desert organisms have adaptations for water conservation.

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-temperature effects biological processes
-EX: protein of most organism denature at temperature above 45C.
-Most organisms function best within a specific range of environmental temperature
-Temperatures outside the range may force animals to use up energy to regulate their internal temperature
-Extraordinary adaptations enable certain organisms ( such us thermophilic prokaryote) to live outside the temperature range .

Maitha, sultana, alya

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1-predation;organisms that kill their prey
2- herbivory; organisms that eat plants or algae
* both restrict the ability of a species to survive and reproduce..
3- presence or absence of pollinators, food resources
4- parasites, pathogens and competing organsims.
* Act as biotic limitation on species distribution.

Alyazyah Salem, Noora

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Water affects the oxygen availaibility, where in water there is slow diffusion of oxygen which leads to limiting the cellular respiration and other processes. Oxygen concentraion can be low deep in the ocean where organic matter is abundant.

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Biotic factor

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- The salt concentration of water in the environment affects the water balance of organisms through osmosis.
- Aquatic organisms are restricted to freshwater or salt water depending in their ability to osmoregulate.
- Most terrestrial organisms can excrete excess salts from specialized glands or in feces or urine, high-salinity habitats typically have few species of plants and animals.
- Salmons migrate between freshwater streams and the ocean to osmoregulate ( they balance their salt concentration by adjusting the amount of water they drink and by switching their gils from taking up salt in freshwater to excreting salt in the ocean.

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ABIOTIC Factors
Objectives: 
1. Explain how abiotic factors (temperature, water, oxygen, salinity, sunlight and rocks and soil) affect the stability of an ecosystem
2. Provide examples about cell activities that are affected by interactions of biotic and abiotic factors (temperature or water availability)

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ABIOTIC Factors
Objectives: 
1. Explain how abiotic factors (temperature, water, oxygen, salinity, sunlight and rocks and soil) affect the stability of an ecosystem
2. Provide examples about cell activities that are affected by interactions of biotic and abiotic factors (temperature or water availability)

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Describe the biotic components of an ecosystem