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Baba looses his senses of power in America, he was a a great man in Afghanisatan but is now a common

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Amir and Sohrabmay have an even more distant relationship at the end than Baba and Amir but on an emotional level they are perhaps closer because unlike Amir and Baba who both kept their guilt to themselves, Amir and Sohrab talk more honestly and are aware that they are both damaged people. They break away from the toxic masculinity of the past that caused so many problems

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Amir's desperation for affection, attention on and approval, and his father's refusal to grant him it- "disgust" etc- is a condemnation of a society which does not value emotional intelligence, but physical strength and a toxic perception of masculinity

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assef and his fathers relationship contrasts with the usual perception of thr father as a protector and teacher as amir describes the way that he 'led them towards us, like he had brought them here. like he was the parent and they his children'

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Not just the father son relationship but the whole household is microcosmic of the secrets and betrayal current in the political world (e.g. Afghanistan becomes a republic because Daoud Khan betrays his brother. Similar to how Baba has betrayed Ali and Amir betrays Hassan both of whom are like brothers to them.

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baba's cold relationship with amir demonstrates the emphasis on masculinity and the view of emotions as a weakness in pashtun culture

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the lack of female characters in the novel can potentially be viewed as mirroring greater political ideas than the relationship between fathers and sons. It highlights the inequality and patriarchal system of Afghanistan where only Pashtun men can thrive ("a true afghan man"). For example, Soraya is disgraced from the afghan community for having a relationship with a man without her parents' permission, whereas when baba does the same thing, it is pushed aside and he is still revered in the afghan community. Highlights the intense corruption of afghan society

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Baba

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Asset represents all those in power who have Pashtun authority. As a Pastun boy, Assef can portray his dominance is through physical and mental authority as presented through the rape and bullying of the other children who are also HazarS. Although the it is ironic that Assef selectively excludes those weaker than himself and he himself is of German descent.

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In the truck on the way across the border of Afghanistan, Baba puts his life on the line to protect a woman from being raped, ignoring the protests of Amir who seeks safety and security. Whilst Baba is behaving in a heroic manner, he is also arguably neglecting his role as a father, by running the risk of making his son an orphan in an incredibly dangerous climate - all for the sake of keeping up the appearance of complete morality.

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The idea that Baba teaches Amir to go against the religious teachings that he is being taught at school, and the fact that he stands up to the Russian officer shows that he has radical thought processes, yet he still tries to maintain his image of being an example of moral excellence, could be symbolic of the underlying tendency in Afghan society to privately rebel or reject anything that resembles a rule in favour of customs which are ultimately less concrete

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It's not just father and son relationships mirror class/ social divisions, it's also presented through amir and hassan's relationship. The relationship between amir and hassan's highlight ethnic hazara/ Pashtun divisions like no other relationship- "Chinese doll", "Hassan's never denied me anything" "a modest little mud hut". Amir and Hassan's relationship is ultimately a microcosm for afghan society as a whole- one dominated by ideas of ethnic superiority.

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the paternal triangle between ali, baba amd hassan represents the social protest of infidelity and betrayal, as well as indicating the different methods of parenting between men from different social classes; the richer father focuses on material provisions of luxury, while the poor father provides love and comfort

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The relationship between Amir and Hassan not only mirrors political ideals but also the class division of society with Hassan being a lower social
class than Amir and therefore unequal and oppressed against