# data[].attributes.body
· The bank issue determined the presidential election but not in a way that Henry Clay anticipated.

· The National Republicans accused Jackson of appealing to the worst passions of the people to stir up the poor against the rich.

· They created arguments to show the value of the bank to the nation but backfired.

· When the returns were counted they showed that Jackson had won.

· He got 687,000 popular votes and Clay got 530,000.

· Jackson also carried the electoral college 219 to 49.

# data[].attributes.body
Donald Trump held his admiration with Andrew Jackson because he believes he identifies as Jackson on many levels. For example, Donald Trump likes the confrontational, brash, aggressive behaviour that Andrew Jackson had during his presidency. These traits help underline what president Trump believes a president should be. Donald Trump's admiration to Andrew Jackson is significant because his presidency leadership is similar to Jackson, and his attitude. Also, a presidency admiration tells us a lot how they will lead the country.

# data[].attributes.body
-New voters making demands on the government learned the power of political organization.

-National issues became just as popular as local issues.

-These changes helped national parties initiate the spoils system, which was the practice of appointing people to government positions on the basis of party loyalty of service.

-Jackson was the first to oust large numbers of government employees in order to appoint his followers to office.

-Spoils system was controversial as some viewed it as poor precedent.

- Officeseeking and office-getting was becoming a regular business winning more than worth

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
A reaction from one of the continental citizens once they heard of the panic

# data[].attributes.body
In 1837, just barley into the start of Vice President Van Buren's term, the United States was hit by one of the worst depressions in the countries history, the panic of 1837. Many claim that President Jackson's specie circle were the cause of the depression, however, like most depressions there are a few causes that don't just rely on one person. Diving into the factor's one of the most important was that of the pulling of British investments from the American market. Like in the leadup to the war of 1812, embargoing or in this case loosing any sort of trade with the largest economy in the world was at least to any developing nation a major backstep. In the 1830s British Silver and Gold had contributed significantly to the American Market Boom. In 1837 the British were having there own problems, which made investors more cautious, that coupled with the federal governments mismanagement led to what can only be defined by historians as a quote "Pretty Bad Time."

# data[].attributes.body
In 1837, British investors withdrew their deposits of gold and silver in US banks for reasons explained in the post above. Since British gold and silver deposits kept the US economy afloat, the effect of its absence was disastrous. US investors also withdrew their funds for fear of their deposits’ safety.

As a result, banks failed. Since the national bank of US was liquidated in 1811, there was no bank that existed to fix its system and/or the country’s current issues. Things would go downhill from here.

* Gold and silver were hoarded

* Merchandise and crops went unsold

* Businesses closed

* Farmers failed to make mortgage payments and lost their farms

* Unemployment rates increased

* Progress in canals and railroads stalled

City governments did little to provide workers assistance, but even the inadequate relief they gave was enough to make workers fight over it.

During this time, depressions were regarded as a “natural disaster” and it was not acknowledged that state and federal governments were at fault for helping cause them, nor were they expected to take responsibility.

-R

# data[].attributes.headline
Andrew Jackson vs. the Bank of The United States

# data[].attributes.subject
Andrew Jackson vs. the Bank of The United States

# data[].attributes.body
Jackson disliked the bank of America because he thought high finance was dangerous

The bank held a grudge against him and disallowed his supporters from loans and jobs

In an attempt to decrease his odds for reelections and humiliate him the bank pushed a bill for a new charter although one was not needed for another four years

In a controversial turn of events, Jackson vetoed the bill and gave a powerful speech saying the bank made "the rich richer and the potent more powerful"

# data[].attributes.body
John C. Calhoun

Originally a War Hawk and nationalist, he reversed his position by 1830 to protect his political future in South Carolina.

Economic Context: South Carolina was suffering from low cotton prices and a depressed economy Calhoun blamed high federal tariffs for these local problems.

The South Carolina Exposition: He anonymously published this work denouncing the Tariff of 1828 the Tariff of Abominations and claiming it made the South a servant to Northern industrialists.

His relationship with President Jackson shattered due to his wife Mrs. Calhoun who led the social snubbing of the Secretary of War’s wife, which Jackson viewed as a political plot

Nullification

The Compact Theory: Calhoun argued the federal government was a compact contract among states. He believed states only gave up specific powers and retained the rest.

He argued that individual states not the Supreme Court had the right to decide if a federal law was unconstitutional.

If a state deemed a law unconstitutional it could declare that law null and void within its borders.

The Ultimate Threat: Hidden behind the doctrine of nullification was the implied threat that a state could leave the Union if the federal government tried to force compliance.

# data[].attributes.body
Prior to Andrew Jacksons time in office, the public school system in the U.S. was severely underdeveloped; as many as 250,000 children in Pennsylvania did not attend school. This was more than half the populous of children in Pennsylvania at the time (1834). As the population grew, more people realized the importance of an education in order to properly vote. In 1837, Horace Mann signed a bill to create a board of education in Massachusetts. During his time as secretary he doubled teachers wages, opened 50 new high schools, and began grouping students by grade.

Taxes were used to fund public school, yet many were opposed to the idea, especially those without children.

Children with special needs received little to no support.

People of colour had a ratio of around 1 school for every 5,000 people.

Schools often hired untrained teachers, because of this, students received poor educations along with unnecessarily harsh punishments.

By 1850 most free states provided tuition-free elementary education.

Interest in training teachers helped the cause of higher education for women.

Oberlin and Bowdoin College in Maine were the first institutions to allow African Americans students.

Although opportunities for higher educations remained limited, adult education started becoming more commonplace.

# data[].attributes.headline
Van Buren’s Independent Treasury System p.327

# data[].attributes.subject
Van Buren’s Independent Treasury System p.327

# data[].attributes.body
A system proposed by Van Buren where the federal government collected its taxes in specie and to be stored in vault located throughout the country

The independent treasury act ,successfully passed in 1840 this act ensured that federal expenditures would also be paid in specie

The system made federal credit  as good as gold and was designed to discourage the inflation of bank notes

It forced state banks to keep sufficient reserves if they wanted their depositors to be able to do business with the government

It moved federal money out of "pet banks" and stopped the practice of depositing government funds into private banking institutions

# data[].attributes.body
4 Candidates (Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William Crawford)

Jackson led with 99 votes, Adams with 84, Crawford with 41, and Clay with 37

John Calhoun withdrew and ran for vice president

Only a quarter of the population voted

Jackson won the popular vote but not the majority in the electoral college.

The vote then goes to the House of Representatives.

Clay was the secretary of state.

A newspaper claims that Adams promised Clay the secretary of State for his leverage over key representatives.

Both protested innocence

For 3 years, critics repeated the cry of "bargain and Corruption" that betrayed the people

# data[].attributes.body
Jackson took the people re-electing him as them telling him they wanted the bank destroyed

The banks charter went until 1836 but Jackson wanted it gone immediately

The law said federal funds must be deposited into the bank and Jackson disproved

The law needed the signing of the secretary of the treasury to be removed

Two secretaries resigned instead of sign until the third agreed

The money was taken out of the B.U.S vaults

Funds then went to “pet banks” which were strong state banks

Outcry from opposition followed the removal of the deposits

Nicholas Biddle said this forced him to stop sending B.U.S’s loans making it impossible to get credit

This caused the country to go into a depression with the blame going to Biddle

Biddle gave in and began giving out easy credit

The economy began to flow again and the government put massive amounts of land on sale

Congress then issued 30 million in surplus funds to the states

# data[].attributes.body
Jackson used his control of the democratic party to pick his successor.

He chose Martin Van Buren, The vice president.

The Whigs were so divided they could not agree on any single candidate.

They nominated three favorite sons or leading politician from different states, in hopes to divide the electoral college vote.

The Whig candidates are: William Henry Harrison of Ohio, Daniel Webster of Massachusetts , and Hugh Lawson White of Tennessee.

If the three candidates prevented Van Buren from getting a majority the election would be thrown into the House of Representatives.

Jackson's popularity and the nations perceived prosperity were enough to give the Democrats the election.

Van Buren won 170 electoral votes against a combined total of 124 for all his opponents, even though his popular vote was small.

# data[].attributes.body
The election showed a major expansion of democracy because more white men were allowed to vote, increasing political participation

It marked the rise of the common man in politics, as Andrew Jackson represented ordinary citizens instead of wealthy elites

It showed a clear shift away from government controlled by the upper class toward one influenced more by the general population

Campaigning became more focused on appealing directly to voters rather than relying on political elites to decide elections

The role of the president changed to being seen as a direct representative of the people and their interests

# data[].attributes.body
Americans believed the desert west of the Missouri river and east of the Rocky Mountains was the perfect place to house the Indigenous people of east coast America

The Trail of Tears was the forced relocation of approximately 100,000 Indigenous people

Jackson said the relocation efforts would be humane, but they turned out to be the exact opposite

The Cherokee were a group of Indigenous people located in Georgia who attempted to the supreme court into letting them stay on their land, while chief justice John Marshell stood with the Cherokee President Jackson refused to follow the orders, sending the army to force the Cherokee on the “Trail of Tears”

The Trail of Tears resulted in the deaths of 4000 Cherokee people from starvation disease and exposure

While most Americans supported Jacksons removal of the Indigenous, a few small voices like Henry Clay said that Jacksons treatment of the Indigenous brought shame to the nation

# data[].attributes.body
With the violation of the democratic principles in the U.S. with African American slavery, the nation claimed to be a land of the free.

Jackson period made anti-slavery the dominant reform effect in play.

Abolitionists were people whose movements were to promote anti-slavery societies in the Southern communities.

The underground railroad-

In times of slavery slaves ran away and hid in places or stations across the Northern States in a hope to make it to Canada.

Southern hostility to the abolition grew stronger, and they demanded the suppression of abolitionist as a condition for the remaining union. Southern postal workers refused to deliver newspapers until 1835 when the bill to the abolitionist literature from the mail passed the Senate but eventually was abandoned. The house of representatives brought in a “gag rule” where the abolitionist petitions would be shelved without debate. The Missouri Compromise was averted after the fixing of the boundaries between the free and slaved territories.

After a build-up of southern pressure, the country broke into a civil war with the south wanting slaves and the North wanting slaves to be free. Including the endangerment of the Union by attacking slavery when it was protected by law.

# data[].attributes.headline
William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, and The Whigs

# data[].attributes.subject
William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, and The Whigs

# data[].attributes.body
The Whigs are a political party that ran for the election of 1840. They were so divided on major issues that they didn’t even write a platform (plan) for the election of 1840.

Their campaign was to nominate a military hero and then attack Martin Van Buren.

The Whigs chose (General) William Henry Harrison as their presidential candidate. Harrison’s main attraction was that he had fought Native Americans in the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.

The democrats made remarks that all Harrison was good for was to sit in front of a log cabin, drink hard cider and draw a pension.

John Tyler, an ex-democrat who left the party because of Jackson’s policy against nullification was selected as Harrisons running mate

The Whigs campaign slogan was “Tippecanoe and Tyler too”.

The results of the campaign were Harrison – 234 electoral votes to 60, although the popular vote was quite close.

The election of 1840 was the first to demonstrate how during a depression, the party in power is likely to be punished in the polls.

Harrison was expected to be a figurehead while Clay and Webster ran the party. Clay, now in the senate had worked out a legislative program to appeal to as many different interests as possible.

A month after Harrison’s inauguration, he died of pneumonia causing John Tyler to become the first Vice President to become President by the death of the incumbent.

Tyler was opposed to most of the Clay and Webster programs as they were Nationalists, and Tyler was a believer in states’ rights.

Regardless of this, Tyler did sign first of the several bills in Clay’s program.

Tyler vetoed a bill that established another national bank and another bill that was drawn up to meet his objections.

The Whigs were disgusted by this and all resigned from the cabinet except Daniel Webster.

Without a program or leadership, The Whigs heavily lost in the congressional elections of 1842 and John Tyler became a present without a party.