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Vocational Education is education that prepares people to work in various jobs, such as a trade, a craft, or as a technician.

Millennials are individuals born between 1982 and 2004.

Achievement gap is the difference between the test scores of minority and/or low income students and the test scores of White students.

Apprenticeship is a system of training a new generation of practitioners of a trade or profession with on-the-job training and often some accompanying study.

Mentoring is the process of advising or training someone, usually a younger colleague.

Entrepreneurship is the process of designing, launching and running a new business.

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The number of African American owned businesses among young adults is lagging far behind older business owners. The millennials are well known for their aggressive approach to job searches, but are well behind prior generations in terms of sole proprietorship. Given the high percentage of African American high school students living in poverty coupled with the rising cost of tuition, 4-year college is generally not an option for most within this demographic. Careful review of this decline in entrepreneurship will consider the contributing factors to this trend by looking at the Philadelphia high school curricula and available vocational training to this group.

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Entrepreneurship is an important measurement and standard of success in America. It serves as one signifier of an individual's ability to achieve the American Dream. The purpose of the current research is to analyze the factors that lead to a lower representation of African American entrepreneurs between ages 18-29.

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In order to provide a comprehensive lesson plan for the student population, the Philadelphia Public Schools must offer and promote lessons on leadership and creativity through a wide range of disciplines.  Currently, the school curricula for Math, Social Studies, Language and Science do not offer lessons on business ownership. Vocational programs are available to a broad range of students but most are directed to teach skills for individuals to become tradesman/tradeswomen, not leaders. Assessing and building a leadership skills roadmap for African American students will increase opportunities for these individuals to build their own businesses.

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- What skills training is offered to high school students interested in becoming business owners across a wide range of disciplines?

- What attributes are most common in African American business owners?

- How do African Americans compare to other groups in terms of vocational skills training?

- Among HS graduates, where do graduating African American high school students work and in what areas?

- What skilled trades or professional occupancies are not being filled by AA workers between ages 18-29?

- What apprenticeships and mentorships are available to African American HS students?

- What entrepreneurial disciplines are available and needed within the African American work community?

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Where there are opportunities to enhance creativity and leadership skills at the high school level through entrepreneurial skill-based learning, several positive outcomes are achievable including lower unemployment, lower dependence on government assistance and increased wealth within the African American community.

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There are several studies specific to millennials as well as African Americans in the workplace. The current research on young African Americans deals mostly with education and career pursuits with just a few specific to entrepreneurship.  Research is sparse specific to whether leadership skills are developed and nurtured within the African American community in Philadelphia.

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