# data[].attributes.body
-After WW2 the men who fought returned home leading to a peak in birth rates, there was also an encouraging force for people to have more children to balance the death rate.
-The use of IVF quadrupled between 1992 and 2006.
- People are economical stable due to move development, this meant more people where able to and happy to have children.
-Child benefits, maternity leave, nursery’s all allow more women to have children.

# data[].attributes.body
After 2004, the EU explanded to include other countries including Poland and Slovakia. Consequently, a huge number of Polish migrants came to the UK totalling to 1,000,000. These people were mostly of working age which also means they are of child bearing age, leading to a spike in births. In addition, it is noted that first generation migrants tend to have larger families; most probably due to the predominant Catholic religion which promotes the idea of having big families and does not support the use of contraception.

# data[].attributes.body
Birth rate increased from 1955 til the 1960s due to:

Government encouraged people to have children after WW2

Better maternity facilities so more successful births

The economy was also thriving so people had enough money and felt secure enough to raise a child

Birth rates also increased from 2004 onwards due to:

An influx of migrants from other EU countries, e.g. 1 million Polish migrants who are at child-bearing age and mainly catholic so had large families

# data[].attributes.body
There was a peak in population in the 1960’s, this is known as the ‘baby boom’. However there are other key reasons why the increase was so great, these include an influx of migrants from the Caribbean wee encouraged to come to the UK to help re-build the country after the war. These 1st generation migrants were of working age which is the same as child bearing age, this largely contributed to the increase in size of the population. Another factor contributing to this would be the economic security people felt, meaning they were financially secure and were able to support their family's.

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One reason for a decrease in birth rates in England and Wales was the increase in women’s working rights that came about in the 1970’s. The First National Women’s Liberation Conference was held which formulated demands equal pay (and others such as free contraction). This encouraged more women to participate in employment and further their careers rather than stay at home and care for children. Therefore, they had less children as they did not have the time to stay at home and care for them. In addition to this, the access to free contraception which arised in the 1967, particularly the pill, meant that women had the right to control their reproduction.

# data[].attributes.body
-The abortion act in 1967 came into force making the birth rate of England and Wales decrease expodentially since there is now a choice to get rid of a baby.
-The pill also became free through the NHS in 1961 again allowing women to have the choice on wether to have children or not.
-The sex discrimination act of 1975 means more women’s work and less stay at home and look after children , this deterred women from having children.
-Average cost of bringing up a chil in the uk is £230,000

# data[].attributes.body
2000
Development of different types medicine to cure lots of different diseases.
Better working conditions improved people’s health which led to longer lives.
Better education so people are more aware of the types of injuries and illnesses.

# data[].attributes.body
Birth rates largely decreased after the 1960s baby boom due to:

1967 Abortion Act - women could terminate pregancies

Introduction of equality laws increased women’s participation in employment

Female contraception more widely accessible (1961-The Pill) so women could control their own reproduction and plan families so the average age of women when they have their first child is delayed (28.5 years old).

More women accessed higher education.

Other factors are that :

Birth rates decreased due to population echos.

High cost of raising children (£200,000)

# data[].attributes.body
Air pollution especially in city’s caused 1.3 million premature deaths in 2011. The pollution levels and air quality is deteriorating rapidly and is affecting life expectancy in major industrial cities such as London, and Portsmouth (less than London). During world war 2 the deaths increased for obvious reasons (violence, conflict) and scarred the population growth for a while to come.

# data[].attributes.body
Reasons why deaths have increased since 1945:
The influx of men coming home from war
Also, there was a lack of vaccines so more people were dying from disease
There were more occupational hazards, and less legislation in place to protect workers,

# data[].attributes.body
The increase wealth in England. People wanted to have kids
Our population is decreasing so there is a need to have more kids

# data[].attributes.body
* NHS established in 1948 which meant that women were healthier during pregnancies and deliveries and safer deliveries mean increased birth rate.
*1945- “baby boom” due to World War 2 ending, men come home and the government were encouraging families to have children.
*2004- EU was enlarged. 1 million Polish migrants to the UK and they have larger families due to being Catholic.

# data[].attributes.body
1945-1980
Ageing population meaning less people having children and increased amount of deaths
Both of the World Wars led to a peak in deaths.
As there is a high population the deaths would increase.

# data[].attributes.body
Despite the fact that since 1945 death rates have constantly been fluctuating, but it clear that there is a trend that since the late 1980s death rates have been slowly declining in the UK, and this is predominantly because in the UK we are considered an ageing population. This is partly because the quaternary industry, researching into medicine, have significantly improved and are able to identify diseases much earlier than before, or may be able to even prevent the progression of a disease into the fatal stage. Other factors include that since the establishment of the NHS, care services have improved and this is aided by the fact that we now are able to learn more about diseases than ever. For example, the chances of surviving cancer now are 30 times higher, than it would have been since 30 years ago, around the 1980s when death rates notably decreased.

# data[].attributes.body
After WW2 men were coming back and having children.
In recent years maternity leave gave women money while being off work.
1960s baby-boom. Migrants at working age came to the UK to work and had big families.
2004- When the UK allowed free migration from Poland to the UK, lots of them came to the UK. There was over 1 million migrants come over here and they have had children which led to an increase in birth rates.

# data[].attributes.body
Around the 1970’s, women began to have a lot more control and opportunities in their life time. For example, the contraceptive pill meant, for the first time ever, women were in control of their fertility and reproduction, leading to fewer pregnancies. To add to this, equality laws meant that women had equal pay and more opportunities in education so were likely to have children at an older age which generally meant they have less in their lifetimes and/or space their children out more. This also leads to a decrease in birth rate because women will be working instead of at home raising the family.
The cost of not working also meant that having children was not viable for many families due to the rising cost of bring up a child; meaning that families often had less children.

# data[].attributes.body
1967 - abortion act meant abortion was legal meaning women could control their pregnancy.
contraception became more available.
1960s -The pill allowed women to control own reproduction.
More women working as equal rights increased- less time to have babies

# data[].attributes.body
The highest number of deaths over the century was recorded in 1918 at the end of World War 1, 1918 also saw the outbreak of the Spanish Flu pandemic. The chart shows a relatively small increase in deaths during World Wars 1 and 2, this is because they haven’t accounted for many of the people’s lives who were lost in the wars. The increase during World War 2 was mainly due to rising infant mortality at the time.

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Between 1950 and 1980, there was an overall increase in the death rate in the UK. There is lots of fluctuation but still an overall increase. There are many reasons for this including due to the increase in the population due to the baby boom. At the end of WW2, there was a baby boom as the men came back from war, and the government suggested people start to build their families back up. The population was also an aging one, mainly because the younger people had died in the war. As the population ages, more people will be getting to the age of death.

# data[].attributes.body
One point for the decrease in death rates is the advancements of medicinal facilities within the last 70 years for example you are more likely to survive diseases like cancer now than 20 years ago. There has also been many cures for diseases that have impacted the deaths dramatically such as smallpox and Malaria. There has also been many safety implications put into place in more recent years such as, seatbelts are required and people under the age of 18 cannot work in building sites for health and safety policies.

# data[].attributes.body
Deaths increased from 1945 to 1975 due to :

An aging population, many of the younger generation died at war

Seatbelts weren’t compulsory until 1983 which contributed to 1000 deaths per year

An increase in population leads to more deaths eventually

# data[].attributes.body
- The increase in air pollution over the years has increased the number of deaths.
- the population overall has increased which therefore leads to an increase in the death rate as there is a lot more people to die.

# data[].attributes.headline
Charlie “gas cooker” Booker and Owen Giles 

# data[].attributes.subject
Charlie “gas cooker” Booker and Owen Giles 

# data[].attributes.body
In 2011 over 1 million people died prematurely due to poor air quality. Areas with high population density have large amounts of pollution which is decreasing life expectancy in urban areas. Between 1950 and 1980 there was a large aging population which increased death rates for those 30 years. Until the 80s medicine wasn’t very good and lots of vaccines found nowadays didn’t exist back then.

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Infant mortality has fallen from 9.4 to 3.9 per a 1000 live births over 3 decades im England and Wales this is due to the general improvements in healthcare and increased knowledge and understanding of more medical equipment. This will reduce the overall death rate significantly

# data[].attributes.body
At roughly about 1970 women tended to start to participate more in employments, this could be due to the fact of how more women’s rights were introduced. Another reason why birth rates reduced was because of the pill, this allowed women to take control. Also with more women at work due to the increase in equal rights, this meant that less women had time to have baby’s.

# data[].attributes.body
Death rates have gradually decreased since the 1980s because of :

NHS improving so there are more vaccinations, better social care specifically for the elderly, more education about healthy living and diagnosis of cancers, heart disease etc.

Better conditions and health and safety rules in the workplace - fatal injuries to employees fallen by 87% from 1974 to 2014

# data[].attributes.body
- death rates started to decrease after access to vaccinations and medication was made easier for everyone. Examples include triple bypass for heart disease is available under the NHS.
- the use of the NHS is very important in the decrease in death rates because due to it being free it means that everyone has access to it so everyone is provided with the healthcare that they need.

# data[].attributes.body
From 1975 to 2005, the average death rate for the UK is decreasing. This is for a multitude of reasons, including the increase in vaccinations, better social care and better education. There have been an increase in vaccinations over the past few decades, which has started to eliminate certain diseases from society. Due to the NHS, there is now better social caer meaning that the older generations can now live longer. Nowadays, there is also better education on how to live healthy, with a healthy diet and lifestyle. Since 1975 and the creation of the NHS, there is better diagnosis now of illnesses and conditions such as cancer and heart disease. The probability you will survive when you have cancer has drastically increased. There are also better working conditions with legislation coming into place forcing positive changes in the workplace. Asbestos inspections now also tale place to make sure that people are working in a safe environment.

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*1976- Natural decrease, birth rate below death rate.
*1967- Abortion act which led to more women who are employed so therefore occupied due to women’s rights and equality laws.
*contraception was introduced (the pill for women) this can lead to family planning and women were in control of reproduction rather than men.
* people had a higher education so therefore there is a greater difference in ages of children.

# data[].attributes.body
Baby boom in the 60s. The pill and condom burst onto the seen. They quickly replaced animal intestines, and the latex condom and the pill burst onto the scene. Men and women could engage regularly in sexual activity without the repercussions of accidental kids and sexual infections. The downside to this was woman now had control over whether they wanted kids over what society preferred as the man having the choice of whether he wants a kid.
Woman were going into relatively half decent fields of work thus deciding to work and not have kids causing a decline in brith rates

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In 2000 vaccines were found everywhere which helped prevent fatal diseases. In 1975 the creation of the NHS allowed anyone to gain access to decent healthcare which helped reduce fatalities in certain situations such as car crashes. Mode n medicine now means you are likely to survive things such as cardiac arrest and cancer. As well as this better working conditions became available allowing people to live longer as they weren’t exposed to any dangerous substances.

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British women are having significantly more children than a decade ago, with birth rates for mothers in England and Wales up by 18 per cent, official figures show. Improvements in fertility treatments allowing people to start families later and a growing population of second generation migrants are amongst possible explanations for the rise.

# data[].attributes.body
After 1945 births began to increase because the men had returned from the war and people thought it would be a peaceful future and a safer time to bring up their children. First generation families tend to have larger farmilies, after the world war when black Caribbean’s migrated over they tended to have larger families. Also, between 1955 and 1965 their was an echo of the boom after the world war (which still usually occurs every 25-30 years). The economy was also growing rapidly making people feel more comfortable to raise a family and have more children. In addition, in this time zone rationing had also came to end making food available to everybody.

In the 1970s there was a rise of feminism which created a change in social attitudes and women were getting more educated. The government had also brought in laws where equal pay did not discriminate women in the work place. Child benefits were brought in, in the 1970s with free nursery’s.

# data[].attributes.body
In the 1960s, 1961 to be precise, the NHS made The Pill available; which for the first time gave women reassurance. This meant that women had control in their reproduction where before condoms gave men reassurance and control, women did not have control. By the NHS making The Pill available to women, the birth rate decreased as women could control their reproduction and the use of contraception increased in the 1960s, reducing the birth rate. Once again in the 1960s, 1967 to be precise, the Abortion Act was introduced which gave females the chance to terminate a pregnancy. A women may want to terminate a pregnancy for a few reasons, such as to go to work to earn money or they may have been forced into sex, which in today’s terms would be known as rape; so they may not want that persons child. By abortions being carried out, once again the birth rate decreased as pregnancys could be stopped before a certain period of time, that is around 24 weeks. After 24 weeks, the abortion cannot be carried out as the baby would be too developed for an abortion.

# data[].attributes.body
In 1945 World War 2 ended and the surviving men were returning home to theor families. There was a positive outlook on life and the NHS was established in 1948. This improved maternal mortality rates and there was antenatal care. People felt safer whilst having children because there was a reduced risk of death during child birth. There were social changes that made people feel happier and therefore the had children with their returning men. There was a sense of we needed to rebuild the country and by doing this people had more children which posted the population. Around 25-30 years after the war we see a population echo as the ‘baby-boom’ children had come to child birthing age. In 2003 many polish people migrated to this country. Many Poles are devout catholics and the church teaches people to not use contraception. This would increase the birth rate as there’s less contraception being used.

# data[].attributes.body
In 1961 the pill became available for women to use which gave women control for the first time as previously with contraceptions like condoms, men were in control of it. Son after this in 1967 the abortion act came into force giving women another option. In the 1970s, feminism grew leading to the sex discrimination act and equal pay act. This meant more women were going to work and career driven rather than previously in the past staying at home. This change meant women were having less children as they were focused on their career, and the age gap between children got bigger.

# data[].attributes.body
There was a large reduction in the number of births in 1950 due to a population echo. This is where the drop in birth numbers reflects the decrease in 1945.
There was also a steep decline in 1960-1976 due to the new availability in contraception. The pill was made available in 1961 meaning that women had more control and choice over the size of their families and when they had them. This new choice Andy control for women pushed social change through a feminist movement which also caused a decline in 1960 as women began to question their role so as house wives Andy chose education and careers over large families. In addition, 1975 saw new laws placed by the government to stop women discrimination and encourage a more equal pay beteen both sexes.

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-The increase in 1945 was in relation to men coming home from the Second World War and following the win moral was high. This is a considerable reason for the peak birth rate after the war. Another way that backs up the sudden increase is due to the felling of having to rebuild after devastation of war and the way to being was repopulate. This boom in the mid 40s can be seen as a population echo of the boom after the First World War. The people boom then would be the average age to start a family at this time period. This increase in the 1940s is also replicated in the population echo of 1960s, known as the ‘baby boom’.
-In the time period between 2003 to 2013 the population grew again, this was due to the migration increase into the country. The population movement was of child baring age women from countries such as Poland and India. The religion of the Polish enhanced the chances of birth rates increasing as they do not believe in contraception which meant there was no way to protect against pregnancy, leading to birth rates increasing from migration.

# data[].attributes.body
- Post war between 1945-47 there was a sudden increase in births because the men who fought in the war had returned home from the war and therefore there was a feeling of needing to rebuild the nation.
- In 1948 the NHS was established which meant there was improved maternal mortality rates meaning less women died during birth and then they can go on to have more children.
-Between 1955-65 the main reason for an increase is that it was a population echo from the post war peak, and additionally the economy was growing rapidly.

# data[].attributes.body
First reason for a decrease in birth rates is because of the introduction of the pill in 1961, which caused a decrease in the amount of births between 1961 and 1976. This happened as women were able to control wether or not they want to have children. Another reason is that during 1960s and 1970s women were given a greater access to education and equal pay was introduced, meaning that women were more career driven rather than being focused on raising a family and staying at home.

# data[].attributes.body
From the 1960’s to 1977 there was a rather steep decline in births due to a successful push in the feminist movement for women so rights. In 1961 the pill was Made available as a form of contraception for women, allowing them to take control over when they want to have a family.  The abortion act came into play in 1967 which gave women the choice over having children. Many women were now going into education and choosing to have careers and waiting to have children later on in life. Nowadays the major reason for why there are not as many children being born is because it costs around £230,000 per child.

# data[].attributes.body
~ There was a sudden increase in birth rates around 1945 as WW2 ended and the returning soldiers cam to back to regenerate and build up their country again, this was known as the ‘baby boom’
~ There was then a population echo around 1965 as the babies born in 1945 had grown up and started their own families at similar time
~ The NHS was established in 1945 which proved to have lowered maternal mortality rates due to correct medicine given and high quality care. There was antenatal care for the pregnant women from nurses and midwives
~ Black Caribbean culture flooded into the U.K. around 1945 and as the first generation, they were of child bearing age which allowed them to grow and populate as another diverse culture in the UK, the following generations then start to follow similar trends to the ‘host charter rates’
~ There was a slight economy boom between 1955 and ‘65 which gives parents confidence to start their own families without relying on rations
~ Around 2003, the E8 countries came to the U.K. which provided the nation with an increase in polish migrants. Polish people are traditionally catholic and it is common for catholics to be against contraception

# data[].attributes.body
Post war birth rates (e.g. 1945 - 1950) rose dramatically due to post war euphoria. The creation of the NHS in 1948 lead to an decrease in maternal mortality rates as well as better antenatal care.
In 1955-1965 there is a ‘boom’ in births. This was due to not only being a population echo but also it was a time of economic prosperity leading to a massive increase in births. Lots of migrants has also entered the country by this time (mainly from just after the war) and they were beginning the second generation of black Caribbean migrants. Rationing from after the war had also ended and the families were constantly growing (due to cultural values).
In 2000-2010 there was another boom (possibly another echo) but it was when the accession countries joined the EU. People from Poland etc. moved to the UK and due to their catholic beliefs used less contraception so increased birth rates.
IVF had also become a massive success in this time.

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The first drop in birth rates came just after the start of the First World War this is because almost all of the men were away fighting and couldn’t have children for a number of years until 1918/20. After the men came back from the war and started a family there was a big drop until 1939 this was loley because so many of the population had started families at once that they didn’t want to have anymore children anytime soon. Towards the end of the 1940’s the pill was made available on the NHS which gave women a massively increase in control of when they wanted to have children, Consequently the birth rates decreased. During the the 70’s there was an increase in feminist movements which led to women having more rights. Because of these new rights women were more aspirational and more women started going’s to university and building careers,causing the birth rates to go down.

# data[].attributes.body
-As a trend after both World War One and two the birth rate increases. This may be down to the men, (mainly men who were soldiers) , coming back from the war.
-The NHS was established in 1948, some new antenatal care schemes implemented. Therefore maternal morality rates decreased. Encourages more births as higher survival rate of babies and the mothers.
-Population echos cause an increase in births. Large amount of births one year (e.g 1960s) will mean 25-30 years later more births will occur when those women are in average child bearing ages.
-Child benefits were implemented in 1960s, help paying for the upbringing of children.

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Decreases in birth rate have occurred across the timeline due to different reasons. It is mainly because of population echo, where a low birth rate around 30 years before causes a low birth rate again after those 30 years because of how there were fewer people that had grown up and become parents.
There was a large decrease in birth rate in 1961 as that was when the contraceptive pill was introduced, giving women more control over their life. Women were further encouraged to not have children as raising a child costs around £230,000 and in 1971 equal rights were established with equal pay. This gave a higher focus to work and education rather than children.

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- Post WW2 (1945) there was a rapid increase in births as it was after the war so  all the men returned and the country began “re-building” the country.

- Again post war many immigrants moved to the UK especially black-Caribbean migrants, as a result birth rate increased because first generation migrants tend to have large families due to thier culture.

-in 1948 the NHS was established so therefore the amount of maternal mortality rates and antenatal care (care throughout pregnancy) was greatly reduced.

- population echos occur ,which create fluctuations in the amount of birth rates. This is where a baby-boom happens, 20-30years later when those kids are adults, there will be another boom when they start having their own kids.

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In the 1970s, more women had the control and opportunities for having the accessibility to use the contraceptive pill. In this time, it would have given many women reassurance to know that they would have been in control of their lives which is enhanced by the development in feminism. This was a more reliable form of contraception as it meant there were social changes and attitudes towards women in society as there were fewer pregnancies. Furthermore, these social changes meant that women were allowed to make their own decisions such as getting an education so they didn’t have to be the ‘typical stay at home mum’. Research suggested that in 2011/12, 56% of women were going to university to get a career. This gave an optimistic outlook of the future as by having an education, it brought child benefits as there was a decrease in sex discrimination because women deserve the same pay as men.

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-better healthcare, cures for some diseases. Better cancer treatment and other diseases. More widespread vaccinations.
-banning smoking in workplaces and public indoor spaces.
-higher standards in health and safety in the workplace, change in job sector. Less manufacture, where most job related incidents occur. Fatal injuries of employees dropped by 87%.
-seatbelts introduced in cars as compulsory. Cars have crumple zones.
-unleaded petrol, removal of lead from petrol. Lead affects the brain.
-life expectancy increases.

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Between 1975 and 2005, death rates have dropped rapidly because of an increase in medical resources and vaccinations, education and better social care. An example of this is an improvement in the development of research in treatments of cancer and vaccination programmes such as MMR. Advances in the NHS, has ensured better health and social care especially for the older generations, which are predominant in society today. Nevertheless, enhancement in education has taught many how to sustain a healthy diet and lifestyle. Additionally, health and safety has increased in the workplace with better working conditions that are socially beneficial.

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1970-1980 death rate began decreasing due to improved healthcare and readiness to combat disease. Some improvements were things like cancer treatment, vaccinations becoming widely available and heart attack treatments becoming much more effective. Another improvement was the changes made to health and safety in the workplace. For example, smoking in public offices was banned and dangerous jobs were made safer (e.g. window cleaning). There has also been a change in the type of jobs that people have been doing (a shift to more office jobs for higher economic income). Fatal injuries for employees have fallen by 87% from 1974 and 2014
Things like improvements to cars have lead to a decrease in deaths. Things like seatbelts and crumple zones make cars safer and lower deaths. Car fumes were much safer due to unleaded petrol.
Life expectancy had increased by this point (not healthy life expectancy as much).

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One reason death rates have decreased is the introduction of the NHS and the welfare state in 1948. This meant there was better care for people who fell ill and there was a increased chance of them surviving potentially deadly illnesses. Vaccinations have been introduced reducing deadly diseases as well  as improved cancer treatments and treatments for heart attacks. Britain also had a huge change in job sectors. Previously many people worked in the primary and secondary sectors having jobs in factories or other manufacturing places. Now we have a huge tertiary sector all about providing services. In these jobs there is a better level of health and safety and so there has been a decreased level of work place accidents. Between 1974 and 2014 there was a 87% fall in levels of fatal injuries in the workplace.

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-NHS introduced in 1948
-Improvements in cancer treatments.
-vaccinations
-cardiac arrest prevention
-improvements in health and safety
-banning smoking in offices
-change in dangerous jobs to safer jobs.
-people are becoming more educated

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- Death rates have gradually decreased from 1975 and onwards because of Improvement in health care as there was a mass production of vaccinations which has prevented many deaths.
- Also there’s been a development in cancer treatments and being able to intervene with cardiac arrest.
-In 1983 the seat belt was introduced which helped decrese the death rates.

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In countries in Africa, survival can be extremely difficult and even having the basic needs to survive may not be accessed. Villages in Africa can have poor sanitation levels which can lead to diseases being present and can affect the humans around. A big contributor to the death rate is malaria, which is a protist. Malaria is carried by female mosquitos that transfer the malaria through your blood when the mosquito attempts to drink a humans blood. If there is not sufficient medical care or aid available, then adults and children can die, malaria causes lots of deaths across the world every year. In some of the villages, there may not be any clean drinking sources so people may have to travel for miles in order to get water which can be dirty water. The water may be contaminated with diseases, toxins and pathogens that can affect the human body. As mentioned earlier, if there is not medical care, people will die in large numbers as nothing can be done to save people.

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~ Improvement in health and safety have reduced the amount of deaths when people re working such as falling off buildings
~ The movement of jobs going from the primary/secondary sector to tertiary has meant there is less chance or reasoning for people to die whilst working
~ The introduction of the NHS has meant people are being treated better for working injuries
~ Vaccinations have been developed and improved for specific diseases
~ Vaccinations at a young age have meant children are growing up with better resistance
~ Introduction of people having to wear seatbelts in 1983 which has reduced deaths
~ General car technology has been improved and then helps with the safety of car users
~ Common use of unleaded petrol

# data[].attributes.body
- A main reason for why the death rate issue decreasing is because of work environments becoming safer and a change in the main type of career paths that people are taking.
- The nhs was formed in 1948 and now gives vaccinations out to children to help them fight diseases.
- Healthcare improved overall, so the amount of fatal accidents was reduced by 87% between 1974 and 2014.

# data[].attributes.body
-war
-higher population means more people who could die

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The UK has an ageing population and this means more people die of natural causes. The UK was heavily industrialised and there was many workplace accidents until later on.

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The first reason for an increase in death rates is because of the aging population which means that there are less younger people which therefore means that more people die as older people have a higher chance of getting different types of illnesses which could cause them to die.

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Between 1955 and 1970s the death rate increased slowly at a constant rate. This was due to and increased population which was now aging and dying.
There was still quite a lot of heavy industry (e.g. coal mining) which lead to a lot of deaths from unsafe working conditions.
There was still also quite a few disease outbrakes due to less vaccinations taking place which lead to spikes in death numbers

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Increase due to seat belts were no seat belts multilateral 1983 which caused many car accidents which was one of the big causes of deaths.
There was still heavy industry workers, including coal miners until 1976 which caused a decrease in life expectancy as working condition s were not satisfactory.

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Deaths increased between 1950-1980 due to poor air quality answer pollution from an increase In transport such as cars. This is because of leaded petrol which can cause minor brain damage and early deaths. Additionally, it wasn’t until 1983 that seatbelts became compulsory, before then it was optional and contributed to 1000 deaths per year.

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-Urban air pollution caused 1.3million deaths in 2013.
-increase in population
-people working in unsafe places for example coal mines.
-mass outbreaks of illness

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Increases in death rate occur in war where in ww2 death rates were 600,000.
Also due to diseases and cancer where there was a lack of medicine and education. Working conditions of the more industrial era where more toxic fumes damaged people and mining was dangerous.

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There was a peak in birth rate in the 1960s known as the ‘babyboom’. This was arguably a population echo from the peak in births after ww2. It was also due to improvements in maternal mortality rates and improved antenatal care.
Furthermore, there was a slight peak in birth rates around 2005. This was due to the expansion of the European Union (particular migration to those in the A8), which meant young economic migrants particularly, boosted the birth rate and tend to have more children to expand culture. Child benefits and state nursaries were introduced offering more support for mothers. The introduction of 6 months paid maternity leave also meant women were able to have more children whilst continuing their career.

# data[].attributes.body
There are clear patterns in birth rates called population echoes. These echoes have peaks and troughs. One reason for a increase in birth rate is the end of WW2. Men were returning home and there was a push to increase the birth rate to balance the death rate. Another reason for an increase in birth rate is developments in IVF, which quadrupled between 1992 and 2006. Between 2005 and 2010, levels of immigration soared, due to the expansion of the EU (A8). A lot of these immigrants were Polish Catholics, who tend to be against contraception due to their religion so the birth rate increased further. Child benefits and maternity leave also gave women more incentive to have children in recent years.

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- After WW1 and WW2 there was a significant peak in birth rates. This mainly due to the men coming home from war so women could conceive more babies. Another reason is that people felt more safe and secure.
- Child benefits, maternity leave allow women to have children while also keeping their current careers.
- Recently, in 2001, an influx of migrants from other EU countries, e.g. 1 million Polish migrants who are at child-bearing age and mainly catholic so had large families

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-Birth rates have fluctuated, regular peaks by generation their was decl8ne in birth rates due to social changes.
-there was a peak in births after ww2 as men come back from the war.
There was a increase in the population for example the peak of 1960s the baby boom this is when the enconmy had grown.
-migration has contributed to higher population growths had caused birth rates to increase as immigration has brought cultural changes therefore example Poland have larger family sizes due to there beliefs and are against contraception.
-from the 1960s the rise of femisinsim cause  gender roles and social changes this meant that women became more independent, so had more structured life’s due to contraception they were able to plan and had children later on.

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Between 1945 and 1950 there was a significant increase in birth rate, this was due to the end of WW2. More children where born because the men came home from the war meaning more women got pregnant. With the lack of contraception in the 1950’s the chance of women getting pregnant was increased significantly, leading to the large peak in births around that time.

Another increase in births occurred around 2005 and 2010. This could be because of the increase in migration during this time. Foreign workers ,at around the right age to be having children, came over from different countries. They came over and brought their culture with them, one example would be the polish workers migrating at the time . The main region in Poland is catholic meaning that the use of contraception was frowned upon. So when they came over to England they brought this belief with them , meaning they had more children than the uk average of 2.1.

As well as this the government helped women to believe that they could bring up a child. Merternity leave was brought into the system helping women have a job and raise a child at the same time. Furthermore child benifits where put in place to help families pay for children.

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Between 1945-1950 there was a significant increase in the amount of births which reached around 900,000. This could be because once WW2 ended all the men were able to return home from war which meant people felt more secure in life and there will be more pregnancies and this could also be due to the lack of contraception. This also meant the chances of getting pregnant were higher meaning there were more births in that period

Another time frame when the births increased was rather recent Since 2000 the births have started to increase again. One of the main reasons for this immigration. For example the majority of foreign families are quite large meaning that when there will probably be more births in future generations. Also, a vast majority of polish people are catholic and one part of their religion is that they should be against contraception meaning the chance of getting pregnant and giving birth is higher.

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- ww2 = less men as they are at war so the level of birth rate decreased during this period and the importance/priorities were with the war and not with children
- natural decrease in 1976/77 due to changes in gender roles as social values such as women working in the workplace rather than stay at home was more common = links to university and careers being more focused upon than having children. This also links to equality as feminism became popular and more known which brings the idea of controlling their lives more easy.
- abortion act 1967 came into force which was during the years when birth rates were decreasing = gave women more freedom with having a baby or choosing not to perhaps due to their current situation or financial reasons
-Also, the form of contraception brought the introduction of ‘the pill’ in 1976/77 which was a huge revelation on how women can control their reproductive system and plan for the future

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In the 1970 there was a decrease in births due to a multiple of factors;
-The pill was introduces so mums can plan there life so when there going to get   pregnant so it dosent interfer with there career.
-Feminism was introduced so women can have equal opportunities in the work place, for example equal pay.
-Higher number of high educated women, which lead to them going to uni and having a high paid job.
Births also decreased by a dramatic amount due to WW1 as all the men went to war and the women didn’t feel safe to become a family .

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One of the most significant factors for the decrease in birth rates is because of the rise in feminism which changed women’s attitudes towards what society excpets of women. This meant that women were not having children because they were wanting careers and education over having children. This was helped by acts such as the Equal pay act 1970 which allowed women to support themselves without the need of a man. This also links in with the fact there was more contraception for example the pill which allowed women to plan for the future thus having children was put on hold and careers were a priority as they could not have done this in the past.

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Throughout the years there is population increase and decrease within generations. This is known as population echoes.

- In the 1960s there was a lot of positive change for women from a feminist revolution
- T

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1918 onwards
- increase in birth rate after WW1 as many men return home from fighting
- people had a sense of security for themselves and their families at home after the war came to an end

1945-48
- increase in birth rate after WW2 ends as once again men have returned home from conflict
- sense of security for families had been restored
- NHS set up which meant for better antenatal care and a lower chance of premature deaths

1960’s
- “baby boomer” generation, as a result of a population echo of the peak in births after WW2

2003 onwards
- increase in immigration as A8 is established
- many Eastern European people migrated to UK (Poland, Romania, etc)
- generally larger families as they follow their culture and practices in their country, for example Polish Catholics not using contraception
- women helped to have children as well, with the introduction of maternity leave, IVF procedures and child benefits

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Between 1915 - 1918, there was a dramatic decline line the number of births from almost 900,000 to 775,000. World War 1 was in this time frame, therefore it was unsafe for people to have children and most men were out at war too.

Between 1976 and 1977, there was more deaths than births. This is because there was more gender equality- women were going out to work and have careers rather than having children. Also, about 15 years prior to this, the pill became available through the NHS so parents could plan pregnancies

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One reason for a decrease in birth rate was due to the pill becoming available in 1961 which allowed women to control their own reproduction instead of relying on men. This allowed women to plan and decide when they wanted to have a child which allowed women to get a career and go to university. Linked to this in the 1970s an increase in women’s working rights came across which encouraged more women to get jobs and careers instead of staying at home to look after their children, this led to women having less children as they didn’t have the time or care to look after them as much.

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One reason for decrease in birth rate is that now, women are putting their careers before having children, so they struggle to find the time to raise children and take time off work or education for them. The financial side of having children also affects the rates of birth. An average cost to. Ring up a child in the UK is around £230,000, which many people struggle to pay for as it puts a massive strain on them financially.
Also, the number of births in England and Wales fell in 2013 by the largest annual amount in nearly 40 years. The TFR decreased from 1.94 to 1.85. Reasons for the decrease in fertility rates could include uncertainty over employment and career opportunities, and government changes to the welfare system affecting benefits.

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There were 679,106 live births in England and Wales in 2017, a decrease of 2.5% from 2016 and the lowest number of live births since 2006.

In 2017, the total fertility rate (TFR) declined for the fifth consecutive year to 1.76 children per woman, from 1.81 in 2016.

'Fertility rates decreased for every age group in 2017, except for women aged 40 years and over, where the rate increased by 1.3% to 16.1 births per 1,000 women in that age group, reaching the highest level since 1949.

The average age of mothers in 2017 increased to 30.5 years, from 30.4 years in 2016 and 26.4 years in 1975.

In 2017, just over half of all live births were born to parents who were married or in a civil partnership (51.9%); however, 67.3% of live births born outside of marriage or civil partnership were to parents who lived together.

28.4% of live births in 2017 were to mothers born outside the UK, following a gradual rise from 11.6% in 1990.

The stillbirth rate decreased to 4.2 per 1,000 total births in 2017, the lowest rate on record with figures available back to 1927; in the last decade since 2007 the stillbirth rate has decreased by 19.2%.

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Throughout the years there is a population increase and decrease within generations. This is known as population echoes.

- In the 1960s there was a lot of positive change for women due to feminists revolting and wanting control over their life (reproductive wise)
- This then led to the pill being introduced in 1961
- The pill is a type of contraception that has meant that birth rates have fallen. Women are now able to plan their lives and have children later on, meaning they can focus on their career.
- Acts and laws being created in the 1970s has ensured that there is equal pay between the genders
- Women could then go on maternity leave and still stay in their job profession without being discriminated

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Increase of death rates between 1950-1980, Post war there was a ageing population as young population died during the war.
- also a lack of vaccines meant that disease were not prevented or controlled.
-urban pollution was the cause of around 1.3 million premature deaths in 2011.
Rise in deaths due to the population increase. Main causes of male death is heart conditions they are less reluctant to go to the doctors. Caused by smoking and and occupations. Increasing death rates due to people’s lifestyles e.g smoking and obesity.

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Over the Years many regulations and improvements have come into play to ensure people are safe have be on the road or at work etc. Some laws and improvements have increased life expectancy therefore decreasing death rates. For example:

- In 1948 the NHS started which meant that people were entitled to free health care
- Better treatment and technology has limited death rates as people are now recovering from illnesses and diseases.
- Operations such as implants of stents etc have allowed people with heart problems to live a semi- normal life
- Education has also been a leading reason for lower death rates as people now have to wear seatbelts in cars due to the 1983 law, this has  resulted in less deaths as people are now aware that road is the most dangerous mode of transport
- Before laws and regulations there would be a lot of deaths and severe injuries in the work place. Nowadays 'health and safety has gone mad' due to many regulations such as wearing high-vis and hard hats

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In the 1955 deaths had increased due to multiple factors;
-Population has incresed so the number of deaths would have incresed.
-The increase of bad habits such as eating fatty foods and smoking which would have had an impact on there health.
-Lastly dangerous occupation which would have had an impact on people’s lives due to bad health and safety.
Bad air pollution has killed 1.3 million premature deaths in 201

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One reason for the decrease in deaths is the improvements in health care. The NHS was set up in 1948 which allowed free health care for everyone and this meant that diseases such as measles, TB, rubella and smallpox no longer affected people because they were vaccinated. This led to the eradication of those diseases. The improvements of technology have Alonso made it easier to detect diseases such as cancer which now has a higher survival rate.

Another reason is there is better health and safety in jobs- between 1974 and 2014 the fatal injuries to employees fell by 97%. This means that people are safer at work.

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Since the 1960s the deaths have gradually started to increase and this could be for various reasons. For example the amount of fast food chains is always increasing and these are very unhealthy but people find them both and a more time efficient way of a having a meal than having to cook it themselves. This in turn leads to the increase in amount of people getting illnesses such as heart disease which was one of the biggest killers for men between 1855-85 but people still continued to eat fast food and junk food and started to become obese and diabetic. Another way in which deaths have increased is due to the amount of people who drink and smoke has increased. This instantly damages their organs yet they still won’t give up most of the time, meaning more people are likely to die.

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-NHS introduced in 1948
-Improvements in cancer treatments.
-seatbelts introduced in cars as compulsory. Cars have crumple zones.
-unleaded petrol, removal of lead from petrol. Lead affects the brain.
-life expectancy increases.
-Better working conditions improved people’s health which led to longer lives.
-Better education so people are more aware of the types of injuries and illnesses.

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Air pollution has become a huge cause of deaths in more recent years as more fossil fuels are being burnt etc. In 2011, air pollution was the cause of 1.3 million pre mature deaths. Prior to 1975, people’s diets were becoming more fatty, lots of people were smoking and there wasn’t much car safety. Seatbelts didn’t become compulsory until 1983. This all caused a general increase in death rate. Health and safety at work was also an big cause of deaths. For example people didn’t know the dangers of asbestos which lead to many people having respiratory issues in the future.

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The decrease in death rates is down to multiple reasons.
-As the NHS was introduced in 1948, treatments and cures have improved to give citizens a chance of survival.
-Roads are becoming safer, more speed cameras and it is the law to wear a seatbelt when in a car.
-Education has been improved about smoking, drinking and healthy living.
-More laws and regulations have been enforced in work places,
-Billiont of pounds have been put into researching illness’ to find cures e.g. cancer research.
-more money is being invested into the NHS and care for patients and citizens.
-hospitals are expanding, so they can cater for a larger population as it grows.
-The infant mortality rates are also decreasing as the technology and cRe for newborn babies has improved e.g. incubators.

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There was an increase in deaths from the 1950s to the 1980s. This increase was due to various reasons.
- The population increased so it meant more people were going to die at some point.
- The development in a consumer society meant lifestyles significantly changed. For example, more people were eating unhealthy foods that were once considered a luxury, smoking was very popular, and occupations were earthier sedentary of full of dangers in the workplace.
- For example, unleaded petrol was only introduced in 1970, therefore before hand people were exposed to lead which causes health issues.

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Lifestyle = diet changed as more people (over time) have been introduced to things such as fast food and processed foods = easier

Smoking during periods such as 1965 lead or things such as cancer and coronary diseases such as heart disease = biggest cause of death for men in that year

Male behaviour = don’t want to go to the doctors or have occupations where it’s dangerous to work such as places like mining and fishing

Under 30’s in 1965 period had motor vehicle accidents as their main cause of deaths which could be due to men being more reckless and for road safety and awareness to be less developed and less known back then = lack of education

Women in 1965 = cancer as main cause of death which could be due to less medication/therapy to help was available or wasn’t known yet

during the late 20th/21st century after the industrial revolution has caused an increase in air Pollution levels which in 2011 = urban air pollution caused 1.3 million premature deaths

NHS established in 1948 so before this time, some people didn’t have the money for medication for diseases.

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- Death rate has been decrease significantly due to the development of the NHS in the 1940’s so there was more of a chance of being saved and surviving.
- The healthcare system has improved over the years through research (such as cancer research , heart disease research) and now we are better at detecting diseases earlier and treating them quicker. This can come from the adavance in technology that has helped reduce death rates significantly. Medical advances means that healthcare is much better at protecting births and decreasing mortality rates (infant and maternal) . As well as this technoghas advanced in cars as well as now cars are equipped with seatbelts and warning systems if someone isn’t wearing one. Furthermore automatic breaking systems are in place in the newest cars that help stop accidents with emergency breaks put into place if they are need so that the person driving wouldn’t even have to put there foot down and the car will stop if something happens.
- Between 1974 and 2014 fatal injuries to employees have fallen by 87%. This is because of health and safety enforced in the work place.

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1980’s onwards
- dramatic improvements to health and safety in workplaces
- removal of asbestos which is known to cause lung related diseases
- use of correct safety equipment such as helmets and masks
- road safety was also improved
- crumple zones, seat belts (1983) and air bags significantly reduced the damage caused by car accidents
- improvement in education on safety and preventing health issues
- better treatment for diseases, such as heart disease and cancer
- infant mortality rates significantly improved due to better healthcare and treatment

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Up until the 1980’s, the death rate was fluctuating, however it was overall increasing. This is because people had dangerous occupations where there was no health and safety regulations and they were able to breathe in dangerous fumes etc without compulsory to wear masks.
Secondly, smoking was seen as a health benefit therefore many people took part in it. However it was later found out that it was bad for you therefore it caused many people to have heart and lung problems.

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Death rate has decreased due to the introduction of the NHS in 1948, as there was better care for people who became ill it allowed people to have a better chance of surviving illnesses and diseases. Health care has carried on evolving as new medicines and vaccinations have been introduced which can reduce diseases. Also by children having vaccinations at a young age it makes them less resistance to diseases as they grow up.

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“Baby-boom”