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In the middle east, their practice of diplomacy covered a lot of many security reasons, since many nations at that time follow the imperial system. Nevertheless the diplomacy outside the region example Europe follows a more similar concept to modern diplomacy to synergize their national interest

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The oldest treaties of which full texts survive, from about 1280 bce, were between Ramses II of Egypt and Hittite leaders. Signed by the Egyptian pharaoh, Ramses II (Ramses the Great), and Hattusilis III, King of the Hittites. In the treaty, both parties not only agreed to end years of warring between Egypt and Hatti (in present-day Turkey), but also to a mutual alliance in the event of foreign or domestic aggression and to the extradition of rebels, fugitives and political refugees.

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- Had trade relation with Metropolitan Portugal

The first Europeans to enter were the Portuguese, who from the 15th century edged their way around the African coast in the hope of outflanking Islam, finding a sea route to the riches of India, and discovering additional sources of food. They reached the Kongo kingdom in northwestern Angola in 1482–83; early in 1488

exchanged slaves for European firearms and luxury goods and secured further dependents with cheaply produced textiles and Brazilian alcohol.

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diplomacy yang terjadi sebelum west phalia di deaerah central asia ini dapat di gambarkan dengan dai dai yang berpergian dengan tujuan menyebarkan niatnya kareena mayoritas central asia adalah negara yang ber meyoritas bergama muslim, hal ini juga dari di kenal sebagai transoxiana

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Putri Salsabillah Azwardi - 2440036983
Shadrina Nurfadhilah - 2440050306
Mila Ayunda Gerlyanti - 2440044890
Aiko Thalia Hartono - 2440009471
Risma Dini Setiowati - 2440074842
Jennifer Liona - 2401955113Putri Salsabillah Azwardi - 2440036983
Shadrina Nurfadhilah - 2440050306
Mila Ayunda Gerlyanti - 2440044890
Aiko Thalia Hartono - 2440009471
Risma Dini Setiowati - 2440074842
Jennifer Liona - 2401955113

As it is known, diplomacy plays an important role in interaction and relations on an international scale.  In the era before wesphalia, the diplomacy system in the regions of Central and North America is more inclined to discuss how to obtain the sovereignty of a country.

In the 17th century, diplomacy is carried out by collecting information confidentially and forging alliances with other countries to maintain security.  In this century, there are 3 main principles, namely upholding sovereignty, equality between countries, and the principle of non-intervention between countries in the internal affairs of other countries.

For example, the first diplomacy is between US and Central America was established by the recognition of the federation of the centre of America in 1824As it is known, diplomacy plays an important role in interaction and relations on an international scale.  In the era before wesphalia, the diplomacy system in the regions of Central and North America is more inclined to discuss how to obtain the sovereignty of a country.

In the 17th century, diplomacy is carried out by collecting information confidentially and forging alliances with other countries to maintain security.  In this century, there are 3 main principles, namely upholding sovereignty, equality between countries, and the principle of non-intervention between countries in the internal affairs of other countries.

For example, the first diplomacy is between US and Central America was established by the recognition of the federation of the centre of America in 1824

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Before the treaty of Westphalia was established, Spain stand as one of the early country who practice diplomacy to achieve agreements regarding the region to conquer. One of the example is the treaty of Saragossa (1529) and Treaty of tortedilas (1494).

In the treaty of Saragossa and Tortedilas, Spain and Portugal establish an agreement to separated the region regarding Spanish and Portugal exploration.

Treaty of Tordesillas divided the new world of the Americas between the two superpowers. Spain and portugal adhered to the treaty without major conflict. The results of this treaty for example all latin american nations are dominantly spanish speaking countries and brazil with portuguese language

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Between 500-800 AD Kenya switched to a sea-based trading economy and began migrating south by ship. In the centuries that followed, trade in goods from the African interior, such as gold, ivory, and slaves, spurred the development of market cities. In the 1st century AD, many settlements began to establish trade relations with the Arabs. This eventually led to increased their economic growth, the introduction of Islam, Arabic influence and cultural diffusion.

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In Southeast Asia, particularly Maritime South East Asia, (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore). states have no defined territorial limits, within a kingdom, there are numerous small kings that ruled small parts of the kingdom, as such the rule is rarely absolute nor direct.

Because of the vagueness of his territory and the uncertain political loyalties of his vassals, the ruler in the mandala system could make no clear distinction between the purpose and conduct of “internal” and “external” relations. This is different with continental SEA that has a clear defined territorial boundaries and kings have absolute rule over its territory.

While European rulers waged war for “legitimation”, their counterparts in Southeast Asia used war for “glory, out of rage, or in revenge. Furthermore, they seek cultural legitimacy

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Study Case: Chinese influence was strongest in Vietnam, the northern part of which was a Chinese dependency from the 1st through the 10th centuries. The Vietnamese government that was subsequently formed became part of the tribute system. Through this tribute system, the Vietnamese emperor and other Southeast Asian rulers made ritual presentations of exotic and precious goods to the Chinese government. These tributes symbolized their acknowledgement of Chinese superiority. The use of ritual and symbol, rather than force and coercion, may be seen as representing a fundamentally different view of the state and the interstate system than that found in the Western political tradition

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Science diplomacy in South Asia goes back to 1801 A.D., when the Peace and Friendship Treaty between Nepal and the East-India Company allowed Scottish explorer Francis Buchanan-Hamilton to collect 2,500 plant and animal species from Nepal, out of which 1,100 were new to western science. Based on Buchanan-Hamilton’s collection, David Don published the first book on the flora of Nepal, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis, in 1825.1 This was the first systematic scientific work in Nepal to be supported by a treaty, a pillar of science diplomacy.

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The kingdom of Auxumite was once a powerful and wealthy empire in Ethiopia ( including Eritrea) during 2nd and 3rd centuries.
During the old times Kingdom of Auxumite conducted their diplomacy through local goods trading. The predominant goods of Auxum trading are ivory and gold. Moreover, there are three monks who had huge influence in shaping the history and culture of Ethiopia. For instance, Christianity was brought by these three migrated monks from Syria, Greece and Constatinople.

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The Great Zimbabwe

Great Zimbabwe existed in the Sub-Saharan region of Africa from the 11th century to the mid-16th century.  The city grew from a community of farmers and cattle herders to a major economic center, deriving power and wealth from its proximity to resources of gold and the trading routes along the Indian Ocean. Great Zimbabwe reached its peak with 18,000 residents by the mid-14th century.

At its peak in the 13th and 14th century, Great Zimbabwe thrived on cattle herding, gold mining and commerce with the Swahili port city of Sofala on the Indian Ocean.  It produced cotton and pottery.

Great Zimbabwe declined in power in the early 15th Century.  The nearby tributaries of the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers no longer produced gold flakes and nuggets, which had fueled the economy.  The exhausted farmland surrounding the city could no longer support the number of residents. Eventually the trade routes in the interior between the Zambezi valley and the ports on the Indian Ocean changed, costing Great Zimbabwe its control over regional commerce.