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Nelam putri amelia (204200094)
1. argument and discussion
analyze and critic
2. cause and effect
between a cause and effect
3. cohesion
joining the text together with a reference words and conjunction so the whole text is clear
4. comparison
subject of the essay
5. definition
to make clear unfamiliar
6. example
for support and illustration
7. generalitation
can explain to introduce

2. argumentative paragrahp: a genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic; collect, generate, and evaluate evidence; and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner.

structure :
Structure of argumentative essay
1. Introductory paragraph
2. The thesis statement
3. Body paragraphs
4. Conclusion

3. A discursive essay is an essay where you required to write on something, which can be either argued for the topic or against the topic.

structure :
- An introductory paragraph, in which you clearly state the topic to be discussed;
- A main body, in which points are clearly stated in separate paragraphs and exemplified or justified;  and
- A concluding paragraph, summarising the main points of the essay, and in which you state/restate your opinion, and/or give a balanced consideration of the topic.

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1. NUFYA KARISATUN NISA (204200096)
2. PUJI DWI RAHAYU (204200098)
3. TRIARDISA NURROCHMAH (204200108)

- ELEMENTS OF WRITING
1. Argument and discussion
1. An arguments throws heat it comes from ego and a closed mind, it is an exchange of ignorance, an expression of temper and an argument always tries to prove who is right whereas; a discussion throws light and it comes from an open mind , it is an exchange of knowledge, an expression of logic and it always tries to prove what is right.

2. Cause and effect
Cause and effect is something that makes one thing happen. This is why did that happen nd what things that make this happen

3. Cohesion
Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a text together and gives it meaning. It is related to the broader concept of coherence.

4. Comparisons
Comparison or comparing is the act of evaluating two or more things by determining the relevant, comparable characteristics of each thing, and then determining which characteristics of each are similar to the other, which are different, and to what degree.

5. Definition
A definition is a statement of the meaning of a term (a word, phrase, or other set of symbols).

6. Examples
Example is an instance (such as a problem to be solved) serving to illustrate a rule or precept or to act as an exercise in the application of a rule

7. Generalisations
A generalization is a form of abstraction whereby common properties of specific instances are formulated as general concepts or claims

8. Numbers
A number is a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label.

9. Problems and solutions
Problem is Literature dealing with choices of action difficult either for an individual or for society at large:
a problem play. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent.

10. Style
Style is a particular manner or technique by which something is done, created, or performed.

11 . Visual information refers to various visual media with or without sound that generally includes still and motion photography, audio video recording, graphic arts, and visual presentations.

12. Working a group Is a committee or group appointed to study and report on a particular question and make recommendations based on its findings.

Source :academic writing a handbook for international students:Stephen Bailey

- ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
Argumentative essay is a writing that raises a topic about a problem.  In a good argumentative essay, the writer try to persuade the reader to understand and support their point of view on a topic by stating their reasons and providing evidence to support it.

Steps to write argumentative essay:
1 . Introduction
The first paragraph of your essay should outline the topic, provide background information necessary to understand your argument, outline the evidence you will present and states your thesis.
The thesis statement. This is part of your first paragraph. It is a concise, one-sentence summary of your main point and claim.

2. Body paragraphs. A typical argumentative essay comprises three or more paragraphs that explain the reasons why you support your thesis. Each body paragraph should cover a different idea or piece of evidence and contain a topic sentence that clearly and concisely explains why the reader should agree with your position. Body paragraphs are where you back up your claims with examples, research, statistics, studies, and text citations

3. Conclusion. One paragraph that restates your thesis and summarizes all of the arguments made in your body paragraphs.

(Source: Writing Academic English Answer Key and matthewbarbee.com)

-DISCURSIVE ESSAY
A discursive essay is an essay where you are required to write on something, which can be either argued for the topic or against the topic. However, some discursive essays can also be written in a way where you don’t have to choose any particular side but to present your views on both the sides in a balanced manner. Sometimes you might also be required to write a discursive essay wherein you don’t argue for or against the topic or statement but instead need to present your own unbiased views and opinions on that matter.

The structures:
Introduction
Body
Conclusion

(Source: solidessay.com and The Discursive Essay MR M.ACKERMAN)

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Yusuf Zihal Aulia (204200112)
1. Argumen and discussion :
We should analys and critic. So in this unit we can so our argumen and conclusion in suitably academic maner.
2. Cause and effect
We can explain of method in discribing something woth the focus either on cause or on the effect
3. Cohesion
Cohesion meantion merge a text together with reference word and conjunction ,so we can read it.
4. Comparisons
Comparisons mean how we can find what is better in a good acurate with compare
5. Definition
Definition can make clearly that the reader can understand easier
6. Example
Example can make argumen stronger so we can better to get the point
7. Generalitations
Generalitations can explain to introduce a topic so it can make simple and easily to understand

2. An argumentative essay is a piece of writing that takes a stance on an issue. In a good argumentative essay, a writer attempts to persuade readers to understand and support their point of view about a topic by stating their reasoning and providing evidence to back it up.
-the Introduction
An introduction is usually the first paragraph of your academic essay.
-The Body Paragraphs
Body paragraphs help you prove your thesis and move you along a compelling trajectory from your introduction to your conclusion.
-The Conclusion
A conclusion is the last paragraph of your essay, or, if you’re writing a really long essay, you might need 2 or 3 paragraphs to conclude.

3. A discursive essay is an essay where you are required to write on something, which can be either argued for the topic or against the topic. However, some discursive essays can also be written in a way where you don't have to choose any particular side but to present your views on both the sides in a balanced manner.

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Elements of writing:
1. Argument and discussion
We need to analyse and critique the topic.
2. Cause and effect
Academic work frequently involves demonstrating a link between a cause and effect, we need to focus on one of them.
3. Cohesion
Joining text together with a reference words and conjunction so the whole text is clear and readable
4. Comparisons
The comparison might be the subject of the essay or might provide evidence for the argument.
5. Definition
Definition is important to make clear unfamiliar phrases to the reader what is meant in the context.
6. Examples
Examples are used in academic writing for support and illustration.
7. Generalisation
Generalisations are often use to introduce a topic.

Argumentative essay is used to present an argument surrounding two side of any particular issue.

Argumentative essay consists of:
1. Introduction paragraph
2. Thesis statement
3. Body paragraph
4. Conclusion

Discursive essay is an essay where we are required to write on something, which can be either argued for the topic or against the topic

Discursive essay consists of:
1. Introduction, in introduction there are hook or general statement, elaboration, and thesis statement
2. Main body, in main body there are topic sentence and supporting sentence
3. Conclusion, the conclusion consists of restating thesis statement and closing comments

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1. Elements of writing :
a. Argument and discussion : we should analysing and critiquing a topics. This unit presents ways of demonstrating your familiarity with both sides of an argument and presenting your own conclusions in a suitably academic manner.
b. Cause and effect. This unit explains two methods of describing
the link, with the focus either on the cause or on the effect.
c. Cohesion. Imeans joining a text together with reference words (e.g. he, theirs, the former) and conjunctions (e.g. but, then) so that the whole text is clear and readable.
d. Comparisons. The comparison might be the subject of the essay, or might provide evidence for the argument. In all cases it is important to explain clearly what is being compared and to make the comparison as accurate as possible
e. Definition. Definitions are usually found in introductions, they are not needed in every case, but if the title includes an﻿ unfamiliar phrase, or if the writer wants to use a term in a special﻿ way, it is important to make clear to the reader exactly what is﻿ meant in this context.
f. Examples. They are used in academic writing for support and illustration.
g.  Generalisations. Generalisations are often used to introduce a topic. They can be
powerful statements because they are simple and easy to understand.

2. An argumentative essay is a piece of writing that takes a stance on an issue. In a good argumentative essay, a writer attempts to persuade readers to understand and support their point of view about a topic by stating their reasoning and providing evidence to back it up.
-Theme -Title -Determine the problem to be discussed -Points to be discussed -references to strengthen opinions -conclusion

3. A discursive essay is a type of essay that write about something, which can be argued for or against the topic. discusses a problem, a controversy, or a recent issue. This essay may be informal or formal, but is most often written in a formal manner.
Discursive essay's structure:
a. Introduction. Create reader's interest from topics that you'll explain in your Essay.
b. Body of the article. Accentuate on argumentation.
c. Conclusion. In this part articulate your position toward the issue.

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1. Element of writing :
A. Argument and discussion
Arguments and discussion both are the noun  telling what they think, feel or know to be true.
B. Cause and effect"Cause and effect" is a relationship between events or things, where one is the result of the other or others. This is a combination of action and reaction.
C. Cohesion means joining a text together with reference words (e.g. he, theirs, the former) and conjunctions (e.g. but, then) so that the whole text is clear and readable.
D . Comparisons. The comparison might be the subject of the essay, or might provide evidence for the argument.
E. Definitions include statement of the meaning of a term (a word, phrase, or other set of symbols).
F. Examples are used in academic writing for support and illustration. Suitable examples can strengthen the argument, and they can also help the reader to understand a point.
G. Generalisations are often used to introduce a topic. They can be powerful statements because they are simple and easy to understand.

2. The argumentative essay is a genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic; collect, generate, and evaluate evidence; and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner.Generic structure for argumentative must contain; introduction, body paragraph and conclusion.

a. Introduction contains the topic and thesis statement.
b. The body paragraph is usually an explanation of the topic of discussion accompanied by examples.
c. the conclusion is the conclusion of all the explanations in the introduction and body.

3. A discursive essay is a type of essay that discusses a problem, a controversy, or a recent issue. This essay may be informal or formal, but is most often written in a formal manner.
All types of discursive essay include the introduction, main body, and conclusion. So the structure is absolutely the same as in other academic papers. All parts in structure execute exact tasks:
1. introduction announces topic and your main questions to be described in paper;
2. body includes the arguments and thesis statements to discuss;
3. conclusion requires from author to share his options and findings of his topic.

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Discursive essay is a type of essay that discusses a problem, a controversy, or a recent issue.

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Discursive essay is a genre of writing that asks you to investigate a topic; to gather, read and evaluate evidence; and to present a position on your topic based on the evidence gathered. More concise, discursive text is a text that relates facts logically.

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Shilvia Nurin Ni’mah (204200105)
Tria Rohmatul Aziz (204200107)

1. Element of Writing
Argumentative and discussion, Cause and effect, Cohesion, Comparisons, Definitions, Examples, Generalisations, Numbers, Problem and Solutions, Style, Visual Information, Working in groups

2. Argumentative Essay
An argumentative essay is a piece of writing that takes a stance on an issue. In a good argumentative essay, a writer attempts to persuade readers to understand and support their point of view about a topic by stating their reasoning and providing evidence to back it up.
-Introduction : explanation of the issue
-Body :
Opposing to argument 1
Opposing argument 2
Opposing argument 3
Own point of view
- Conclusion

3. A discursive essay thoroughly investigates an argument by offering two opposing perspectives. It’s a practical method of establishing the writer’s opinion on a topic and persuading one’s stance by exploring the reasons why each view may or may not be valid. The author usually maintains a calm and neutral stance throughout the text to establish an unbiased and informative argument.

Structure:
1. Start an essay with an introduction that sounds interesting to the readers.
2. Give a clear stance in the opening paragraph of the essay itself – you can be for or against a topic or statement if the essay asks you to do so.
3. In the subsequent paragraphs, try to build your arguments.
4. Make sure you alternate from one argument to the other in an alternate manner, i.e., if you have written the first paragraph in support of the topic, then your second paragraph should be something against the topic and not in support of it.
5. After you have put all your thoughts and opinions in the body section, you now need to focus on the ending section, which is the conclusion.

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Discursive essay is  an essay where you are required to write on something which can you be either argue for the topic or against the topic