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Summary :

The Great Wall of China is an ancient series of walls and fortifications, totaling more than 13,000 miles in length, located in northern China. Perhaps the most  recognizable symbol of China and its long and vivid history, the Great Wall was originally conceived by Emperor Qin Shi Huang in the third century B.C. as a means of preventing incursions from barbarian nomads. The best-known and best-preserved section of the Great Wall was built in the 14th through 17th centuries A.D., during the Ming dynasty. Though the Great Wall never effectively prevented invaders from entering China, it came to function as a powerful symbol of Chinese civilization’s enduring strength.

Though the beginning of the Great Wall of China can be traced to the fifth century B.C., many of the fortifications included in the wall date from hundreds of years earlier, when China was divided into a number of individual kingdoms during the so-called Warring States Period.

Today, the Great Wall is generally recognized as one of the most impressive architectural feats in human history. In 1987, UNESCO designated the Great Wall a World Heritage site, and a popular claim emerged in the 20th century that it is the only manmade structure visible from space (NASA has since refuted this claim).

Over the years, roadways have been cut through the wall in various points, and many sections have deteriorated after centuries of neglect. The best-known section of the Great Wall of China – Badaling, located 43 miles (70 km) northwest of Beijing – was rebuilt in the late 1950s, and attracts thousands of national and foreign tourists every day.

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In June 1947, the British viceroy announced that India would gain independence by August, and be partitioned into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan— but gave little explanation of how exactly this would happen.

The border took into account where Hindus and Muslims were majorities, but also factors like location and population percentages.

So if a Hindu majority area bordered another Hindu majority area, it would be included in India— but if a Hindu majority area bordered Muslim majority areas, it might become part of Pakistan.

In a period of two years, millions of Hindus and Sikhs living in Pakistan left for India, while Muslims living in India fled villages where their families had lived for centuries.

Meanwhile, the Hindu ruler of Kashmir decided to join India— a decision that was to be finalized by a public referendum of the majority Muslim population.

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24_Nafia Arumnindya Las Sunarya_XI MIPA 1

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Why Was India Split Into Two Countries?.docx

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Summary :

America and Great Britain fought a war from 1812 to 1815. This war was the result of American anger over trade issues, the impression of American sailors, and British aid in Indian attacks on the front lines against Native Americans. Although some Americans regard the War of 1812 as the second war of independence, during this war neither Britain nor America gained a decisive advantage.
The war hawks declared war on Britain on the grounds that Britain had violated international law against disruptive marketing practices, dishonor shown by Britain, and acts of kidnapping. The act of American neutrality also contributed to the outbreak of war in 1812, America has a habit of carrying out its trading activities without showing any interest or concern for the ongoing war between France and England. America's act of neutrality made them exploited by the British. The British began kidnapping and killing innocent American fishermen. The succession of Britain in the 1805 war against France worsened relations between Britain and America, it led to the declination of America to participate in trade activities across the seas.
Finally, representatives from America and Britain met in Ghent, Belgium to sign a peace treaty. According to the signed treaty, all the conquered countries must be returned. The agreement also paved the way for the planning of a commission to solve the existing border problem between America and Canada. Through the signed treaty, the Americans were also able to recover their war lands and ships that had been captured by the British.
America's success in the war of 1812 is also based on the efforts of Andrew Jackson who won the Battle of New Orleans even though they were outnumbered and lost in terms of completing the war. The Battle of New Orleans has illustrated the nationalism of the American volunteers

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Summary :
As a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Dzhozkhar Dudayev, overthrew the local communist government of Chechnya and established an anti-Russian state. Chechnya is considered a republic in the Russian Federation because it has only the simplest autonomy under the soviets. President Yeltsin is concerned that Chechnya will make independence more widespread in some of the Russian federations. Due to the failed attempts of the Chechen opposition, the Russian invasion began on December 11, 1994.

thousands of soldiers and hundreds of tanks were deployed to the republic of Chechnya. Russian troops faced the resistance of thousands of Chechen volunteers who vowed to fight hard against the Russians on the outskirts of the Chechen capital, Grozny.

Chechens fought back in Grozny, thousands of Russian soldiers died and many Chechen civilians died during nearly two years of fighting. In August 1996, Grozny was retaken by Chechnya. Chechnya after a year of Russian occupation, and an armistice declared. In 1997, the last Russian troops left Chechnya. The peace treaty made Chechnya a de facto independent country, even though it was officially part of Russia.

In 1999, the Yeltsin government ordered a second invasion of Chechnya after Russian authorities confirmed that the bombings in Moscow and other cities were linked to Chechen militants. President Putin stepped up Russia's military involvement in Chechnya after terrorist bombings in Russian cities continued. In the second round, the Russian army was accused of many atrocities in its efforts to suppress Chechen militancy.

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14_Himawan Rifky Firmansyah_X MIPA 1_Chechen War

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Sewol ferry sank on 16 April 2014, in South Korean waters taking the lives of over 300 people, while en route from Incheon to Je-ju Island. At about 8:30 a.m., the ship entered the Maenggol Channel.  At about 8:40 am, a sudden turn caused the ferry to list. The Captain, who was in his private cabin at the time of the incident, rushed to the bridge, along with ship mates and helmsmen. Around this time, the chief engineer stopped the engines. With the engines off, Sewol became unable to change directions and began drifting sideways. The Captain and crew ordered everyone onboard to stay put. Up to 9:30 am, about 150-160 passengers and crew had jumped overboard. Sewol took two and a half hours to sink.

304 passengers and crew members perished in the disaster, while 172 were rescued. The 9 out of the 304 people are still unaccounted for and presumed dead. The 254 of the deceased were secondary school students and teachers from Danwon High School (Ansan City). Notably, the Captain, the chief engineer, and second mates were the first people to be rescued.

There are several possible factors that caused this incident : the Captain was taking a rest at the time of the fata turn, leaving an unexperienced third mate alone in the steering house; the ferry reportedly departed by two hours delayed, so it had to speed; the ferry was overloaded, maybe to maximize profit; meanwhile, local media on the aftermath said the state did not conduct an accurate search and rescue operations when the accident happened; the captain did not declare an evacuation order and insisted passengers to ‘stay put’ even as he was leaving the sinking ferry; the crew did not have any ferry disaster-management training.

Arrest warrants were issued. The punishment was given to the eldest son of the ferry owner, the chief engineer of the ferry, the captain and crew of the ship. It has been clearly determined that this accident constitutes another man-made disaster. In this respect, this served as a reminder for Korea to reform its approach to disasters and set up a national emergency operation framework, serving as a lesson for other countries to work towards avoiding the same from happening in their nations.

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27_Niken Satiti_X MIPA 1_Historical Recount_Sewol Sinking 

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The French Revolution was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799.

Its causes are generally agreed to be a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the existing regime proved unable to manage. In May 1789, widespread social distress led to the convocation of the Estates General, which was converted into a National Assembly in June. Continuing unrest culminated in the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July, which led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, including the abolition of feudalism, the imposition of state control over the Catholic Church in France, and extension of the right to vote.

The next three years were dominated by the struggle for political control, exacerbated by economic depression and Civil disorder. Opposition from external powers like Austria, Britain, and Prussia resulted in the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in April 1792. Disillusionment with Louis XVI led to the establishment of the French First Republic on 22 September 1792, followed by his execution in January 1793. In June, an uprising in Paris replaced the Girondins who dominated the National Assembly with the Committee of Public Safety, headed by Maximilien Robespierre.

This sparked the Reign of Terror, an attempt to eradicate alleged "counter-revolutionaries"; by the time it ended in July 1794, over 16,600 had been executed in Paris and the provinces. As well as its external enemies, the Republic faced internal opposition from both Royalists and Jacobins and in order to deal with these threats, the French Directory took power in November 1795. Despite a series of military victories, many won by Napoleon Bonaparte, political divisions and economic stagnation resulted in the Directory being replaced by the Consulate in November 1799. This is generally seen as marking the end of the Revolutionary period.

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07_Azzah Anindya Raissa Putri_X MIPA 1_The History of French Revolution

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Summary :
Berlin Wall, German Berliner Mauer, barrier that surrounded West Berlin and prevented access to it from East Berlin and adjacent areas of East Germany during the period from 1961 to 1989.
In the years between 1949 and 1961, about 2.5 million East Germans had fled from East to West Germany, including steadily rising numbers of skilled workers, professionals, and intellectuals.
In response, East Germany built a barrier to close off East Germans' access to West Berlin and hence West Germany.

The Berlin Wall came to symbolize the Cold War's division of East from West Germany and of eastern from western Europe.
About 5,000 East Germans managed to cross the Berlin Wall and reach West Berlin safely, while another 5,000 were captured by East German authorities in the attempt and 191 more were killed during the actual crossing of the wall.
On November 9 the East German government opened the country's borders with West Germany, and openings were made in the Berlin Wall through which East Germans could travel freely to the West.
The wall henceforth ceased to function as a political barrier between East and West Germany.

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02_Aisyah Mutia Nur Ismah_X MIPA 1_BERLIN WALL

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Summary :

On 18 May, German Grand Admiral Erich Raeder called for more surface units to raid British shipping. The battleship Bismarck and heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen, both newly commissioned and on their first combat mission, were sent from the Baltic Sea toward the Denmark Strait. The action was code named Operation Rheinübung and was commanded by Admiral Günther Lütjens. The German fleet was spotted by a Swedish cruiser and by a Royal Air Force Spitfire aircraft. Admiral Lancelot Holland's group centered around battlecruiser Hood and battleship Prince of Wales was in the region and was immediately notified to intercept. Admiral John Tovey boarded the battleship King George V and set sail for the region alongside of carrier Victorious.

At 0537 on 24 May, Holland's group made contact with the German ships in the Denmark Strait. Prince of Wales drew blood against Bismarck first. The first hit took out the commander's boat and the seaplane catapult, the second passed through the bow, and the third struck the hull underwater. While the two final hits only caused minor damage and flooding, the second hit severed access to the forward fuel tanks, decreasing her range and forcing her to leave a trail of oil slick from that point on.

Beginning at 0555, the German ships fired on Hood. At 0600, while the British ships executed a turn to port, Bismarck hit Hood with at least one shell at a distance of 9 miles. She then broke up into two parts. The stern broke away and sank, while the bow floated for a while before following suit after about three minutes. The sinking of Hood killed 1,415 men, including Holland. Only 3 survived to be rescued two hours later by destroyer Electra.

Soon after, a 203-mm shell from Prinz Eugen and a 380-mm shell from Bismarck hit Prince of Wales, both penetrating her outer armor, but luckily for Prince of Wales, none of them detonated. The hits, however, placed most of the main guns out of action and killed 13 men. She made smoke and retreated at 0604 while her rear turret fired under local control as deterrent to any German pursuit. Though the rear turret shells fell short of their targets, she successfully disengaged from combat at about 0610.

Between 0619 and 0625, Suffolk fired six salvoes at the direction of Bismarck. The British ships continued to shadow the German ships, but the German ships eventually escaped detection. Although only suffering slight listing to port and a small reduction to her speed, Bismarck was leaving an oil slick trail behind her. She began turning for Saint-Nazaire, France for repairs.

On the night of 24 May, British carrier planes hit the Bismarck. This strike did not sink her, but further reduced her speed. Bismarck's maneuvers caused the British to lose track of the German battleship once again. Two days later, Carrier Ark Royal launched Swordfish torpedo bombers led by Lieutenant Goode to attack her, damaging her steering mechanism with one of the two torpedo hits.

In the morning of 27 May, Tovey's King George V was joined by battleship Rodney and the cruisers Dorsetshire and Norfolk, and the collective force engaged Bismarck from the west at 0900, with Bismarck profiled clearly in front of the rising sun. Bismarck returned fire, but her inability to steer and the list to port affected the effectiveness of her guns, while her slow speed of seven knots made her an easy target for British guns. Bismarck rolled over at 1039, probably due to German sailors scuttling the ship, though the actual fate of Bismarck remain somewhat controversial. What is known for sure is that only 115 of her crew were saved.

Name               : Rendi Setiawan

Class                : X MIPA 1

Number           : 31

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31_Rendi Setiawan_X MIPA 1_Battle of Denmark Strait

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Summary :

On 18 May, German Grand Admiral Erich Raeder called for more surface units to raid British shipping. The battleship Bismarck and heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen, both newly commissioned and on their first combat mission, were sent from the Baltic Sea toward the Denmark Strait. The action was code named Operation Rheinübung and was commanded by Admiral Günther Lütjens. The German fleet was spotted by a Swedish cruiser and by a Royal Air Force Spitfire aircraft. Admiral Lancelot Holland's group centered around battlecruiser Hood and battleship Prince of Wales was in the region and was immediately notified to intercept. Admiral John Tovey boarded the battleship King George V and set sail for the region alongside of carrier Victorious.

At 0537 on 24 May, Holland's group made contact with the German ships in the Denmark Strait. Prince of Wales drew blood against Bismarck first. The first hit took out the commander's boat and the seaplane catapult, the second passed through the bow, and the third struck the hull underwater. While the two final hits only caused minor damage and flooding, the second hit severed access to the forward fuel tanks, decreasing her range and forcing her to leave a trail of oil slick from that point on.

Beginning at 0555, the German ships fired on Hood. At 0600, while the British ships executed a turn to port, Bismarck hit Hood with at least one shell at a distance of 9 miles. She then broke up into two parts. The stern broke away and sank, while the bow floated for a while before following suit after about three minutes. The sinking of Hood killed 1,415 men, including Holland. Only 3 survived to be rescued two hours later by destroyer Electra.

Soon after, a 203-mm shell from Prinz Eugen and a 380-mm shell from Bismarck hit Prince of Wales, both penetrating her outer armor, but luckily for Prince of Wales, none of them detonated. The hits, however, placed most of the main guns out of action and killed 13 men. She made smoke and retreated at 0604 while her rear turret fired under local control as deterrent to any German pursuit. Though the rear turret shells fell short of their targets, she successfully disengaged from combat at about 0610.

Between 0619 and 0625, Suffolk fired six salvoes at the direction of Bismarck. The British ships continued to shadow the German ships, but the German ships eventually escaped detection. Although only suffering slight listing to port and a small reduction to her speed, Bismarck was leaving an oil slick trail behind her. She began turning for Saint-Nazaire, France for repairs.

On the night of 24 May, British carrier planes hit the Bismarck. This strike did not sink her, but further reduced her speed. Bismarck's maneuvers caused the British to lose track of the German battleship once again. Two days later, Carrier Ark Royal launched Swordfish torpedo bombers led by Lieutenant Goode to attack her, damaging her steering mechanism with one of the two torpedo hits.

In the morning of 27 May, Tovey's King George V was joined by battleship Rodney and the cruisers Dorsetshire and Norfolk, and the collective force engaged Bismarck from the west at 0900, with Bismarck profiled clearly in front of the rising sun. Bismarck returned fire, but her inability to steer and the list to port affected the effectiveness of her guns, while her slow speed of seven knots made her an easy target for British guns. Bismarck rolled over at 1039, probably due to German sailors scuttling the ship, though the actual fate of Bismarck remain somewhat controversial. What is known for sure is that only 115 of her crew were saved.

Name               : Rendi Setiawan

Class                : X MIPA 1

Number           : 31

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31_Rendi Setiawan_X MIPA 1_Battle of Denmark Strait

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The European Union is an intergovernmental and supra-national organization consisting of European countries. The number of member countries currently is 27 countries out of a total of 50 countries whose territory is geographically included in Europe. The European Union was formed on November 1, 1993. However, the European Union was not formed just like that, this organization originated from an organization called the European Coal and Steel Community , which later changed to the European Community .

This European Community later changed its name to the European Union through the signing of the Maastrichtn agreement. In 1950, French Foreign Minister Robert Schumann on the advice of Jean Monnet proposed an idea for the integration of France and Germany in the steel and coal industry, the organization being formed was called the European Coal and Steel Community . They invited other countries to join, so that ECSC membership opened 6 countries, namely France, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, and Luxembourg. Following up on this decision, on March 25, 1957, in Rome, Italy, the European Atomic Energy Community was signed, but better known as Euratom and the European Economic Community .

In July 1967, the ECSC, EEC, and Euratom were officially merged into the European Community . January 1, 1973, the EC member added 4 countries, namely the United Kingdom, Denmark, Ireland, and Norway. So that in 1986, several amendments and additions were added to the EC treaties, this package of amendments and additions is known as the Single European Act . On February 7, 1992, signed the Treaty on European Union in Maastricht which changed the European Community to the European Union , this came into force on November 1, 1993.

The change of name from the European Community to the European Union signifies that this organization has changed from an economic entity to a political one. A fairly well-established organizational structure makes this organization very effective in implementing its policies.

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19_Labiba Setyofi WP_X MIPA 1_Historical Recount

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SUMMARY:

The Holocaust was the systematic murder of Europe's Jews by the Nazis and their collaborators during the Second World War. This program of targeted mass murder was a central part of the Nazis’ broader plans to create a new world order based on their ideology.

The Nazis’ program of anti-Jewish persecution began as soon as Hitler came to power in 1933. The process of persecution escalated in the late 1930s, before developing into a campaign of mass murder during the course of the Second World War.

From the beginning of 1942 these massacres were consolidated into a program of coordinated annihilation. Millions of Jews were deported from ghettos or holding camps to be killed. Political opponents, homosexuals, prisoners of conscience, Roma, Jehovah Witnesses, Poles, Soviet prisoners of war and others were killed or died in camps as a result of neglect, starvation or disease. By 1945, the Germans and their collaborators had killed nearly two out of every three European Jews as part of the “Final Solution,” the Nazi policy to murder the Jews of Europe.

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THE HOLOCAUST_11_Fadhila Dien Nafisa_X MIPA 1

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SUMMARY

Vietnam War(1954-75), is a prolonged conflict between North Vietnam and its allies in South Vietnam, commonly known as the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its principal ally, United States. This war was also part of Indochina war and Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies.

The conflict began from the desire of North Vietnam, which had defeated the French colonials administration of Vietnam in 1954, to unite Vietnam under a single communist regime. On the other hand, the South Vietnamese government wants Vietnam to be closer to the West. Throughout the 1950s US military advisers were present in small numbers, were introduced on a large scale beginning in 1961, Were introduced on a large scale beginning in 1961, followed by active combat units in 1965. In 1969, there were 500,000 US military personnel stationed in Vietnam. Meanwhile, the Soviet Union and China poured weapons, supplies, and advisers into the North, which in turn provided support, political direction, and regular combat troops for the campaign in the South. due to the increasing casualties and costs of the war, US withdrawn its military units in 1973 and South Vietnam was full occupied by the north Vietnamese in 1975.

In 1995 Vietnam released official estimate of war dead: 2 million civilians on both side and 1.1 million Viet Cong fighters. The US military estimated that between 200,000-250,000 South Vietnamese soldiers died in the war. In 1982 the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was dedicated in Washington, D.C., inscribed with the names of 57,939 members of U.S. armed forces who had died or were missing as a result of the war. Over the following years, additions to the list have brought the total past 58,200. Among other countries that fought for South Vietnam on a smaller scale, South Korea suffered more than 4,000 dead, Thailand about 350, Australia more than 500, and New Zealand some three dozen.

Vietnam emerged from the war as a potent military power within Southeast Asia, but its economic conditions are deteriorating, land is full of landmines, and buildings are heavily damaged. A mass exodus in 1975 of people loyal to the South Vietnamese cause was followed by another wave in 1978 of “boat people,” refugees fleeing the economic restructuring imposed by the communist regime. Meanwhile the US military began to accept defeat in its longest and most controversial war. The two countries finally resumed formal diplomatic relations in 1995.

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Untuk file history recount "click here"

SUMMARY :

On May 14, 1948, the State of Israel was created, sparking the first Arab-Israeli War.  The war ended in 1949 with Israel`s victory, but 750,000 Palestinians were displaced and the territory was divided into 3 parts: the State of Israel, the West Bank (of the Jordan River), and the Gaza Strip.  In June 1967, following a series of maneuvers by Egyptian President Abdel Gamal Nasser, Israel preemptively attacked Egyptian and Syrian air forces, starting the Six-Day War.  After the war, Israel gained territorial control over the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip from Egypt; the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan; and the Golan Heights from Syria.

Finally, in 1979, following a series of cease-fires and peace negotiations, representatives from Egypt and Israel signed the Camp David Accords, a peace treaty that ended the thirty-year conflict between Egypt and Israel.  In 1987, hundreds of thousands of Palestinians living in the West Bank and Gaza Strip rose up against the Israeli government in what is known as the first intifada.  The 1993 Oslo I Accords mediated the conflict, setting up a framework for the Palestinians to govern themselves in the West Bank and Gaza, and enabled mutual recognition between the newly established Palestinian Authority and Israel`s government.  In 1995, the Oslo II Accords expanded on the first agreement, adding provisions that mandated the complete withdrawal of Israel from 6 cities and 450 towns in the West Bank.

In 2000, sparked in part by Palestinian grievances over Israel`s control over the West Bank, a stagnating peace process, and former Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon`s visit to the al-Aqsa mosque—the third holiest site in Islam—in September 2000, Palestinians launched the second intifada, which would last until 2005.  In 2013, the United States attempted to revive the peace process between the Israeli government and the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank.  Hamas, a spin-off of Egypt`s Muslim Brotherhood founded in 1987 following the first intifada, is one of two major Palestinian political parties and was designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States in 1997.  In the summer of 2014, clashes in the Palestinian territories precipitated a military confrontation between the Israeli military and Hamas in which Hamas fired nearly three thousand rockets at Israel, and Israel retaliated with a major offensive in Gaza.

Israel considers the “complete and united Jerusalem” its capital, while Palestinians claim East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state.  In January 2020, the Trump administration released its long-awaited “Peace to Prosperity” plan, which was rejected by Palestinians due to its support for future Israeli annexation of settlements in the West Bank and control over an “undivided” Jerusalem.  In August and September 2020, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and then Bahrain agreed to normalize relations with Israel, making them only the third and fourth countries in the region—following Egypt in 1979 and Jordan in 1994—to do so.  The agreements, named the Abraham Accords, came more than eighteen months after the United States hosted Israel and several Arab states for ministerial talks in Warsaw, Poland, about the future of peace.

Thank you...

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For Americans and people watching around the world, September 11, 2001, is a day that will never be forgotten.
19 militants linked to the Islamic extremist group al Qaeda hijacked four planes and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States. Two of the planes were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. The third plane crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and the fourth crashed in a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania and failed to reach its original target in Washington. Within three hours, New York’s tallest buildings were reduced to rubble, and the Pentagon—the nerve center of the American armed forces—was burning and partially collapsed. Thousands of civilians had lost their lives and were seriously injured, and the entire country was in collective shock, still trying to make sense of how a coordinated act of terrorism of that magnitude was allowed to take place on American soil. Nearly 3,000 people died and more than 25,000 were injured in the 9/11 terrorist attacks. This attack made the US to fight terrorism and triggered many countries to strengthen anti-terrorism laws. In addition, this attack harmed the economy of New York City and created a global economic recession. After that incident, many memorials were built as memories of the deadliest terrorist attack with the highest number of victims in human history.

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SUMMARY

After the Second World War, the United States and the Soviet Union agreed temporarily to divide Korea into North Korea (supported by the Soviets) and South Korea (supported by the United States). On June 25 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea, and U.S. Pres. Harry Truman ordered troops to assist South Korea. The UN Security Council, minus the absent Soviet delegate, passed a resolution calling for the assistance of all UN members in halting the North Koreans. At first, North Korean forces had swept across almost all of South Korea; American forces held only a small defensive perimeter in the country’s southeast, near Busan. However, under the command of General Douglas MacArthur, the United States launched a bold counter-offensive that included a daring amphibious landing at Inchon. Douglas MacArthur, turned the tide in favour of the UN troops, who advanced near the border of North Korea and China. The Chinese then entered the war and drove the UN forces back south; the front line stabilized at the 38th parallel. MacArthur insisted on voicing his objections to U.S. war aims in a public manner and was relieved of his command by Truman. U.S. Pres. Dwight D. In 1953, an armistice established a status quo antebellum border near the border that had originally divided North and South Korea. About 36,500 American soldiers died in the war, as well as hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians from North Korea, South Korea, and coalition forces.
The United States demonstrated its continuing commitment to key elements of its Cold War strategy.

Name: Ashif Mukhasabah
Number: 06
Class: X MIPA 1

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Summary

Mary Hunt was a bacteriologist who in 1941 worked as a team member at NRRL with Andrew Moyer, Norman Heatley, and Howard Florey in an effort to mass-produce penicillin. Florey and Heatley had just landed with Penicillium spores from Oxford stored in their coat pockets. Soon after arriving in Peoria, all the scientists involved in Florey's team worked hard to breed the contraband Penicillium. It wasn't until late July 1941 that the culture was successful. The next step is how to mass-produce Penicillium so that there is enough penicillin to treat patients? Mary Hunt, a member of the team bacteriologist, uses her passion and ability to shop to scour all markets in Peoria in search of the most potent molds. Mary's persistence finally paid off when she managed to find a slightly rotten cantaloupe with golden mold that looked perfect to Mary. He took it to the laboratory and gave it the code “Mold No. 72”.

Mold No. These 72 were later identified as Penicillium chrysogenum, which turned out to produce 200 times more penicillin than the Penicillium notatum used by Alexander Fleming—the discoverer of penicillin 13 years earlier.

First Attempt On March 14, 1942, Anne Miller lay dead in New Haven Hospital because her blood was poisoned. After receiving the penicillin injection, Miller's fever had subsided and he was able to swallow food again. Miller was recorded as the first patient whose life was saved thanks to penicillin.

Miller could have died in grief after a miscarriage if Howard Florey and Norman Heatley had not decided to leave England and head for the small town of Peoria in Illinois. In 1939, Howard Florey formed a team at Oxford to research penicillin. He recruited Norman Heatly, a fungi expert in charge of breeding Penicillium spp. It was reported that the use of penicillin has sufficient potential to protect animals infected with Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium septique.

Penicillin was first tested on an Oxford police officer who had a severe infection that left his body full of abscesses. Within 24 hours of administration of penicillin, encouraging changes occurred. But Florey's team didn't have much in stock. The need to produce penicillin on an industrial scale could not be met by the British government because all the major pharmaceutical companies in England were focused on the production of other drugs that were already determined for World War II.

Name : Pingky Maharani Salsabila

Kelas  : X MIPA 1

No      : 29

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The History of the Discovery of Penicillin

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SUMMARY

Ebola virus disease (EVD), one of the deadliest viral diseases, was discovered in 1976. The first outbreak occurred in the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire) and the second outbreak occurred in what is now South Sudan. Scientists concluded that the virus came from two different sources and spread independently to people in each of the affected areas. The 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa began in a rural setting of southeastern Guinea and became a global epidemic within months.
Following the discovery of the virus, scientists studied thousands of animals, insects, and plants in search of its source. African fruit bats are likely involved in the spread of Ebola virus and may even be the source animal (reservoir host). The most recent Ebola virus to be detected, Bombali virus, was identified in samples from bats collected in Sierra Leone. The use of contaminated needles and syringes during the earliest outbreaks enabled transmission and amplification of Ebola virus.
In 1989, Reston ebolavirus was discovered in research monkeys imported from the Philippines into the U.S. By the 1994 Cote dIvoire outbreak, scientists and public health officials had a better understanding of how Ebola virus spreads and progress was made to reduce the transmission. During the 1995 Kikwit, Zaire (now DRC) outbreak, the international public health community played a strong role, as it was now widely agreed that containment and control of Ebola virus were paramount in ending outbreaks. In the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa. Changes in behaviors related to mourning and burial, along with the adoption of safe burial practices, were critical in controlling that epidemic.

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15_Ilham Rakha Adyatma_X MIPA 1_Historical Recount_History of Ebola Virus Disease

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SUMMARY

Battle of the Atlantic, in World War II, a contest between the Western Allies and the Axis powers for the control of Atlantic sea routes. The Axis, in turn, hoped to frustrate Allied use of the Atlantic to wage war. For British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, the Battle of the Atlantic represented Germany’s best chance to defeat the Western powers. The first phase of the battle for the Atlantic lasted from the autumn of 1939 until the fall of France in June 1940.

During that period the Anglo-French coalition drove German merchant shipping from the sea and established a fairly effective long-range blockade, while the German navy attempted to inflict some measure of damage on Allied forces at sea. The battle took a radically different turn in May–June 1940, following the Axis conquest of the Low Countries, the fall of France, and Italy’s entry into the war on the Axis side. Britain lost French naval support just when its own sea power had been hurt by losses incurred in the retreat from Norway and the evacuation from Dunkirk and stretched by Italian belligerency. Axis air power imperiled and eventually barred the direct route through the Mediterranean Sea to the Suez Canal, forcing British shipping to use the long alternative route around the Cape of Good Hope.

That cut the total cargo-carrying capacity of the British merchant marine almost in half at the very moment when German acquisition of naval and air bases on the Atlantic coast foreshadowed more destructive attacks on shipping in northern waters. From the German perspective, with the conquest of western Europe complete, knocking Britain out of the war by attacking its trade seemed a manageable objective. Beginning in the autumn of 1940, German U-boat attacks were dramatically successful, and over the winter Germany also sent out its major surface warships and air power. With help from burgeoning Canadian naval and air forces, a fully escorted transatlantic convoy system was in place by May 1941, the same month that the German surface attacks on Allied trade routes collapsed with the loss of the battleship Bismarck.

At that critical juncture, the United States, though still technically a nonbelligerent, assumed a more active role in the Atlantic war. In 1940, through the Destroyers for Bases deal, the United States turned over 50 World War I destroyers to Great Britain, which helped to make good previous naval losses. In addition, Canada built naval and air bases in Newfoundland. By the fall of 1941, the Americans were fully engaged in escorting shipping in the northwest Atlantic alongside the Canadians and British, and the U. The U-boats, meanwhile, were drawn off to the Mediterranean and the Arctic in support of Germany’s new war with Russia while those attacking convoys on the Sierra Leone route suffered a tactical defeat by increasingly better-equipped British escort forces.

By late 1941 the North Atlantic was comparatively quiet. The United States’ formal entry into the war in December 1941 opened a vast new area for U-boat operations in American waters just as U. The German offensive off the U. As in 1941, help from Canada’s expanding military came in a timely fashion in 1942 as Canadian naval and air forces filled the void left in the North Atlantic by the departure of U. Canadians established the first convoys in the American zone, and American convoys soon followed. The progressive expansion of the convoy system in the Western Hemisphere had forced the U-boats back into the mid-Atlantic by late 1942, where the battle climaxed over the next six months. The crisis peaked in March, when the Allies’ top-secret Ultra program suffered a lapse in intercepting and decrypting German communications for mid-ocean U-boats.

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A History of Joseon : Korea's Last Dynasty

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A History of Joseon : Korea's Last Dynasty

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Summary :

The previous dynasty, the Goryeo, declined in the late 14th century, weakened by internal power struggles and occupation by the Mongol fold. As a result, King U and King Chang were executed, and later ascended the throne under the name King Taejo. During the first few years of King Taejo's reign, the nobles still loyal to the Goryeo kings threatened to revolt. As a result, King Taejo crushed the rebellion and declared himself the founder of the “Great Joseon Kingdom.” King Taejo also moved the capital from Gaegyeong to a new city called "Hanseong", which is now known as Seoul. Joseon's culture and power reached new heights under Taejo's grandson, King Sejong the Great. Sejong is best known for inventing the Korean character, Hangul, which is phonetic and easier to learn than Chinese. However, in the late 1500s, the Japanese used their samurai armies to invade Joseon Korea with the aim of defeating Ming China. After Defeating Japan, Joseon Korea became more and more. When the Ming Dynasty in China fell to the Manchus, who founded the Qing Dynasty, Korea chose not to pay tribute to the new Manchurian dynasty which caused constant turmoil with Korea and eventually the Manchus forced the Joseon rulers to submit to tributary relationship with Qing China. Throughout the 19th century, Japan and Qing China competed for power in East Asia. The First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) took place mainly on Korean soil and ended in defeat for the Qing which resulted in Japan taking over Korean lands and natural resources until the end of World War II. In 1910, the Joseon Dynasty fell, and Japan officially occupied the Korean Peninsula. Japan ruled Korea for the next 35 years until Japan surrendered to the Allies at the end of World War II.

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26_X MIPA 1_NAYLA NOVIA FITRI_Historical Recount

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The September 11 attacks, commonly referred to as 9/11, were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the militant Islamist terrorist network al-Qaeda against the United States on Tuesday September 11, 2001. Throughout that morning, four commercial airliners traveling from the northeastern U.S. to California were hijacked mid-flight by 19 al-Qaeda terrorists, who were organized into three groups of five members and one group of four. Each group had one hijacker who had received flight training and took over control of the aircraft. Their explicit goal was to crash each plane into a prominent American building, causing mass casualties and partial or complete destruction of the targeted buildings. Two of the planes hit the North and South Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. A third plane hit the west side of the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. A fourth plane was intended to crash into a target in Washington, D.C., but instead crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, following a passenger revolt.
The attacks resulted in 2,977 fatalities, over 25,000 injuries, and substantial long-term health consequences, in addition to at least $10 billion in infrastructure and property damage. It remains the deadliest terrorist attack in human history and the single deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 340 and 72 killed, respectively. Numerous memorials have been constructed, including the National September 11 Memorial & Museum in New York City, the Pentagon Memorial in Arlington County, Virginia, and the Flight 93 National Memorial at the Pennsylvania crash site.

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33_Wafi Zhafarina Khasanah_X MIPA 1_September 11 Attacks Historical Recount

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SUMMARY

The United States was aware that the Japanese were planning an attack in the Pacific. The location for the attack was the base at Midway on June 4, 1942. Early on the morning of June 4, aircraft from four Japanese aircraft carriers attacked and severely damaged the US base on Midway. After their initial attacks, the Japanese aircraft headed back to their carriers to rearm and refuel. Unbeknownst to the Japanese, the US carrier forces were just to the east of the island and ready for battle. Aircraft from three US aircraft carriers attacked the Japanese fleet. The Japanese carriers Akagi, Kaga, and Soryu sank. Hiryu, the only surviving Japanese carrier, responded with two waves of attacks—both times bombing the USS Yorktown, leaving it severely damaged but still afloat. The Enterprise sent dive-bombers to attack the Hiryu. That attack left the Hiryu burning and it finally sank. The Japanese lost approximately 3,057 men, four carriers, one cruiser, and hundreds of aircraft, while the United States lost approximately 362 men, one carrier, one destroyer, and 144 aircraft. This critical US victory stopped the growth of Japan in the Pacific.

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12_Faris Ilyasa Darmawan_X MIPA 1_Historical Recount_The Battle of Midway

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The Invasion of Normandy, codenamed Operation Overlord, was a landing operation carried out by Allied forces during World War II on 6 June 1944. It was the largest naval invasion in history. Germany invaded and occupied northwestern France beginning in May 1940. The Americans entered the war in December 1941, and by 1942 they and the British were considering the possibility of a major Allied invasion across the English Channel. By dawn on June 6, 1944, approximately 156,000 Allied troops had successfully stormed Normandy’s beaches. The Germans were hampered by effective Allied air support, which took out many key bridges and forced the Germans to take long detours, as well as efficient Allied naval support, which helped protect advancing Allied troops. By the end of August 1944, the Allies had reached the Seine River. Paris was liberated and the Germans had been removed from northwestern France, effectively concluding the Battle of Normandy. The following spring, on May 8, 1945, the Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany. Hitler committed suicide a week earlier, on April 30. The invasion resulted in the Allied liberation of Western Europe from Nazi Germany’s control.

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25_Nasywaa Aulia Rachma_X MIPA 1_Historical Recount_Normandy Invasion

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SUMMARY

Cold War, open yet restricted rivalry and hostility that developed after World War II between the U.S. and the Soviet Union and their respective allies. The U.S. and Britain, alarmed by the Soviet domination of Eastern Europe, feared the expansion of Soviet power and communism in Western Europe and elsewhere. The Soviets were determined to maintain control of Eastern Europe, in part to safeguard against a possible renewed threat from Germany. The Cold War (the term was first used by Bernard Baruch during a congressional debate in 1947) was waged mainly on political, economic, and propaganda fronts and had only limited recourse to weapons. It was at its peak in 1948–1953 with the Berlin blockade and airlift, the formation of NATO, the victory of the communists in the Chinese civil war, and the Korean War. Another intense stage occurred in 1958–1962 with the Cuban missile crisis, which resulted in a weapons buildup by both sides. A period of détente in the 1970s was followed by renewed hostility. The Cold War ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.

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05_Alvian Reno Andriantoro_X MIPA 1_Historical Recount Cold War

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SUMMARY

Rohingya have lived in Rakhine since the 7th century, some others say since the 16th century. The ancestors of the Rohingya are a mixture of Arabs, Turks, Persians, Afghans, Bengalis, and Indi-Mongoloids. Their population in Rakhine reaches more than 1 million people.

The Myanmar government claims that the Rohingya are ineligible for citizenship under the military-drafted Citizenship Act in 1982. The document defines a citizen as an ethnic group that had permanently settled within modern Myanmar boundaries prior to 1823. That was the year before the first war between England-Myanmar. The British colonial government is the party that encouraged the Rohingya migration to Myanmar.

In 1799, a surgeon, Francis Buchanan, with a British East India company traveled to Myanmar and met with Muslims who had long lived in Rakhine. This indicates that the Rohingya Muslims had lived in Rakhine for at least 25 years before 1823. Even though the name Rohingya is too taboo to be accepted in Myanmar, history tells us clearly that the ethnic group itself has been in Rakhine for centuries. A significant Muslim population is said to have lived in the Mrauk-U Kingdom which ruled Rakhine from the mid-15th century to the late 18th century. Not only that, the Buddhist kings of Mrauk-U even respected Muslims. According to Poling, the evidence shows that it is the Muslim community that is the origin of the Rohingya today.

In 2012, Rakhine became the world's spotlight after bloody clashes between the two groups left more than 200 people dead. The attacks on three border posts on October 9, 2016 and then triggered a military operation in Rakhine, precisely in an area that is a settlement of Rohingya Muslims.

According to the local authority's version, this policy is a purge against a handful of people they call a militant group from among the Rohingya. However, recently, there have been allegations of abuse of power by the military. They reportedly committed rape, murder, and burning houses and buildings.

Many inside Myanmar, including a number of religious figures and political leaders, have called for the Rohingya Muslims to be expelled through any means possible. Community leaders who defend the existence of Rohingya Muslims will be labeled persona non-grata.

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10_Eka Febri Yanti_X MIPA 1_The History of Rohingya

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SUMMARY
The French Revolution was a watershed event in modern European history that began in 1789 and ended in the late 1790s with the ascent of Napoleon Bonaparte. During this period, French citizens razed and redesigned their country’s political landscape, uprooting centuries-old institutions such as absolute monarchy and the feudal system.

As the 18th century drew to a close, France’s costly involvement in the American Revolution, and extravagant spending by King Louis XVI and his predecessor, had left the country on the brink of bankruptcy.

In the fall of 1786, Louis XVI’s controller general, Charles Alexandre de Calonne, proposed a financial reform package that included a universal land tax from which the privileged classes would no longer be exempt.

France’s population had changed considerably since 1614. The non-aristocratic members of the Third Estate now represented 98 percent of the people but could still be outvoted by the other two bodies.

By the time the Estates-General convened at Versailles, the highly public debate over its voting process had erupted into hostility between the three orders, eclipsing the original purpose of the meeting and the authority of the man who had convened it.

On June 12, as the National Assembly (known as the National Constituent Assembly during its work on a constitution) continued to meet at Versailles, fear and violence consumed the capital.

Though enthusiastic about the recent breakdown of royal power, Parisians grew panicked as rumors of an impending military coup began to circulate. A popular insurgency culminated on July 14 when rioters stormed the Bastille fortress in an attempt to secure gunpowder and weapons; many consider this event, now commemorated in France as a national holiday, as the start of the French Revolution.

In late August, the Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen), a statement of democratic principles grounded in the philosophical and political ideas of Enlightenment thinkers like Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

The document proclaimed the Assembly’s commitment to replace the ancien régime with a system based on equal opportunity, freedom of speech, popular sovereignty and representative government.

In April 1792, the newly elected Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria and Prussia, where it believed that French émigrés were building counterrevolutionary alliances; it also hoped to spread its revolutionary ideals across Europe through warfare.

On January 21, 1793, it sent King Louis XVI, condemned to death for high treason and crimes against the state, to the guillotine; his wife Marie-Antoinette suffered the same fate nine months later.

Following the king’s execution, war with various European powers and intense divisions within the National Convention ushered the French Revolution into its most violent and turbulent phase.

In June 1793, the Jacobins seized control of the National Convention from the more moderate Girondins and instituted a series of radical measures, including the establishment of a new calendar and the eradication of Christianity.

On August 22, 1795, the National Convention, composed largely of Girondins who had survived the Reign of Terror, approved a new constitution that created France’s first bicameral legislature.

Royalists and Jacobins protested the new regime but were swiftly silenced by the army, now led by a young and successful general named Napoleon Bonaparte.

The Directory’s four years in power were riddled with financial crises, popular discontent, inefficiency and, above all, political corruption. By the late 1790s, the directors relied almost entirely on the military to maintain their authority and had ceded much of their power to the generals in the field.

On November 9, 1799, as frustration with their leadership reached a fever pitch, Bonaparte staged a coup d’état, abolishing the Directory and appointing himself France’s “first consul.” The event marked the end of the French Revolution and the beginning of the Napoleonic era, in which France would come to dominate much of continental Europe.

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32_Sagita Ajeng Kartika_X Mipa 1_Historical Recount_French Revolution

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SUMMARY
The Battle of Britain was an important battle in World War II. The Battle of Britain began on July 10, 1940 when Germany bombed Great Britain to crush Britain and prepare for a months-long invasion.

The Germans first attacked the towns and army defenses on the south coast. However, they decided to focus their efforts on defeating the Royal Air Force by bombing the runways and radar of Britain airports because the Britain's air force was formidable. Although the German bombing continued, the Britain did not stop fighting so Hitler became frustrated and switched tactics to start bombing major cities including London.

On September 15, 1940, the Germans launched a massive bombing raid on the city of London for so long that they believed they were close to victory. However, the attack began to slow down as they were still unable to defeat the Britain Air Force.

Even though the Germans had more planes and pilots, the Britain were able to fight them and win the battle because of the passion to fight and defend their homeland and they had the radar. Radar allowed the Britain to know when and where German planes were coming to attack so they could have their planes in the air to help with defense

Name : Lutfi Asri Nurahmadani
Number : 21
Class : X MIPA 1

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21_Lutfi Asri N_X MIPA 1_The Battle of Britain

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SUMMARY

The October Revolution, officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution under the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917–1923. It was the second revolutionary change of government in Russia in 1917. The October Revolution followed and capitalized on the February Revolution earlier in the year. The February Revolution had overthrown the Tsarist autocracy, resulting in a provisional government.

The provisional government had taken power after being proclaimed by Grand Duke Michael, Tsar Nicholas II's younger brother, who declined to take power after the Tsar stepped down. During this time, urban workers began to organize into councils wherein revolutionaries criticized the provisional government and its actions. The provisional government's popularity imploded largely due to their decision to remain in World War I. To prevent further insurrections the Provisional Government began ruling with an iron fist throughout the summer which resulted in the deaths of hundreds of protesters in the July Days. On 10 October 1917 , the Petrograd Soviet, led by Trotsky, voted to back a military uprising.

As the Revolution was not universally recognized, the country descended into civil war, which would last until 1923.

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SUMMARY

The Civil War is the central event in America's historical consciousness. The American Civil War was the largest and most destructive conflict in the Western world between the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the onset of World War I in 1914. The Civil War started because of uncompromising differences between the free and slave states over the power of the national government to prohibit slavery in the territories that had not yet become states. The event that triggered war came at Fort Sumter in Charleston Bay on April 12, 1861. Claiming this United States fort as their own, the Confederate army on that day opened fire on the federal garrison and forced it to lower the American flag in surrender. But the real fighting began in 1862. Huge battles like Shiloh in Tennessee, Gaines' Mill, Second Manassas, and Fredericksburg in Virginia, and Antietam in Maryland foreshadowed even bigger campaigns and battles in subsequent years, from Gettysburg in Pennsylvania to Vicksburg on the Mississippi to Chickamauga and Atlanta in Georgia. For three long years, from 1862 to 1865, the bloody war continued. By the spring of 1865 all the principal Confederate armies surrendered, and esistance collapsed and the war ended. The long, painful process of rebuilding a united nation free of slavery began.

Name: Isnalia Nur Arifah
Class: X MIPA 1
Number: 18

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 18_Isnalia Nur Arifah_X MIPA 1_The History of American Civil War

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SUMMARY
The Philippine Islands were discovered by Magellen in 1521, and claimed by Spain. The original peoples were largely Malay and Indonesian tribes, Negritos The earliest inhabitants were Negritos, sometimes called Pygmies and mainly Chinese merchants. In the early period the colony was quite isolated from Spain, which led to near autonomy by the colonial leaders. The population was converted to Roman Catholicism. Filipino desire for independence led to numerous uprisings. The most important of these began in 1896 and continued until the United States defeated Spain in 1898 in the Spanish-American War. Independence was declared at that time, but the terms of the treaty of Paris in 1898 ceded the Islands to the United States. The War of Resistance from 1899 to 1902 against U.S. rule is now referred to by many Filipinos as the Philippine-American War. Although the insurrection was crushed by the United States, the U.S. declared that its administration was temporary, and had as its goal the development of a free and democratic government. The country suffered great damage and complete organizational breakdown during the World War II in which over a million Filipinos lost their lives. On July 4, 1946 the Philippine Islands became the independent Republic of the Philippines.

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36_Yohanida Azahra R_X MIPA 1_Historical Recount

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SUMMARY
The United States dropped two nuclear weapons over Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively. The two bombings killed between 129,000 and 226,000 people, most of whom were civilians. At the end of World War II, the Allies prepared to invade Japan with the start of a conventional campaign and firebombs that destroyed 67 Japanese cities. In July 1945, the Allied Manhattan Project produced the Fat Man bomb (a plutonium implosion type nuclear weapon) and Little Boy (enriched uranium gun-type fission weapon), and United States special forces deployed to Tinian in the Mariana Islands. On July 26, 1945 the Allies called for an ultimatum of unconditionally surrender to Japan but Japan ignored it.

With approval from the United Kingdom for bombing as required by the Quebec Treaty, atomic bombs were used against Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, and Nagasaki on the grounds of large urban areas containing important military facilities. On August 6, 1945, Hiroshima was dropped by the Little Boy Bomb. Three days later on August 9, 1925 Fat man bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. Over the next two to four months the effects of the bombs killed 90,000-146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000-80,000 people in Nagasaki with burns, radiation sickness, and malnutrition. Japan finally surrendered to the allies on 15 August 1945 and signed the instruments of surrender on 2 September 1945 which ended the war.

Name: Dinda Nailasari
Number: 09
Kelas: X MIPA 1

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09_Dinda Nailasari_X MIPA 1_Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

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SUMMARY

The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon the United States against the naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, on Sunday morning, December 7, 1941. The attack commenced at 7:48 a.m. Hawaiian Time (18:18 GMT). The base was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese aircraft (including fighters, level and dive bombers, and torpedo bombers) in two waves, launched from six aircraft carriers. A total of 188 U.S. aircraft were destroyed; 2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded.  The attack on Pearl Harbor was later judged in the Tokyo Trials to be a war crime, because the attack happened without a declaration of war and without explicit warning.

Name : Alfin Ghoisanni
Number : 04
Class : X MIPA 1

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04_Alfin Ghoisanni_X MIPA 1_The Attack on Pearl Harbor

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Constantinople was a city built by the Byzantine emperor, Constantine I, in the year 330. This city was very strategic. It lies between the borders of Europe and Asia, both on land as one of the Silk Roads and at sea, between the Mediterranean and Black Seas. It is also considered the best point as a cultural center of the world, at least in the geopolitical conditions at that time.

It is not surprising that Constantinople has always been a city of struggle for the nations of the world, whether from Europe, Russia, Africa, Persia, Arab-Muslims, and even the Sultanate of Turkey. The Islamic caliphate itself, in the span of 800 years, has tried to seize it, but has always failed. Starting from Caliph Muawiyah bin Abu Sufyan (44 H), Sulaiman bin Abdul Malik (98 H), Harun al-Rashid (190 H), until the Ottoman Empire - from Sultan Bayazid I (796 H) to Sultan Murad II ( 1451 AD).

This book recounts the success of Sultan Mehmet II (Mahmud II), the son of Sultan Murad II, in liberating Constantinople from the hands of Emperor Constantine XI Paleologus. A great achievement that could never be done before the caliphs of Islam.

This event marked the opening of the Middle East world to the modern world which, according to Abul Hasan Ali al-Hasani an-Nadwi in his book, Madza Khasira al-Alam bi Inhithath al-Muslimin, has revived the spirit of the Muslims to restore the glory and authority of Islam in the eyes of Islam. world after the collapse of the Bani Abbasiyah by the Tartar Mongol army.

Constantinople was a sea city with thick double-layered walls 10 meters high and surrounded by a 7 meter deep moat, which could not be besieged except by a naval fleet. Realizing that, Sultan Mehmet II brought 400 units of warships, cannons of destruction, and other sophisticated heavy equipment, with a total troop of 150,000 personnel.

Right on Friday, April 6, 1453, Sultan Mehmet II with his teacher, Shaykh Aaq Syamsudin (descendants of Abu Bakar Siddiq), along with his two right-hand men, Halil Pasha and Zaghanos Pasha, stormed the fort of the city of Constantinople. Accompanied by a rain of arrows, the Turkish Islamic army advanced in three layers of troops. "Irregular" in the first layer, "Anatolian Army" in the second layer, and finally the special forces "Yanissari".

Although all capabilities with the help of advanced technology were deployed, Constantinople was difficult to conquer. Many of the Sultan's soldiers died and almost frustrated him. Until finally an idea that sounded stupid had to be done overnight: move battleships by land to avoid the chain of obstacles. This effort succeeded in getting 70 ships into the Golden Horn Strait area to surprise the enemy. For almost two months the Sultan's troops pounded the defenses of Constantinople. Until Tuesday 20 Jumadil Ula 857 H / 29 May 1453 AD, the day of victory arrived. Through the gates of Edirne, the Sultan's troops entered the city and raised the Ottoman flag at the top of the city as a sign of the collapse of the glory of Constantinople. In the great battle, Emperor Constantine XI is reported to have died, although until now his body has never been found.

Among the ruins of fortifications and magnificent buildings, Sultan Mehmet II rebuilt the city of Constantinople and gave protection to the conquered population to live properly. The Sultan changed the name of Constantinople to Islambol. Now the name was changed by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk to Istanbul.

SUMMARY

Fall of Constantinople
This event took place after a 53-day siege by the 21-year-old Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottomans. Constantinople was not just any city; it was a leading city in the world and had been the capital of the Byzantine Empire for sixteen centuries.

The fall of this city was considered a great boon to Islam and a severe blow to Christianity. Previously the city was thought to have played a role in the spread of Christianity, even being named after a Roman Emperor, Constantine. After being conquered by the Ottomans, the city became a stronghold for Muslims.

The seizure of Constantinople was the beginning of the Ottoman expansion into Europe. This siege of the city also marked the first use of artillery in combat. The wave of Byzantine scholars and refugees from the Constantinople offensive had an impact on the Renaissance in Western Europe.

The conquest of Constantinople not only marked the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the collapse of the 1,500-year Roman Empire and the rise of the Ottoman Empire, but also marked the end of the Middle Ages. Constantinople was renamed Istanbul and remained the capital of Turkey until 1923.

Name : Alfi izzatunnisa rohmaditia putri
Class/number : X MIPA 1/03

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The Beginning of the Roman Empire, Pax Romana and the Jewish Massacre

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The Beginning of the Roman Empire, Pax Romana and the Jewish Massacre

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SUMMARY
The Roman Empire was one of the greatest empires in history. While many mention the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century, it didn't actually collapse until 1453 AD. During its success, the Roman Empire with its warriors and trading power has made it the strongest empire in history. The Roman Empire began in 27 BC, when Octavian, the adopted son and heir of Julius Caesar, was given the title "Augustus," meaning "honored one," by the Roman senate.

This new title signified Octavian's elevation to the position of emperor in everything but name, ending the Roman Republic, according to many modern historians. Octavian was given this title after emerging victorious in a series of civil wars sparked by the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC. During this war Mark Antony, Caesar's former general, fought for control of the Roman world against some of Caesar's assassins, and then he allied with Cleopatra to fight Octavian. Power instead became focused on Augustus and his successors.

Modern-day historians sometimes use the phrase "Pax Romana" to describe the period between 27 BC, when Octavian was given the title Augustus, and AD 180, when Emperor Marcus Aurelius died. This phrase is sometimes used because it was a relatively stable period in Roman history, compared to the period before and after those years. Augustus tries, in some ways, to describe his reign as a time of relative peace. While Augustus would like to describe his reign as peaceful, the reality is quite different.

During Augustus' reign, Roman armies fought in Iberia, conquering areas not yet under Roman control. The army also advanced deep into what is now Germany in hopes of incorporating it into the Roman Empire. This met with disaster when three legions, including their commander, Quintilius Varus, were completely annihilated at the Battle of the Teutoburg forest in 9 AD. The Roman historian Suetonius, who lived from 70 to 122 AD claims that this loss had a profound impact on Augustus.

While Tiberius, who ruled from 14 to 37 AD, largely kept the empire within its limits, future emperors did not, with some future military adventures also ending in disaster.

Name : Isnaini Luqman Saputra
Number : 17
Class : X MIPA 1

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Starting from Giving Homes to Jews.
The history of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict can be said to have occurred since Britain established a 'national home' for the Jewish minority in Palestine.  At that time, Britain was known to take over the Palestinian territories from the rule of the Ottoman Empire, which lost in World War I.
For the Jewish minority, the area is their ancestral homeland.  Palestinian Arabs who make up the majority also claim the same thing.
The Jewish population continued to increase in the Palestinian territories between the 1920s and 1940s.  Meanwhile, violence between Jews and Arabs also increased until the United Nations (UN) divided the Palestinian territories into two, for Palestinian Jews and Arabs in 1947.
The UN decision was welcomed by the Jewish leaders, but rejected by the Arabs.  The division has never been implemented until now.

Declaration of the State of Israel
The conflicted history of Palestine and Israel began on May 15, 1948, when Jewish leaders declared the establishment of the state of Israel.  This triggered the rejection of the Palestinian Arabs and war broke out.
In the Al-Nakhba war, which is defined as a 'catastrophe', hundreds of thousands of Palestinians fled and fled their homes.  After a year, Israel has managed to control most of the territory.
Jordan then occupied the area called the West Bank, while Egypt controlled Gaza.  While the area of ​​Jerusalem is divided in half with Israel, where the eastern area is controlled by Jordan and the western area is part of Israel.

Then in 1964, the Islamic-Palestinian struggle re-emerged with the establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).  The PLO aims to establish a sovereign Palestinian state through war or diplomacy.
The PLO and Islamic-Palestinian struggles came to fruition on November 15, 1988 with the proclamation of Palestine's independence.  The proclamation received recognition from 20 countries around the world, including Indonesia.

1967 Six Day War
The conflicted history of Palestine and Israel then turned into war, starting with the attack on an Egyptian air base by Israel until Israeli ground troops entered the Sinai Peninsula.  Israel took over the Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula, West Bank, Golan Heights and Arab-dominated East Jerusalem.
Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians were not allowed to return to their homes on the grounds that it would burden and threaten the existence of the state of Israel as a Jewish nation state.
All of Jerusalem is recognized by Israel as the capital of its state.  Meanwhile, the Palestinians declare East Jerusalem to be their future capital.
Peace talks between the two sides are often stalled because the Palestinians reject Jewish settlements on the West Bank.  Over the past 50 years, more than 600,000 Jews have built settlements along these areas.
The meeting point for negotiations continues to be held because a decision has not yet been made on whether the Jewish settlements will be left or demolished.  In addition, the question of whether Jerusalem will be divided is also a complicated matter that continues to color the conflict between the two countries.
The latest issue of land disputes in Sheikh Jarrah, East Jerusalem has triggered clashes and air strikes that have added to the long history of conflicted Palestinians and Israelis to date.

SUMMARY

The beginning of the conflict between Palestine and Israel occurred after World War I, where Britain as the winner of World War I gave territory to the Jews by taking Palestinian territory.
The Jewish community considers that the Palestinian area is their homeland.  The Jewish community continued to grow into the Palestinian territories.  Violence between Jews and Palestinians escalated until the United Nations convened a meeting on the issue.  The results of the trial declared the division of the Palestinian territories into two, for the Jews and the Palestinians.  This decision was rejected by the Palestinians.
Until finally in 1948 there was a war between Palestine and the Jews.  Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians fled and fled their homes.  It didn't take long for Israel to control most of the Palestinian territories.  Palestinians are not allowed to return to their homes because it will burden and threaten the existence of the state of Israel.
Then in 1964, the Palestinian struggle re-emerged with the establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).  The PLO struggle resulted in the proclamation of Palestine's independence which received recognition from 20 world countries including Indonesia.
However, peace talks between Palestine and Israel are often stalled because the Palestinians reject Jewish settlements on the West Bank.

Name : LUTHFIA MAHARANI SETYANINGRUM
Class : X MIPA 1
Number : 22

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Black Death, pandemic that ravaged Europe between 1347 and 1351, taking a proportionately greater toll of life than any other known epidemic or war up to that time.

The Black Death is widely believed to have been the result of plague, caused by infection with the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Modern genetic analyses indicate that the strain of Y. pestis introduced during the Black Death is ancestral to all extant circulating Y. pestis strains known to cause disease in humans. Hence, the origin of modern plague epidemics lies in the medieval period. Other scientific evidence has indicated that the Black Death may have been viral in origin.

Having originated in China and Inner Asia, the Black Death decimated the army of the Kipchak khan Janibeg while he was besieging the Genoese trading port of Kaffa (now Feodosiya) in Crimea (1347). With his forces disintegrating, Janibeg catapulted plague-infested corpses into the town in an effort to infect his enemies. From Kaffa, Genoese ships carried the epidemic westward to Mediterranean ports, whence it spread inland, affecting Sicily (1347); North Africa, mainland Italy, Spain, and France (1348); and Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Germany, and the Low Countries (1349). A ship from Calais carried the plague to Melcombe Regis, Dorset, in August 1348. It reached Bristol almost immediately and spread rapidly throughout the southwestern counties of England. London suffered most violently between February and May 1349, East Anglia and Yorkshire during that summer. The Black Death reached the extreme north of England, Scotland, Scandinavia, and the Baltic countries in 1350.

There were recurrences of the plague in 1361–63, 1369–71, 1374–75, 1390, and 1400. Modern research has suggested that, over that period of time, plague was introduced into Europe multiple times, coming along trade routes in waves from Central Asia as a result of climate fluctuations that affected populations of rodents infested with plague-carrying fleas.

The rate of mortality from the Black Death varied from place to place: whereas some districts, such as the duchy of Milan, Flanders, and Béarn, seem to have escaped comparatively lightly, others, such as Tuscany, Aragon, Catalonia, and Languedoc, were very hard-hit. Towns, where the danger of contagion was greater, were more affected than the countryside, and within the towns the monastic communities provided the highest incidence of victims. Even the great and powerful, who were more capable of flight, were struck down: among royalty, Eleanor, queen of Peter IV of Aragon, and King Alfonso XI of Castile succumbed, and Joan, daughter of the English king Edward III, died at Bordeaux on the way to her wedding with Alfonso’s son. Canterbury lost two successive archbishops, John de Stratford and Thomas Bradwardine; Petrarch lost not only Laura, who inspired so many of his poems, but also his patron, Giovanni Cardinal Colonna. The papal court at Avignon was reduced by one-fourth. Whole communities and families were sometimes annihilated.

The consequences of this violent catastrophe were many. A cessation of wars and a sudden slump in trade immediately followed but were only of short duration. A more lasting and serious consequence was the drastic reduction of the amount of land under cultivation, due to the deaths of so many labourers. This proved to be the ruin of many landowners. The shortage of labour compelled them to substitute wages or money rents in place of labour services in an effort to keep their tenants. There was also a general rise in wages for artisans and peasants. These changes brought a new fluidity to the hitherto rigid stratification of society.

The psychological effects of the Black Death were reflected north of the Alps (not in Italy) by a preoccupation with death and the afterlife evinced in poetry, sculpture, and painting; the Roman Catholic Church lost some of its monopoly over the salvation of souls as people turned to mysticism and sometimes to excesses.

Anti-Semitism greatly intensified throughout Europe as Jews were blamed for the spread of the Black Death. A wave of violent pogroms ensued, and entire Jewish communities were killed by mobs or burned at the stake en masse.

The economy of Siena received a decisive check. The city’s population was so diminished that the project of enlarging the cathedral was abandoned, and the death of many great painters, such as Ambrogio and Pietro Lorenzetti, brought the development of the first Sienese school to a premature end.

In England the immediate effects of the epidemic of 1349 seem to have been of short duration, and the economic decline which reached its nadir in the mid-15th century should probably be attributed rather to the pandemic recurrence of the plague.

The study of contemporary archives suggests a mortality varying in the different regions between one-eighth and two-thirds of the population, and the French chronicler Jean Froissart’s statement that about one-third of Europe’s population died in the epidemic may be fairly accurate. The population in England in 1400 was perhaps half what it had been 100 years earlier; in that country alone, the Black Death certainly caused the depopulation or total disappearance of about 1,000 villages. A rough estimate is that 25 million people in Europe died from plague during the Black Death. The population of western Europe did not again reach its pre-1348 level until the beginning of the 16th century.

SUMMARY

The Black Death was a pandemic that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351, costing more lives than any other epidemic or war known up to that time. The Black Death is widely believed to be the result of the plague, which was caused by infection with the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Other scientific evidence suggests that the Black Death originated from a virus. Originating in China and Inner Asia, the Black Death crushed the armies of Kipchak khan Janibeg when he besieged the Genoese trading port of Kaffa (now Feodosiya) in Crimea in 1347. Janibeg hurled plague-infested corpses into the city to infect his enemies. Modern research shows that during this time period, the plague entered Europe several times and came along trade routes in waves from Central Asia as a result of climatic fluctuations affecting the rodent population that was infested with plague-carrying fleas. Death rates from the Black Death varied from place to place, cities, where the danger of contagion was greater, were more affected than rural areas, and within cities monastic communities provided the highest casualty incidence. As a result, a drastic reduction in the amount of land planted, due to the death of so many workers. Anti-Semitism was on the rise throughout Europe as Jews were blamed for the spread of the Black Death. A wave of violent pogroms ensued and entire Jewish communities were either killed by the mob or burned at the stake en masse.

Name : Qonita Mutiara Heida
Class : X MIPA 1
Number : 30

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The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

The United States dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, during the final stage of World War II. The two bombings, which killed at least 129,000 people, remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history.

In the final year of the war, the Allies prepared for what was anticipated to be a very costly invasion of the Japanese mainland. The war in Europe had concluded when Germany signed its instrument of surrender on 8 May 1945, The Japanese, facing the same fate, refused to accept the Allies' demands for unconditional surrender and the Pacific War continued.

On 6 August the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima. American President Harry S. Truman called for Japan's surrender 16 hours later, warning them to "expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth." Three days later, on 9 August, the U.S. dropped another bomb on the city of Nagasaki. Within the first two to four months of the bombings, the acute effects of the atomic bombings killed 90,000-146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000-80,000 in Nagasaki; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day.

On 15 August 1945, Japan announced its surrender to the Allies. On the 2nd of September, it signed the instrument of surrender, effectively ending World War II. The bombings' role in Japan's surrender and their ethical justification are still debated.

Summary :

The United States dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, during the final stage of World War II. The two bombings, which killed at least 129,000 people, remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history. On 6 August the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima. Three days later, on 9 August, the U.S. dropped another bomb on the city of Nagasaki. Within the first two to four months of the bombings, the acute effects of the atomic bombings killed 90,000-146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000-80,000 in Nagasaki. On 15 August 1945, Japan announced its surrender to the Allies. On the 2nd of September, it signed the instrument of surrender, effectively ending World War II.

Name : Nisa Uswatun Khasanah
Number : 28
Class : X MIPA 1

# data[].attributes.body
The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

The United States dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, during the final stage of World War II. The two bombings, which killed at least 129,000 people, remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history.

In the final year of the war, the Allies prepared for what was anticipated to be a very costly invasion of the Japanese mainland. The war in Europe had concluded when Germany signed its instrument of surrender on 8 May 1945, The Japanese, facing the same fate, refused to accept the Allies' demands for unconditional surrender and the Pacific War continued.

On 6 August the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima. American President Harry S. Truman called for Japan's surrender 16 hours later, warning them to "expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth." Three days later, on 9 August, the U.S. dropped another bomb on the city of Nagasaki. Within the first two to four months of the bombings, the acute effects of the atomic bombings killed 90,000-146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000-80,000 in Nagasaki; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day.

On 15 August 1945, Japan announced its surrender to the Allies. On the 2nd of September, it signed the instrument of surrender, effectively ending World War II. The bombings' role in Japan's surrender and their ethical justification are still debated.

Summary :
The United States dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, during the final stage of World War II. The two bombings, which killed at least 129,000 people, remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history. On 6 August the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima. Three days later, on 9 August, the U.S. dropped another bomb on the city of Nagasaki. Within the first two to four months of the bombings, the acute effects of the atomic bombings killed 90,000-146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000-80,000 in Nagasaki. On 15 August 1945, Japan announced its surrender to the Allies. On the 2nd of September, it signed the instrument of surrender, effectively ending World War II.

Name : Nisa Uswatun Khasanah
Number : 28
Class : X MIPA 1

# data[].attributes.body
History of Paris Fashion Week

Paris is famous as the epicentre of fashion: a city which celebrates the finest ateliers worldwide. As fashion historian Valerie Steele observes in her book ‘Paris: Capital of Fashion’: “The history of Paris fashion blurs inextricably into myth and legend.” As Paris Fashion Week SS21 gathers momentum, here’s a look at the history of Paris Fashion Week from Paul Poiret’s extravagant balls to Christian Dior’s New Look and Chanel’s legendary showings.

Rise of fashion in Paris

In the nascent days of Parisian fashion, designer Paul Poiret came up with the concept of a series of lavish balls where guests were invited to dress in their finest. One of the most notable was ‘The Thousand and Second Night’ held in 1911, where Poiret presented lampshade dresses and harem pants. Throughout the Twenties and Thirties, Paris became a hotbed of some of the most famous names in Fashion from Coco Chanel to Elsa Schiaparelli and Madeleine Vionnet. Fashion became a serious affair as each designer presented their collections on models, at client-only no-paparazzi soirees. Post World War II, Paris fashion shows become more regulated. In 1945, Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture laid down regulations that all couture houses had to present at least thirty-five looks each season. Paris was feeling nervous about the rising influence of New York fashion industry but in 1947, Dior’s first collection, Corolle, dispelled any apprehension with exaggerated silhouettes that became a rage worldwide. In the Sixties, another label to contend with, emerged: Yves Saint Laurent.

The debut of Paris Fashion Week

Per Vogue, “The first official Paris Fashion Week happened in 1973 with the formation of the Fédération Française de la Couture, and opened with the game-changing Battle of Versailles Fashion Show. This fight — of the sartorial variety only — saw the historic tensions between Paris and New York fashion brought to life on stage as five of the biggest French designers were pitted against five unknown Americans.”

The fundraiser to restore the Palace of Versailles featured Yves Saint Laurent, Emanuel Ungaro, Christian Dior, Pierre Cardin and Hubert de Givenchy representing France and Anne Klein, Halston, Oscar de la Renta, Bill Blass and Stephen Burrows representing America. From then on, the shows became bolder and more theatrical, from Thierry Mugler‘s 1984 extravaganza to Jean Paul Gaultier’s conical bra which became famous when worn by Madonna. Chanel’s revival helmed by Karl Lagerfeld in the Eighties yielded memorable runway moments, while a new wave of Japanese designers like Comme Des Garçons led to revolutionary style. Today, Parisian shows are more dramatic with backdrops replicating train stations, airports and merry-go-rounds.

SUMMARY

In the nascent days of Parisian fashion, designer Paul Poiret came up with the concept of a series of lavish balls where guests were invited to dress in their finest.  One of the most notable was  'The Thousand and Second  Night' held in 1911, where Poiret presented  lampshade dresses and harem pants.  Fashion became a serious affair as each designer presented their collections on models, at client-only no paparazzi soirees.  In 1945,  Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture laid down regulations that all couture houses had topresent at least thirty-five looks  each season.

The first official Paris Fashion Week happened in 1973 with the formation of the Fédération Française de la Couture, and it opened with the game-changing Battle of Versailles Fashion Show.  This fight of the sartorial variety only  saw the historic tensions between Paris and New York fashion brought to life on stage as five of the biggest French designers were pitted against five unknown Americans. The reason for holding Paris Fashion Week was originally to raise funds to restore the Palace of Versailles by displaying famous brands. Today, Parisians shows are more dramatic with backdrops replicating train stations, airports, and meeey go rounds.

Name : Desy Listiari Ardani
Number : 08
Class : X Mipa 1