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How does serotonin impact neural activity? 

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How does serotonin impact neural activity? 

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1. Changing the activity of different neuronal types
2. Varying the release of other neurotransmitters, such as glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine and dopamine.

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The roles in the body are:

Contracts smooth muscles

Dialates blood vessels

Increases bodily secretion

Slows heart rate

it also has a role in motivation, arousal, attention, learning, and memory, and is also involved in promoting REM sleep

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Behavior:
it carries out excitatory (which is the main behavior) and inhibitory functions, which means it can slow and speed up heart rate.

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Covary (both change) positively with prosocial behaviors such as grooming, cooperation, and affiliation

Covary negatively (both change) with antisocial behaviors such as aggression and social isolation

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- Acetylcholine serves both excitatory and inhibitory functions, which means it can both speed up and slow down nerve signals.
- Acetylcholine has numerous functions in the body. It can be found in all motor neurons, where it stimulates muscles to contract.

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Reduce depression, regulate anxiety, heal wounds, stimulate nausea, maintain bone health

Regulate moods:  Serotonin in the brain is thought to regulate anxiety, happiness, and mood - low levels have been associated with depression

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What bodily (physiological) impact does serotonin have?:

Serotonin can heal wounds (blood platelets release serotonin), stimulate nausea, bowel movements (serotonin is produced in the stomach and other intestines), maintain bone health, also has correlations with the ability to sleep

What behaviors are serotonin correlated with?

In summary, it affects mood. Including reducing depression, regulating anxiety, libido. It is best known for affecting happiness.

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- It plays a role in motivation, arousal, attention, learning, and memory, and is also involved in promoting REM sleep.
- Disruptions in the release and function of this neurotransmitter can result in significant problems in areas such as memory and movement.

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A neurotransmitter that causes you to feel pleasure, motivation, and satisfaction.

It is release when your body expects a reward

When associating a stimuli with pleasure, satisfaction, motivation, it can raise dopamine levels

Low levels of domain can negatively affect your mood, motivation, and memory

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Dopamine is a type of neurotransmitter that is made in the body and the nervous system uses it to send messages between nerve cells. Dopamine has the nickname of chemical messenger. Dopamine plays a role in how we feel pressure and is a big part of our human ability to think and plan.

Dopamine is a “feel good” neurotransmitter.

Dopamine plays a big role in motivation

Low dopamine levels, also called “dopamine deficiency,” can make us feel fatigued and restless. Instead of feeling full of life, low levels of dopamine can leave us feeling unmotivated, depressed, and anxious. And that can start to cause problems like sleep, stress, feeling stuck etc.

The release of dopamine is a big part of feeling good and adrenaline and can potentially be bad since it makes things addictive like drugs and  gambling.

Dopamine can affect  Learning, motivation, heart rate, blood vessel function, kidney function, lactation, sleep, mood, attention, pain process and movement.

It  can also cause some mental illnesses like ADHD and Schizophrenia.

Having too much dopamine or too much dopamine concentrated in some parts of the brain and not enough in other parts is linked to being more competitive, aggressive and having poor impulse control. It can lead to conditions that include ADHD, binge eating, addiction and gambling.

Dopamine can also affect testosterone levels.

Having low  dopamine levels can give you Parkinsons, depression and having too much can give you delusions, hallucinations, mania.

Lack  of sleep can lower dopamine levels.

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Drugs such as cocaine can increase your dopamine levels which can affect how your body can produce dopamine naturally (may decrease in natural production and rely on the drug)

Can increase the threshold for pleasure

Can lead to lower levels in mood, emotion, etc when sober

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Physiological impact: Serotonin is the chemical nerve cells produce. It sends signals between your nerve cells. Serotonin is found mostly in the digestive system as well as the central nervous system. Serotonin is made from the essential amino acid tryptophan. In other parts of your body, Serotonin helps to control bowel movements and function. It plays varying roles in emotion, appetite, and digestion.

Mood: Serotonin in the brain is thought to regulate anxiety, happiness, and mood. Low levels of the chemical have been associated with depression, and increased serotonin levels brought on by medication are thought to decrease arousal.

In terms of behavior, serotonin levels correlate positively with sensitivity to social factors. This means that when the production and presence of serotonin in your body is low, this correlates with more violent behavior and less social sensitivity. Serotonin is the main neurotransmitter in both top‐down and bottom‐up processes of neurobiological cycles associated with aggression.

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Q2) What bodily (physiological) impact does it have (at the synapse, on neuron activity, the neural impulse, etc)
- Dopamine helps neurons to communicate with each other over short distances.

- Dopamine significantly affects the motor cortex (the region involved with voluntary movement) and insular cortex (the region which regulates the internal physical and emotional state of the body)

Q3)... and what behaviors is it correlated with?
- Correlated with behaviors like pleasure, satisfaction, and motivation.

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ADHD may have been caused by shortage of dopamine

Schizophrenia may have been caused by too high levels of dopamine in certain regions of the brain

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What are neurotransmitters?

Chemicals that are active in the synapse between neurons and which can complete neural communication have been correlated with human behaviours.

Acetylcholine neurotransmitter is the learning neurotransmitter because its roles are muscle control, autonomic body functions, learning, memory, and attention.

Acetylcholine Functions are: (it is found in all motor neurons)

stimulates muscles to contract. From the movements of the stomach and heart to the blink of an eye, all of the body's movements involve the actions of this important neurotransmitter.

found in many brain neurons and plays an important role in mental processes, such as memory and cognition.

Some cells of the body have what are known as cholinergic synapses. These synapses convert an electrical signal into acetylcholine, which then interacts with acetylcholine receptors on the other side of the synapse to trigger another electrical signal.

Acetylcholine Dysfunction could cause

Alzheimer's Disease

Myasthenia Gravis

Parkinson's Disease

Toxins and Pesticides

https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-acetylcholine-2794810