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-Many students with mild to moderate TBI can be integrated into existing school programs in regular education with some adaptations, modifications, or related services under the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504.

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-The Brain Injury Association (formerly the National Head Injury Foundation) calls TBI "the silent epidemic," because many children have no visible impairments after a head injury.
-Symptoms can vary based on extent and location of injury
-Ways to identify if a student has a TBI is if you noticed they have speech, vision, or hearing impairment. Other ways to identify include decreased attention, difficulty with abstract concepts, aggressive behavior, difficulty accepting change, irritability, and difficulty maintaining social relationships.

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Early Signs:
-Headache, dizziness, memory problems, disorientation, nausea, and vomiting
Later Symptoms:

-Fatigue, mood swings, tinnitus, difficulty concentrating, anxiety and depression

Moderate and Severe Cases:
-seizures and convulsions, slurred speech, persistent loss of consciousness, numbness in fingers and toes, poor coordination, strange behavior, dilated pupils

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-Some academic resources for teachers regarding students with Traumatic Brain Injury and their necessary accommodations:

This Pearson website provides studies on effectiveness of certain accommodations and student feedback/responses. (https://www.pearsonassessments.com/content/dam/school/global/clinical/us/assets/ebp-briefs/EBPV10A4.pdf)

This Project IDEAL website provides information on assistive technologies. It also provides a list of organizations that can provide additional support and services. (http://www.projectidealonline.org/v/traumatic-brain-injury/)

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-A medical exam is the first step. Assessment includes a neurological exam. This exam includes an evaluation of thinking, motor function (movement), sensory function, coordination, and reflexes.
-To diagnose, health care providers might use one or more of these tests:

Acute Concussion Evaluation (ACE)

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

Speech and Language tests

Cognition and Neuropsychological tests

Imaging tests

CT Scans and MRI

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Adaptions/Accommodations for Students with TBI:

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Adaptions/Accommodations for Students with TBI:

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-Allowing additional time for assignments
-Allow for additional breaks
-Allow students to audio record lectures to go back on material
-Provide oral and written instructions
-Reduce emphasis on grammatical errors
-Provide preferential seating
-Allow additional time to complete tests
-Provide a quiet, individual environment for testing to minimize distractions

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Behavior Management and Social Strategies, Adaptations, or Accommodations

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Behavior Management and Social Strategies, Adaptations, or Accommodations

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-Additional services such as school counseling can help integrate students with a TBI back into school settings and provide support.
-Use of peer note-taking &
-Reducing environmental triggers by:

Reducing high stimulation (noisy hallways, crowded classes, etc)

Reducing rapid classroom pacing

Reducing negative social input (bullying) by educating peers about TBI and the nature of the challenges they impose

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-Some academic resources for parents who have a child struggling with Traumatic Brain Injury and steps they can take to help their child cope and adjust:

This Brainline website provides a parent guide that provides information on what action you can take to improve your child's life at home and general guidelines for helping your child balance. (https://www.brainline.org/article/children-traumatic-brain-injury-parents-guide)

This BiaUSA website provides information on the challenges, changes, and choices a person with Traumatic Brain Injury goes through and provides really great tips for caregivers. (https://www.biausa.org/wp-content/uploads/Guide-for-Families-and-Caregivers.pdf)

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References

Accommodations guide for students with brain injury. (2018, August 15). BrainLine. https://www.brainline.org/article/accommodations-guide-students-brain-injury

Classroom interventions for students with traumatic brain injuries. (2018, August 15). BrainLine. https://www.brainline.org/article/classroom-interventions-students-traumatic-brain-injuries

Common characteristics of traumatic brain injury. (2014, February 17). Abrahamson & Uiterwyk. https://www.theinjurylawyers.com/common-characteristics-traumatic-brain-injury/

(n.d.). Fundación Sin Daño. https://www.fundacionsindano.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Hibbard-et-al.2001.TBI-IKIDS.pdf

How is TBI diagnosed? (2018, August 9). BrainLine. https://www.brainline.org/article/how-tbi-diagnosed

(n.d.). Pearson Assessments. https://www.pearsonassessments.com/content/dam/school/global/clinical/us/assets/ebp-briefs/EBPV10A4.pdf

Traumatic brain injury. (n.d.). Project IDEAL. https://www.projectidealonline.org/v/traumatic-brain-injury/

Traumatic brain injury: What to know. (2019, March 20). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/traumatic-brain-injury-what-know-about-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment