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Grasslands makes food. That food gets translated to a human or animal.
And that human or animal will eat that food. Or they will chop it up for later store. And save it for their themselves.

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Grasslands are common on every continent but Antarctica, yet they're far from predictable.

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Grasslands are between a forest and a desert 25% of the earth is covered in grasslands there’s something unique about them temporary grasslands are dominant vegetation trees and shrubs areas are very interesting and rainfall is less temper in the grasslands then savannas the character is sticks or veggie tasting that is dominator by grass is semi arid climate rainfall and soil is insufficient significant tree growth so little trees but there are not that many they are exploited for agriculture use.

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Biomes: Grasslands From Ducksters http://www.ducksters.com/science/ecosystems/grasslands_biome.php This link has a simple explanation of grasslands. Grasslands are wide expanses of land filled with low growing plants such as grasses and wildflowers. The amount of rain is not enough to grow tall trees and produce a forest, but it is enough to not form a desert.

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Between the Forest and the Desert

Grassland habitats are places that receive more rain than deserts but less precipitation than forests. Most of the plants here are grasses, which don't need as much water as forest vegetation.

Every continent except Antarctica has grasslands, but they have different names in different places: In Africa, they're called savannas and veldts; pampas in South America; steppes in in Europe and Asia; prairies or grasslands in North America; and rangelands in Australia. One-fourth of the planet is covered by grasslands.

Grasslands are usually found in the dry interior of continents, between the mountains and deserts. Many grasslands were formed tens of thousands of years ago after the last ice age, when the Earth began to warm up and the climate became drier.

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Locating grasslands aren’t that hard you look at a colored map of the world or globe and what you will find is that light yellow color and that is where those grasslands are.

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About 3 million years ago there was nothing but grasslands and a lot of animals. But as 3 million years pass each year became short with humans taking the grass for themselves. Here is a science articles about what happened those 3 million years ago.

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History of Southern African Grasslands

In terms of vegetation, grasslands are relative newcomers to the world and only evolved about 30 million years ago (McCarthy and Rubidge, 2005). Before grasses established the vegetation of the low to moderate rainfall areas of the Earth was characterized by either bare soil patches or small dwarf shrubs. The higher rainfall areas comprised tall forests (McCarthy and Rubidge, 2005 ). Southern Africa was characterized by subtropical forests and woodlands (savanna) before climate changes took place that led to the establishment of grassland vegetation ( Bredenkamp et al., 2002). The earliest grasses occurred in the dry areas and competed with dry woodland species (McCarthy and Rubidge, 2005). Later other grasses became established in wetter and cooler areas. According to Retallack (2001) grasslands played a major role in cooling the environment over the past 30 million years. This is as a result of their relative lighter color compared to woodlands and forests which means they reflect a greater proportion of solar radiation into space. That causes cooler soil temperatures while more water is retained in the soil due to the dense cover of the grassland vegetation. Research has established that grassland vegetation is closely associated with geology, soil, and climate (Bezuidenhout, 1993).

Southern African grasslands are located at mid to high altitudes (1200-3400 m) and originated due to the environmental conditions becoming drier towards the end of the Eocene as well as the cooler conditions caused by continental uplift. The cooler conditions are regarded as one of the most important driving forces that prevent woody species from establishing (Bredenkamp et al., 2002). According to Anderson (1999) the climatic change that took place during the Oligocene caused southern Africa to become 5% colder which provided ideal conditions for the establishment of primary grasslands.

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095489119608

Abstract

Much of the southeastern United States was covered by grassland vegetation (including savannas, woodlands, glades, and other open vegetation) prior to EuroAmerican settlement. This was particularly true for the southeastern Coastal Plain, where pine savanna/woodland covered roughly two-thirds of the landscape. However, grasslands were also prominent in other subregions of the Southeast. Collectively, these grasslands held a large proportion of the biodiversity of the Southeast, but they have suffered more serious declines than forests, estimated as around 90% for all types combined. This article summarizes major types of grassland in the region, factors responsible for creating and maintaining them, factors contributing to high levels of biodiversity in these communities, and prospects for the future.

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095489120408

24.7.1 Vegetation Dynamics

While the majority of mine site reclamation operations involved the establishment of grassland vegetation communities, in the absence of recognized management systems the natural invasive colonization of other species will take place. Changes in vegetation communities have been assessed on the Silvermines Pb/Zn tailings, Avoca Cu tailings site and on rehabilitated bauxite residues at Aughinish.

Site surveys in 2011 found the Silvermines TMF (rehabilitated in 1985) to support 26 vegetation species, representing 12 families and 24 genera (Courtney, 2013). Similarly, follow-up monitoring of bauxite residue rehabilitation, 6-9 years after seeding with 5 species reported 47 species belonging to 38 genera and 15 families. In both the Silvermines and the Aughinish sites, Asteraceae (Compositae) and Poaceae (Gramineae) dominated, and this finding is typical of tailings plant colonization dynamics as evidenced on other rehabilitated mine sites (Shu et al., 2005; Courtney et al., 2009). Some 10 years after rehabilitation works the Cu/pyrite tailings site at Avoca found that grassland was the most abundant habitat covering 45%, whereas the gorse had colonized and represented 35% coverage.

The leguminous seed mix used for direct seeding of the tailings at Tara Mines (Table 24.3) recorded total dieback after a 1-year period (Brady, 1993). The author concluded no evidence of toxicity, disease or any other inhibitory factor and attributed the failings of the leguminous species to establish to surface drought conditions. Persistence of legumes on other tailings sites, and colonization by other N-fixing species, supports this idea that certain tailings types are not toxic to legume species.

All trees planted directly on the tailings at Tara mines survived but had failed to thrive by the following summers with both the high water table and bulk density in the tailings acted as a constraint to the growth of anchorage roots by trees and shrubs (Brady, 1993). Because of presence of such species on tailings at other sites it may be that planting species typical of later succession stages at early stages on poorly developed substrates is not recommended.

At the Shelton Abbey site, vegetation surveys were carried out on three occasions in 1992 and 1993 to identify the presence of different habitats and to determine the success of site revegetation (O'Neill et al., 1998). Grassland remained the dominant vegetation type covering 45% of the area with increasing gorse ( U. europaeus) coverage recorded (35%) and leguminous cover (14%). Predominant grasses included F. rubra, A. capillaris, A. tenuis, Holcus lanatus, L. perenne, D. glomerata, and Poa pratensis. Areas of poor drainage and surface ponding were attributed to presence of vehicles and raise the question of postclosure land use, site access, and intervention. The newly rehabilitated tailings site, shortly after seeding in 1982, and a site survey 2016 are shown in Fig. 24.3.

In the absence of predetermined land use options for rehabilitated mine waste sites the successional changes in plant dynamics can have implications for the overall integrity of the rehabilitation success. Deeper-rooting plants may compromise capping or soil cover systems and tolerance to metal exposure will vary with plant type. The observations above highlight the need to fully understand the soil/plant dynamics in mine tailings rehabilitation.

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128129869000245

Introduction

Soil formation in grasslands is strongly influenced by the climatic conditions under which grassland vegetation predominates as well as the distinctive characteristics of grassland ecosystems. In most grasslands, frequent soil-moisture deficits limit the rate of mineral weathering and often lead to secondary carbonate mineral accumulation in lower soil horizons. In grassland ecosystems, both the relative abundance of belowground biomass and active bioturbation lead to thick, dark, organic matter-rich A horizons. In well-drained grassland soils, organic matter content increases with increasing effective moisture and decreasing mean annual soil temperature; depth to secondary carbonates decreases with decreasing effective moisture. Topographically controlled local variation in soil hydrology can produce similar gradients within the length of a single hillslope.

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B012348530400028X

Terai Duar Grasslands and Savanna of India, Nepal and Bhutan

These grasslands cover the floodplains of the rivers that cascade down from the Himalayan Mountains into the lowlands and inner valleys and bring down large silt loads that are deposited in the floodplains. Large silt loads are also carried far by the two major rivers, the Ganges flowing from the west and Brahmaputra from the east and become confluent, to the Bay of Bengal where they sustain the largest mangrove in the world, the Sunderbans.

These grasslands extend as a narrow swathe from northwestern India's Himachal Pradesh, through southern Nepal into Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh further east in India (Fig. 1). The ecoregion name is derived from the colloquial name for these grasslands, known as the Terai in the western range and Duars in the east.

The climate is hot and humid in the summer months, especially immediately before the torrential monsoon rains begin, when temperatures can exceed 40 °C. But the winters are cool, dropping low enough to form morning ground frost. A blanket of fog and low clouds in the winter overlies the grasslands and can remain until late morning, adding to the winter chill. It is this extreme monsoonal seasonality that maintains the Terai- Duar grasslands (Fig. 4). The combination of annual floods from the gushing, silt-laden mountain rivers and to a lesser extent, fires set back succession by flushing and burning the floodplains and clearing the saplings and seedlings from the encroaching forest trees, but the grasses regenerate rapidly after the floods and fires. But scattered trees Bombax ceiba or silk cotton trees, or smaller patches of evergreen and deciduous broadleaf forests can survive, adding some savanna-like definition to the landscape vegetation.

The grassland communities are also quite variable, with the species compositions determined by the fluvial and fire-related disturbances, edaphic conditions, moisture, and the hydrological and hydraulic processes from floods. For instance, as the rivers change course from alluvial deposition and water flow intensities, they can leave behind isolated ox-bow lakes, abandoned channels, and new alluvial depositions, all of which can support different grassland communities in this highly dynamic landscape.

The alluvium replenishes the floodplains and enhances the productivity of the grasslands, which provide nutrition to a rich assemblage of small to large herbivores. The latter that includes some of Asia's largest terrestrial animals, such as Asian elephants, Greater One-horned Rhinoceros, Wild Water Buffalo ( Bubalus arnee), Guar ( Bos gaurus), Sambar, and Swamp Deer. The high densities of these ungulates also support high densities of predators, including Asia's largest, the charismatic Bengal Tiger. Great Hornbills ( Buceros bicornis), Sarus Crane ( Grus antigone), Bengal Florican ( Houbaropsis bengalensis), several species of vultures, and Lesser Adjutant Stork ( Leptoptilos javanicus) add to the charismatic avian community, while the rivers support mugger crocodiles ( Crocodylus palustris), gharial ( Gavialis gangeticus), Gangetic river dolphins ( Platanista gangetica) and large mahseer fish ( Tor spp.).

Grazing is another ecological process that contributes to the grassland structure and composition. Historically, most grazing was by the diverse community of ungulates, from small Muntjak or barking deer ( Muntiacus muntjac) and Hog deer ( Axis porcinus) to the larger sambar, swamp deer, water buffalo, rhinoceros and elephants. But now herds of domestic cattle also contribute to grazing intensity and influence the vegetation community diversity and distribution, and contribute to the degradation of grasslands, setting back the disclimax state even further.

The early studies of the Terai grasslands conducted by Lehmkuhl (1994) and Peet et al. (1999) describe several grassland vegetation assemblages, including different successional stages. In general, the grassland assemblages are influenced by moisture levels and disturbance. The grasslands in permanently wet or seasonally inundated areas are dominated by tall grasses such as Phragmites karka and Saccharum spontaneum, while drier areas are dominated by Narenga porphyrocoma and Themeda arundinacea. Abandoned agricultural sites are characterized by the shorter Imperata cylindrica. Grazing lawns with short grasses and forbs are interspersed amidst the large patches of tall grasslands (Karki et al., 2000), and are dominated by Imperata cylindrica, Saccharun spontaneum, Vetiveria zizanioides, and Desmostachya bipinnata, but kept cropped down by the community of grazing mammals, including included Chital, Swamp deer, Hog deer, Greater one-horned rhinoceros, and Muntjak.

Peet et al. (1999) went further, and described nine grassland vegetation communities from the Terai, based on sampling in protected areas in Nepal, which now support the remaining refuge remnants of these grasslands. Community composition was described on the basis of the dominant species, which were generally represented by five or less species that contributed to the total vegetative cover. The assemblages are:

1.

Typha elephantina assemblage that grows in permanently water-logged sites

2.

Phragmites karka- Saccharum spontaneum assemblage that grows in seasonally inundated and heavily grazed areas

3.

Phragmites karka- Saccharum spontaneum- Saccharum arundinaceum assemblage

4.

Phragmites karka assemblage, a tall, dense riverine grassland community that grows in seasonal and permanent marshes

5.

Saccharum spontaneum assemblage, which is a phase that can include a mixed Saccharum spontaneum- Dalbergia sissoo association in the floodplain grasslands and alluvial soils that are often inundated

6.

Imperata cylindrica assemblage that grows in dry areas with well-developed soils and usually have been previously cultivated.

7.

Imperata cylindrica- Narenga porphyrocoma assemblage, where the Imperata cylindrica dominated assemblage is invaded by the taller grasses

8.

Narenga porphyrocoma assemblage, which are tall, dense grasslands that grow along old river terraces and wetter sites that are also influenced by fire

9.

Themeda arundinacea assemblage, which is a tall, dense grassland usually found along the forest edge and on well-developed soils and influenced by fire.

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095489120585

Synopsis

Grasslands and shrublands of the Middle East and the Caucasus extend across more than 2 million km ², from Turkey to Georgia and Afghanistan. Artemisia steppes on plains and thorn cushions formations on the mountains are the major grassland vegetation types whereas shrublands are dominated by wild almonds, pistachios, oaks and junipers. It is a hotspot with more than 4,000 endemic plants, hundreds of butterfly species and grazing mammals. The major land-use type is grazing with almost 35 million livestock. Suffered from shrubland clearance, conversion to arable land and overgrazing, the biome is also facing the novel threats of shrub encroachment, afforestation, alien species invasion and climate change.

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095489121426

Conclusions

Major grasslands of the Great Plains and adjacent Chihuahuan Desert span a vast region of high floristic diversity, and an array of temperature, humidity, and soil moisture regimes. The product is a variety of grassland vegetation types variously dominated by bunchgrasses or sod-forming species that are tall, medium, and short in stature. Dense and tall grasslands historically dominated the eastern, more humid margins of the Great Plains. In northern and central portions of the region, mixedgrass prairies remain dominant. To the southeast, shortgrass prairie dominates increasing warm and dry terrain, and semi-desert grassland becomes dominant further south extending across northern Mexico.

Given the severe impact of land conversion and fragmentation on most grassland types, we demonstrated a systematic approach, focusing on grassland type distributions, to advance toward global conservation targets such as Aichi Target 11 under the global Convention for biodiversity. Grassland Potential Conservation Areas can serve as one important focus for collaborative conservation action to build landscape resiliency in the face of accelerating environmental change.

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095489120391

12.2.3 Environmental Costs

Changes in land morphology can be brought about by slope recession due to landslides occurring over time, leading to accumulated losses of land and associated vegetation and soils. In addition, the tracks left by mobile landslides such as debris flows may result in a loss of forestry, other deep-rooted vegetation, grasslands, and continued erosion (Schuster and Highland, 2004). Probably, the largest environmental cost of small landslides is where they enter water courses. In this scenario, they are responsible for generating pulses of sediment loading that can affect the aquatic life of streams and rivers (Acharya et al., 2011). Landslide damming of rivers and streams, though more associated with large landslides, can also occur, causing problems to migrating fish while in place, and the failure of which can lead to devastation of downstream natural resources and anthropic infrastructure.

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123964526000124

2.1.2 Fire Occurrence in the Major Vegetation Classes

We also analyzed the fire events and the burned areas extent in the major vegetation classes. The vegetation classes are based on the Africover land-cover map for Kenya (FAO, 2000) and re-grouped in the following categories: closed trees, wood and shrubland, aquatic and temporal flooded vegetation, grasslands, agriculture, mangroves, water and bare.

The distribution of the fire counts is shown in Figure 4a and b, annually and by vegetation class. Values range from few hundreds to more than 2500 fire events in a year showing the highest counts in the 'wood and shrubland' and 'agriculture' classes in Kenya; whereas in the protected areas, the highest values are found in the 'wood and shrubland' class.

In terms of burned area, the average annual burned area in Kenya is around 175,000 ha, with the largest areas in the 'wood and shrubland' class. However, if we consider the values in terms of percentage of the vegetation class burned, the 'aquatic and temporal flooded vegetation' class is the most affected (Figure 4c). This vegetation class is covered in abundant grassy biomass during the dry season, which supports large burnings; these fires are probably related to agriculture and farming practices and lead to large burned areas also in other parts of Africa with the same vegetation type, for example, in South Sudan.

In the protected areas, the highest percentage of vegetation burned is found in the 'wood and shrubland' and the 'grassland' vegetation classes (Figure 4d). In these vegetation types, prescribed burnings can be applied for conservation purposes to control bush encroachment and maintain the open grassland for herbivores. In the 'aquatic and temporal flooded vegetation', the percentage burned is about half of what is found in the rest of the country, confirming that a lot of the burning occurring in this vegetation type is related to human activities.

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444595591000141

6.2 BIOGEOGRAPHIC SETTING

The Rhine basin contains parts of three biogeographic regions - Alpine, Continental and Atlantic - and four ecoregions - conifer and mixed forests of the Alps, western European broadleaf forests, and the northern and southern temperate Atlantic region. The range of latitude extends from Atlantic climatic conditions in the Rhine delta to a moderate continental influence in the southeast Alpine forelands. It spans a fairly wide altitudinal range from sea level to the cryosphere of the high Alpine mountain range. At altitudes above ∼2000 m asl, alpine vegetation (grasslands) prevails. In the transition zone from alpine grasslands to timberline, vegetation is characterized by dwarf shrubs. Subalpine forests dominated by fir ( Picea abies) extend between 1200 and 2000 m asl. Common trees in the forests of the Alps, Black forest, Jura and Vosges (600-1600) include spruce ( Picea abies), fir ( Abies alba), beech ( Fagus silvatica), sycamore ( Acer pseudoplatnus) and ash ( Fraxinus excelsior). Different types of beech forests and mixed beech forests prevail at lower elevations. Floodplain vegetation includes willow ( Salix spp.) and poplar ( Populus nigra, P. alba) forests in frequently inundated areas. In areas less influenced by inundation, floodplain forests include oak ( Quercus robur), ash and elm ( Ulmus spp.) (Schnitzler 1994).

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123694492000060

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In terms of vegetation, grasslands are relative newcomers to the world and only evolved about 30 million years ago (McCarthy and Rubidge, 2005). Before grasses established the vegetation of the low to moderate rainfall areas of the Earth was characterized by either bare soil patches or small dwarf shrubs.

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Population growth among humans negatively impacts biomes around the world. Expanding human civilization affects grassland biomes - characterized by large areas of land where grasses are the primary form of plant life - in specific ways. The grazing land for many species of animals, which in turn provide a food source for larger predators, is often at risk because of human expansion into these areas.

The biggest impact that humans have on grasslands is by developing open areas for farming or urban development. Such development is prevalent because grasslands are generally level areas with little need for major work to develop the land. Land development drives animals away from populated areas and changes the conditions of the environment.

Grasslands covered to cropland or farms reduces the food source for many wild animals. In this case, the animals are considered pests by the farmers when they feed on the crops, or attack domestic herds. This can lead to migration or possibly the wildlife starvation.

Not only does the conversion of land into crops change the ecosystem, but so does the farming of livestock. If livestock are allowed to graze in areas where wild animals live, they compete for the food source and can deplete it. This overgrazing is a problem especially in the drier grassland regions, where the grass resources can be depleted. Over-plowed land strips rich nutrients from oil. Salts from irrigation waters damage soil, resulting in dust bowls, similar to what happened in the 1930s American West.

Hunting presents a serious impact on grassland biomes. European settlers devastated the American bison population which almost became extinct because of over hunting for the fur and meat. Poachers likewise kill rhinoceroses for their tusks, and elephants for their ivory on Africa savannas without any regard to protection of the species.

As the Earth's climate changes in response to human involvement, the grasslands become vulnerable. Climate change causes ecological succession, in which the ecosystem of an area develops into another. Changing temperatures, weather patterns and water availability can throw an area of grassland out of balance and change it forever.

Because grasslands are typically found in drier climates, the plant life is susceptible to fire. Wildfires occur as a natural process within an ecosystem and play a critical role in replenishing the land. But fires tend to originate more frequently near human populations, particularly in drier months.

Humans do not have only a negative impact on grasslands. Some humans do their part to preserve the land and restore it. National parks have been developed around grasslands, and some organizations replant depleted areas. Governments have enacted laws against the hunting of endangered animals. In particular, the U.S. National Parks Service has preserved land to foster the American bison population. While poaching still exists in many areas, there are efforts to stop it.

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What Are the Impacts of Humans on Grassland Biomes?

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Population growth among humans negatively impacts biomes around the world. Expanding human civilization affects grassland biomes - characterized by large areas of land where grasses are the primary form of plant life - in specific ways.

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Temperate grasslands are found in several locations on the Earth. They are characterized by the abundance of grasses and the absence of trees and shrubs. The temperature and climate are moderate, as indicated by the temperate designation. The amount of precipitation varies from one location to another, affecting the height of the grasses. Occasional drought conditions lead to fires which affect the climate and makeup of the grasslands.

Temperate grasslands are found in North America in the prairies and great plains of the United States and Canada. Most of these grasslands have been converted to agricultural uses. The desert grasslands of the southwestern United States are considered temperate grasslands, as are some grasslands in California. In Asia the grasslands are known as steppes, stretching from the Ukraine to the eastern parts of Russia. The puszta in Hungary and the South America grasslands in Argentina and Uruguay known as the pampas are both temperate grasslands. In South Africa temperate grasslands are known as the veld or veldt.

The temperature in temperate grasslands varies greatly depending upon the time of the year. In general, summers are hot and winters are cold. According to the University of California Museum of Paleontology, the temperature in the summer can exceed 100 degrees Fahrenheit. In winter the temperature can drop to 40 degrees below zero Fahrenheit.

Rainfall in the temperate grasslands of the world falls into the moderate category. The average is 20 to 25 inches per year, occurring mostly in late spring and early summer. An exception are the regions known as steppes, where rainfall can range from 10 to 20 inches per year. The lack of rain produces a dryer climate with shorter grasses. In the United States the precipitation can take the form of snow with occasional blizzards in the great plains and prairies. Due to the fact that the precipitation may be concentrated in one part of the year, the climate is subject to periodic drought.

Strong winds blow across the temperate grasslands. Without trees or other wind breaks, the prairies and great plains in the United States experience conditions that can disrupt and displace the soil. Farmers must take measures to ensure that dust bowl conditions do not exist. When combined with drought conditions, the windy and dry climate presents a challenging climate for the farmers and their crops.

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Temperate grasslands are found in several locations on the Earth. They are characterized by the abundance of grasses and the absence of trees and shrubs. The temperature and climate are moderate, as indicated by the temperate designation. The amount of precipitation varies from one location to another, affecting the ...

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Temperate Grasslands-Biomes of the World

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Here is a dark brown and light yellow and the yellow part is the grasslands and the dark is forests,house's and even tundras.

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grasslands maps savannah everglades meadows prairies steppes plains savanah savanna savana

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Grasslands Map, Natural Habitat Maps - National Geographic

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Explore our Grasslands Map with National Geographic.

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The most human impact on the grasslands are cutting the area for farms. And the animals have little to eat if this keeps going on to make more room for farms the farms shouldn’t be there then because every year animals go away or die. And that will leave humans without food. So the farm would have to shut down and rust.

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Here is a gif of animals that grassland biome

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In the summer it is about 100 degrees in the grasslands which sets forest fires and kills many  animals, and in the winter it is very cold, it is about 40 degrees Below zero.

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In the summer it is about 100 degrees in the grasslands which sets forest fires and kills many  animals, and in the winter it is very cold, it is about 40 degrees Below zero.

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Lions need grass to pounce on prey. There’s a gazelle. The lion is low in the grass not making a sound the gazelle fears something there’s band smells it but cant tell what. So it starts moving and the lion is walking on steady paws and pouches on its prey, and he scratches his claw into it so deep that the gazelle dies, and the lion brings back the gazelle for their Cubs and mother.