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a common problem in lenses which occurs when colors are incorrectly refracted (bent) by the lens, resulting in a mismatch at the focal point where the colors do not combine as they should

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Posterization or posterisation of an image entails the conversion of a continuous gradation of tone to several regions of fewer tones, with abrupt changes from one tone to another. This was originally done with photographic processes to create posters.

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Aliasing can also cause problems in digital imaging. In images, the repetition is in space rather than time. If a repetitive pattern of high spatial frequency is sampled at low resolution, Moire patterns result.

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are caused by compression when an image is saved in the . jpg format. Each time an image is saved in this format it is compressed and “non-essential” data is discarded. The result of compression is that an image can suffer from blockiness, mosquito noise (around edges) and color degradation.

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Two common types of distortion. In barrel distortion (left), magnification decreases with distance from the centre of the image; in pincushion distortion (right), magnification increases with distance.

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APS-C cameras use a smaller area to form the image than traditional 35 mm cameras, and so lenses used on APS-C format cameras have a correspondingly narrower field of view. For example, a 28 mm lens is a wide angle lens on a traditional 35 mm camera.

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A full-frame camera is a camera with a full-frame sensor. This is an image sensor that's the same size as the sensor of an analog camera. The biggest advantage of a full-frame camera is that it has no crop factor. Crop factor means that the image is cut out because the sensor is too small to capture the entire image

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An image sensor is a device that allows the camera to convert photons – that is, light – into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the device. The first digital cameras used charge-coupled devices, facilitating movement of the electrical charge through the device so it could be modulated.

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“Crop factor” is the ratio of the sensor size to 35mm / full-frame (see below). You take the provided crop factor number, multiply it with the focal length of the lens and you get the equivalent focal length relative to 35mm film / full-frame.

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Byte (Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte)

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Byte (Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte)

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2 or 3 paragraphs of text. A Gigabyte is 1,073,741,824 (230) bytes. 1,024 Megabytes, or 1,048,576 Kilobytes. A Terabyte is 1,099,511,627,776 (240) bytes, 1,024 Gigabytes, or 1,048,576 Megabytes.

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Cubism is a style of art which aims to show all of the possible viewpoints of a person or an object all at once

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Minimalism is associated with austerity such that every unnecessary material is removed from a design.

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Pop art, art in which commonplace objects (such as comic strips, soup cans, road signs, and hamburgers) were used as subject matter and were often physically incorporated into the work.

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new and unusual or experimental ideas, especially in the arts, or the people introducing them.

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a 20th-century avant-garde movement in art and literature which sought to release the creative potential of the unconscious mind, for example by the irrational juxtaposition of images.

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the action of taking something for one's own use, typically without the owner's permission.

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In photography and cinematography, a multiple exposure is the superimposition of two or more exposures to create a single image, and double exposure has a corresponding meaning in respect of two images.

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is a work of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects which are either natural (food, flowers, dead animals, plants, rocks, shells, etc.) or man-made

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involves the taking of photographs for commercial uses (product shots, head-shots, etc). These photographs are often used for the promotional marketing of a business including website placement, product previews, and business card/marketing material images.

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Aerial photography is the taking of photographs from an aircraft or other flying object. Platforms for aerial photography include fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles, balloons, blimps and dirigibles, rockets, pigeons, kites, parachutes, stand-alone telescoping and vehicle-mounted poles.

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a diagram consisting of rectangles whose area is proportional to the frequency of a variable and whose width is equal to the class interval.

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Anti-art is a loosely used term applied to an array of concepts and attitudes that reject prior definitions of art and question art in general

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Assemblage is an artistic form or medium usually created on a defined substrate that consists of three-dimensional elements projecting out of or from the substrate.

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In photography and optics, a neutral-density filter, or ND filter, is a filter that reduces or modifies the intensity of all wavelengths, or colors, of light equally, giving no changes in hue of color rendition

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the deliberate processing of photographic film in a chemical solution intended for a different type of film.

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A grid allows you to direct the light toward the subject without it hitting the lens, and eliminating the chance of flare or hitting the background. So, they're basically flags. They block the light from spilling out the sides and illuminating things you want to remain dark, or plan to light some other way.

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A beauty dish is a photographic lighting device that uses a parabolic reflector to distribute light towards a focal point. The light created is between that of a direct flash and a softbox, giving the image a wrapped, contrasted look, which adds a more dramatic effect.

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In photography, a snoot is a tube or similar object that fits over a studio light or portable flash and allows the photographer to control the direction and radius of the light beam. These may be conical, cylindrical, or rectangular in shape.

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A soft box is a type of photographic lighting device, one of a number of photographic soft light devices. All the various soft light types create even and diffused light by transmitting light through some scattering material, or by reflecting light off a second surface to diffuse the light

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A monolight is a self-contained photographic flash lighting unit usually found in a studio. Each monolight has its own independent power source

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A specular highlight is the bright spot of light that appears on shiny objects when illuminated catchlight is a light source that causes a specular highlight in a subject's eye in an image

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Curves overview. In the Curves adjustment, you adjust points throughout an image's tonal range. Initially, the image's tonality is represented as a straight diagonal line on a graph.

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Levels is a tool in Photoshop and other image editing programs which can move and stretch the brightness levels of an image histogram. It has the power to adjust brightness, contrast, and tonal range by specifying the location of complete black, complete white, and midtones in a histogram.

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A ring flash is a circular photographic electronic flash that fits around a camera lens. Unlike point light sources, a ring flash provides even illumination with few shadows visible in the resulting photographs because the origin of the light is very close to the optical axis of the lens.

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Tilt–shift photography is the use of camera movements that change the orientation or position of the lens with respect to the film or image sensor on cameras.

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SOOC is an abbreviation of the photography term “Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing.

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The ambrotype also known as a collodion positive in the UK, is a positive photograph on glass made by a variant of the wet plate collodion process.

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A Polaroid transfer, sometimes known as an image transfer, is a technique used to develop a peel-apart film picture on to a different material, like drawing paper. In a Polaroid transfer, the image is peeled apart prematurely and the negative is placed down on a desired material.

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Photogravure is an intaglio printmaking or photo-mechanical process whereby a copper plate is grained (adding a pattern to the plate) and then coated with a light-sensitive gelatin tissue which had been exposed to a film positive, and then etched, resulting in a high quality intaglio plate that can reproduce detailed continuous tones of a photograph.

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Cyanotype is a photographic printing process that produces a cyan-blue print. Engineers used the process well into the 20th century as a simple and low-cost process to produce copies of drawings, referred to as blueprints.

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The chlorophyll process is an organic alternative photography process akin to the anthotype process.

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Split lighting is a technique that produces a sense of drama to a portrait. This form of lighting is when half of the subject's face is lit, while the other half is left dark. The light is evenly divided over the subject.

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Rembrandt lighting is a standard lighting technique that is used in studio portrait photography and cinematography. It can be achieved using one light and a reflector, or two lights, and is popular because it is capable of producing images which appear both natural and compelling with a minimum of equipment.

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Loop lighting is an essential lighting technique for portrait photographers. ... This lighting pattern will create a shadow that loops down and around the side of the nose, and on the neck and under the chin. These shadows subtly help define the subject's bone structure.

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In cinematography, butterflies are structures on which materials are mounted so to control lighting in a scene or photograph.

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Broad lighting is a portrait lighting pattern where the portion of the subject's face that is turned toward the camera is lit most brightly. This is the 'broad' side of the face - from camera position it is wider than the 'short' side of the face, the side that is turned away from the camera.

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Short lighting is a classic portrait lighting pattern where the subject is lit from the side of their face that is farthest from the camera.

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A tintype, also known as a melainotype or ferrotype, is a photograph made by creating a direct positive on a thin sheet of metal coated with a dark lacquer or enamel and used as the support for the photographic emulsion.

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A static shot in film is a shot that is devoid of camera movement. Also known as a locked-off shot, or an immobile shot.

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Visual Weight is a compositional device used in photography to attract your eye to a focal point. Visual Weight in photographs is influenced by a number of factors, which you can use to strengthen the focal point and create balance in your image.

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Rendering or image synthesis is the process of generating a photorealistic or non-photorealistic image from a 2D or 3D model by means of a computer program.

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Space evoked from the relief-perspective when the entities that belong to the picture plane don't undergo reductions or enlargements

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the first completely abstract kind of photograph, composed of kaleidoscopic repetitions of forms achieved by photographing objects through a triangular arrangement of three mirrors.

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Curves overview. In the Curves adjustment, you adjust points throughout an image's tonal range

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Levels is a tool in Photoshop and other image editing programs which can move and stretch the brightness levels of an image histogram.

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A ring light is a circular lighting tool that evenly illuminates the subject of a close-up photograph

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Tilt–shift photography is the use of camera movements that change the orientation or position of the lens with respect to the film or image sensor on cameras

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SOOC is an abbreviation of the photography term “Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing.

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When talking about photography the term 'kelvin' refers to the unit of measurement of color temperature.

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According to the International Color Consortium (ICC,) ICC profile is a set of data that characterizes a color input or output device

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Subtractive lighting simply involves the blocking of unwanted natural light to create a natural three-dimensional quality to the lighting of people outside

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Lighting ratio in photography refers to the comparison of key light (the main source of light from which shadows fall) to the fill light (the light that fills in the shadow areas).

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Flat light is defined as lighting that produces minimal contrast in the scene, which means there is no, or very little, contrast between the highlights and shadows.

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Chimping is a colloquial term used in digital photography to describe the habit of checking every photo on the camera display immediately after capture.

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A nifty fifty lens is basically a fast 50mm lens. The nifty part comes from a lens having a very wide aperture, such as f/1.4 or f/1.8, and the fifty part refers to the focal length.

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As in “Ooh, that's some fancy new glass you got there!”, referring to a lens. Fast/Slow: Used to describe the maximum aperture of a lens

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A term used for people who use many Photoshop layers without naming them.

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photograph without much contrast (either color, or luminance contrast). A lack of contrast could be caused by any number of factors.

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But do you know dust bunnies are in photography? You have most likely seen them in your pictures before. They are those little round, dark spots that just seem to appear out of nowhere! Perhaps you call them something else, but I call them dust bunnies. Sometimes they are soft, sometimes they are very defined.

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In digital photography and digital video, clipping is a result of capturing or processing an image where the intensity in a certain area falls outside the minimum and maximum intensity which can be represented. It is an instance of signal clipping in the image domain

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Tethered photography is the process of shooting with your camera connected to your computer, so that photos are uploaded instantly to the computer.

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In television, film, stage, or photographic lighting, a fill light may be used to reduce the contrast of a scene to match the dynamic range of the recording media and record the same amount of detail typically seen by eye in average lighting and considered normal.

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The key light is the first and usually most important light that a photographer, cinematographer, lighting cameraman, or other scene composer will use in a lighting setup. The purpose of the key light is to highlight the form and dimension of the subject.

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Infrared photography is a look into the invisible world. The human eye can see wavelengths from about 400nm-700nm (from purple to red); infrared is the light beyond 700nm.

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Composite Photography is simply the blending of two or more images to create one final image. While this definition makes Compositing sound quick and easy, it's anything but, often times requiring several hours of photography and Photoshop work to complete a final piece.

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Lifestyle photography is a genre of photography that mainly aims to capture portraits of people in situations, real-life events or milestones in an artistic manner and the art of the everyday.

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Urban Exploration Photography (urbanex for short) is the art of finding old and abandoned buildings and locations, exploring them, and taking photos as you go.

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Astrophotography, also known as astronomical imaging, is photography of astronomical objects, celestial events, and areas of the night sky.

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Neutral Density (ND) filters prevent light from entering the camera in measured amounts. This allows the photographer more control in selecting shutter speed and aperture combinations in a variety of conditions.

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A CPL filter – which stands for circular polarizer/linear – is a glass attachment that can reduce the glare from reflected surfaces.

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Chromatic aberration, also known as “color fringing” or “purple fringing”, is a common optical problem that occurs when a lens is either unable to bring all wavelengths of color to the same focal plane, and/or when wavelengths of color are focused at different positions in the focal plane

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A mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera or simply mirrorless camera, also called digital single lens mirrorless, is a photo camera featuring a single, removable lens and a digital display

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A watermark is an identifying image or pattern in paper that appears as various shades of lightness/darkness when viewed by transmitted light, caused by thickness or density variations in the paper. Watermarks have been used on postage stamps, currency, and other government documents to discourage counterfeiting.