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a category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter.

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The standard photographic film format for analog single lens reflex still cameras and motion picture cameras

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A twin-lens reflex camera is a type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal length. One of the lenses is the photographic objective or "taking lens", while the other is used for the viewfinder system, which is usually viewed from above at waist level

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the term 'large format' refers to a camera which records images in a format larger than 4 x 5 inches. The main advantage of large format cameras is their incredible image resolution

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most commonly used chemical process in black-and-white photography, and is the fundamental chemical process for modern analog color photography. As such, films and printing papers available for analog photography rarely rely on any other chemical process to record an image

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a keeper or custodian of a museum or other collection

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traditionally the space in which art objects meet an audience

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framing is the presentation of visual elements in an image, especially the placement of the subject in relation to other objects

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an area of a building that's usually long, narrow, and has a specific function

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a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States to the creators of “original works of authorship,” including literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works.

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Balance is how the elements within a composition are arranged either symmetrically, asymmetrically, or radially to create the impression of equality in weight or importance

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unified such that all the elements fit together comfortably

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Pattern is the repetition of specific visual elements such as a single unit or multitude of forms. Patterns can be used to create balance, organize surfaces in a consistent manner, or create contrast

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Scale affects how something is balanced. The phrase “Bigger is always better” is not always the case in design. Sometimes tiny elements can call attention just as effectively as something large

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The way elements are arranged so that the image is seen as a whole and overall, creates a visually compelling composition is unity.

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Movement is how the eye moves throughout the composition; leading the attention from one aspect to    another. This can be achieved by using repeating or alternating elements or patterns. How often something repeats and the intensity of its contrast creates rhythm

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This is when a specific element is given to a distinguishing feature to separate it from a certain element or group. This can be achieved through other principles such as contrast, movement, scale or balance.

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A line can define the edge of a shape or form, but a line can also be the direction of something in motion.

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Shape encloses a two-dimensional area and can be geometric – think of squares, triangles, or perfect circles – or organic, which is more natural and loose

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Form encloses a three-dimensional area. You can think of form as the three-dimensional analogue of shape. For example, a circle is a two-dimensional shape, but a sphere or cylinder is a three-dimensional form.

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Space refers to the area between and around objects. Space can be positive (filled) or negative (empty).

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Value is how we know light from dark. For example, think of a messy white sheet on an unmade bed. We know the whole sheet is white, but some areas appear darker where the folds or crinkles cast a shadow. That's value at work!

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Color is actually light reflected from a surface. There are three terms we can use to describe color further: hue (the name of the color, like blue), value (where the color lies on a scale from light to dark), and intensity (where the color lies on a scale from dull to bright) 

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Texture is the surface quality of an object that we sense through touch. We can also see implied texture through a photograph or painting. For example, a sheep has a soft, wooly texture. Even if you've never touched an actual sheep, you can imagine how that texture would feel by just looking at a picture of a sheep.

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symmetry around a central axis, as in a starfish or a tulip flower.

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made up of exactly similar parts facing each other or around an axis; showing symmetry.

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having parts that fail to correspond to one another in shape, size, or arrangement; lacking symmetry

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the fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect

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existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence

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Cool colors include green, blue, and purple, and variations of those three colors. Blue is the only primary color within the cool spectrum. Greens take on some of the attributes of yellow, and purple takes on some of the attributes of red. They are often more subdued than warm colors

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Warm colors are more active and emotionally charged. They jump out at the viewer, attracting attention and drawing interest. In general, warm colors are rarer than cool colors, so an image which has even a small splash of warmth can stand out.

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Neutral tones are often earth-colored tones that relate to the natural elements of an outdoor environment. Neutral tones can be the color of sand, the color of water, or the color of dust

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colors opposite one another on the color wheel—can be used very effectively in visual art, including photography. When juxtaposed, complementary colors make each seem brighter and more vivid, creating a powerful visual effect

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A triadic color scheme uses colors that are evenly spaced around the color wheel. Triadic color harmonies tend to be quite vibrant, even if you use pale or unsaturated versions of your hues

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the process of dividing an image into thirds, using two horizontal and two vertical lines. This imaginary grid yields nine parts with four intersection points. When you position the most important elements of your image at these intersection points, you produce a much more natural image

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Leading lines are lines that appear in a photograph that have been framed and positioned by the photographer to draw the viewer's eye towards a specific point of interest

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he golden ratio is a composition guide. Some people call it the Fibonacci spiral, golden spiral, phi grid, divine proportion, or the golden mean. It helps to lead the viewer through the entire photo. The composition will be more pleasing and balanced for the human eye

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design, sculpture or any other creative pursuit is equally as important as is positive space in overall composition

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Simply put, positive space is the actual subject while negative space (also called white space) is the area surrounding the subject

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involves positioning the main light source for a photograph behind the primary subject

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light that is essentially going through a filter that spreads the light out and makes it fall on your subjects evenly and without very much contrast. The light has been softened.

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traditionally refers to any form of light that the photographer did not add to their image, and can include both "natural" ambient sunlight, or "artificial" ambient light such as a nearby street light, lamp, or similar

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lighting technique can be defined simply as high contrast lighting.

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a view of an object or a scene consisting of the outline and a featureless interior, with the silhouetted object usually being black

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objective photography tries to show the world as it really is, while subjective photography tries to show the world as the photographer herself sees it

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can be amazingly helpful both for the person receiving the critique, since they get an in-depth understanding of how their image affects viewers, but also for the person giving the critique, because they get a chance to think deeply about how a photograph is made and how it can be improved

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Using someone else's work without giving credit is considered plagiarism, or a breach of academic integrity. Any images that you use in your assignments must be cited

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Trademark protection is only available for names, short phrases, slogans, service names and logos. A photo can't be trademarked because it does not meet the requisite criteria for trademark protection. However, a photograph can be registered for copyright protection with the United States Copyright Office

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Photography ethics are the principles that guide how we take and share photographs. Photography ethics are subjective, contextual, and fluid, meaning that every person's ethics will be different, because ethics are based on a person's life experience and values

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A diptych is a painting or relief carving made of two parts, which are usually joined by hinges. They are invariably small in size and, if an altarpiece, were used for private devotion. Diptychs are hinged so that they can be closed like a book to protect the interior paintings.

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a picture (such as an altarpiece) or carving in three panels side by side

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the smallest item of information in an image. Pixels are arranged in a 2-dimensional grid, represented using squares. Each pixel is a sample of an original image, where more samples typically provide more-accurate representations of the original

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The last hour before sunset and the first hour after sunrise are coveted by professional photographers. Referred to as “the golden hour” or “magic hour,” these times provide the perfect light to capture stunning photos. Learning to harness the power of the golden hour is a tool every photographer can use.

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During the blue "hour", red light passes through space while blue light is scattered in the atmosphere, and thus reaches Earth's surface. Blue hour usually lasts about 20–30 minutes right after sunset and right before sunrise. For instance, if the sun sets at 6:30 p.m., blue hour would occur from 6:40 p.m. to 7 p.m..