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14 Brazilian sports horses
mean age of 4.9 +/- 0.7 years old
mean body weight of 494 +/- 33.9 kg
Daily exercise on sand and grass-40-60 mins
30% walking, 30% trotting, 10% galloping, 30% jumping
randomized pairs design
evaluated at rest before and after high speed treadmill
temp maintained at 25 degrees C by using 2 fans
10 min warm up then inclined to 1.84 degrees, gallop started at 5.0m/s with increments of 1m/s every minute until 8 m/s where they remained until fatigue. cool down walk for 10 mins then monitored for 20 mins after and then vet evaluation.
blood samples taken 6 hours prior and immediately after

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Training of young Thoroughbred horses must balance development of cardiopulmonary function and aerobic capacity with loading of the musculoskeletal system that can potentially cause structural damage and/or lameness. High-speed equine treadmills are sometimes used to supplement exercise on a track in the training of young Thoroughbreds because the horse can run at high speeds but without the added weight of a rider. We tested the hypothesis that intermittent high-intensity exercise on a treadmill of young Thoroughbred horses entering training can enhance development of aerobic capacity (Vo2max) and running performance more than conventional training under saddle, and do so without causing lameness

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Incidences of injury during the training of young race horses are often increasing, therefore new modalities are encouraged.
The method of swimming horses was investigated in relation physiological adaptations of young racehorses (2 years old)

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18 Thoroughbred horses used
All acclimatised to swimming.
Divided into 3 groups:
-Group A: Just running (4 Horses)
-Group B: Running and gradual increase in swimming (7 Horses)
(300m for first 2 months. 500m last 3 months)
-Group C: Running and continuos swimming. (7 Horses) (300m every day for 5 months- 5 days a week).
Training programmes lasted 5 months.

Muscle biopsies carried out every month for first 3 months.
(Left gluteus medius 10cm deep)
Muscle fibre types were counted from each biopsy

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Group A: There was no significant changes in the first 3 months of training.
Group B and C: The percentage of Fast Twitch (Type II A) decreased, but the percentage of fast twitch (Type II X) fibres increased. The changes observed in group B were more marked than group C.

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Previous studies showed that fibre composition of Gluteus Medius muscle in 1 and 2 year old horses has a high variance, therefore changes in muscular composition would be prevalent in this muscle early in training.
Earlier changes in previous studies noted that increase in the oxidative capacity of the muscle were only brought about by intensive endurance training .

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Increase in FTH/FT implies improvement in oxidative capacity in group B and C. Significant increase after 3 months related to higher intensity endurance work being included after 2 months. Decrease of FT fibres and increase in FTH in group B indicate favourable increase of aerobic energy yield in this group only, using a standardised exercise test.

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Increase in fast twitch oxidative fibres (Type II X) and a decrease in fast twitch anaerobic fibres (Type II A).

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12 thoroughbreds, 3 groups, trained to run on a monitored treadmill with a open flow mask. Short and long group had identical riding and training on the track as the control group, they also trained once a week with high intensity exercise.

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Twelve yearling Thoroughbreds trained for 8 months with conventional riding (C) only, conventional riding plus a short (2 month, S) interval of once-per-week high-intensity treadmill exercise, or a long (8 month, L) interval of once-per-week high-intensity treadmill exercise. Three treadmill exercise tests evaluated Vo2max, oxygen transport and running performance variables in June of the yearling year (only for L), October of the yearling year and April of the 2-year-old year. No horses experienced lameness during the study. Aerobic capacity increased in all groups after training. In both October and April, Vo2max in L was higher than in C, but did not differ between L and S or S and C. Running speeds eliciting Vo2max also increased in all groups after training, with S (809 ± 3 m/s) and L (804 ± 9 m/s) higher than C (764 ± 27 m/s). Maximum heart rate decreased for all groups after training. Hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration increased for L throughout training.

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Young Thoroughbred horses can increase aerobic capacity and running performance more than by strictly using track training under saddle with the addition of intermittent high-intensity treadmill exercise, and they can do so without experiencing lameness. This finding suggests that young racehorses might be able to achieve higher aerobic fitness during training without subjecting their musculoskeletal systems to increased loading and risk of developing lameness. The findings of this preliminary study do not indicate a specific protocol to best achieve this goal.

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Hemogasomotery detects changes in acid base balance of body fluids. Changes in oxygen pressure in alveolar and arterials. The difference between can prevent difussion of oxygen from alveoli to blood, which can cause hypoxemia.

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Average body temp 39.7 +/- 0.86 degrees immediately after exercise, duration of stress test 17.4 +/- 1.6 mins. Positive correlation between lactate concentration at end of stress test and total test time. Negative correllation between max conc of lactate and blood pH at end of test on treadmill.

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intense exercise results in significant changes to the acid base balance with increase in lactate levels after exercise. caused by muscular energy. lactate values increased significantly after exercise.

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Hypoxic training is effective at improving athletic performance. 

Hypoxic training induces hypoxemia because arterial 02 tension is decreased because inspired 02 is decreased. 

Thoroughbred horses experience hypoxemia when exercising at V02 max with arterial 02 tension less than 75mmHg. 

Does hypoxic training effectively increase V02 max for well-trained thoroughbreds.


more_ver

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Intense physical effort reduced pH and plamsa bicarbonate values but didn't cause metabollic acidosis. Horses demonstrated resistance to continued exercise before any changes in blood gas occurred.

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Hypoxic training is effective at improving athletic performance.

Hypoxic training induces hypoxemia because arterial 02 tension is decreased because inspired 02 is decreased.

Thoroughbred horses experience hypoxemia when exercising at V02 max with arterial 02 tension less than 75mmHg.

Does hypoxic training effectively increase V02 max for well-trained thoroughbreds.

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5 healthy thoroughbreds were studied.

After a warm up the exercise protocol consisted of 2-minute exercises intervals until the horses could not maintain their position at the front of the treadmill.

Horses were trained on a treadmill by running up a 6% incline while breathing normoxic gas twice a week prior to hypoxic training.

3 times a week horses were walked on the treadmill at 7km/hr for one hour.

For hypoxic training, the horses wore a semi-open flow mask delivering inspired 02 during exercise.

Running speed on the treadmill was set to elicit exhaustion between 2&3 minutes after warm-up.

The horses had 5 hypoxic training episodes in 3 weeks.

Heart rate was measured with a heart rate monitor and venous blood was drawn from the jugular catheter to measure plasma lactate concentration and packed cell volume.

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Before the training began VO2 max was measured prior for 3 weeks continuously. This was measured twice per week with results of – 178, 180 and 178 ml O2.

The total running distance before hypoxic training was 5174.

The total running distance for hypoxic training was 2987. Hypoxia/exhaustion between 2-3 minutes.

It says statistical analysis was completed however there are no P values related to the actual results.

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Study states they were researching the effects of hypoxic training on V02 max on well trained horses. (What do they class as well trained?)

V02 max did not increase in the 3 weeks prior.

Total running distance after 3 weeks had increased 12%.

Data was not sufficient to show a significant difference.

They previously found that hypoxic training improved V02 however this was in untrained horses.

Determined that hypoxic training may cause severe hypoxemia, whereas normoxic not so much.

There was one result with a significant difference however they could not explain this

Hypoxic training helps to increase the aerobic capacity – however this system cannot be trained?

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Training whilst breathing hypoxic gas has the potential to enhance normoxic performance in the Thoroughbred
Specific mechanisms responsible for enhancing performance are not yet known – area for further research

There is a significant effect on the Thoroughbred performance when briefly exposed to the hypoxic stimulus as it is thought to increase VO2 Max

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- Cardiovascular
-Respiratory
-Muscular

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the purpose of the study to investigate the effect of water temperrature on heart rate of the horse working on a water treadmill in water up to the height of the  scapulohumeral joint

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8 horses from Hartpury equestrian center.
horses walked for 16 minutes on the water treadmill
water up to the height of the scapulohumeral joint
4 15 minute sessions
carried out 3 different exercise test in water 13 16 and 19 degrees
room temperate inbetween 4 to 10 degrees
horse 1 and 7 walk at 1.1m/s all the other horse walked at 1.4m/s
HR data were collected continuously throughout exercise using a Polar Accurex Plus HR monitor
. Electrodes were placed on the left midline of the thorax and on the sternum and held in place using a roller.
Three people were present throughout each test, one handler on either side of the horse’s head and one person controlling the treadmill.

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using one way anova post hoc test
13 and 168C (P , 0.0001) and between 13 and 198C (P , 0.0001), but not between 16 and 198C (P . 0.05)
there was a significant difference between at hearts rates at 13 and 16 degrees
but that there was no significant difference between HRs in minute 0 between water temperatures of 16 and 198C (P . 0.05)
heart rate decreased over time in all water temperatures
the heart rate at the end of the session was 92b

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Results  show that HR is significantly affected by water temperature
the height of the water is only at the scapulohumeral joint and exercise intensity is low.
In all three water temperatures, HR lowered over the course of the first 8–9 min.

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In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the effect of water temperature in the range of 13–198C at a constant level of immersion on the HR of horses during water treadmill exercise. Further studies to investigate the effect of different water depths and temperature combinations are indicated  Water temperature and heart rate of horses

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Purpose of the study to determine if exercising horses using water treadmill and manufacturers recommendations, altered the velocity at which heart rate during maximal exercise reached 200beats/min or altered SDF and gluteal muscle ocidative and glycolytic capacity or the metabolite and substrate concentrations of those muscles

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5 Horses (Healthy- unfit)
Habituation to High speed treadmills.
Water treadmill - 5days per week for 4 weeks, starting at 5min per day increasing to 20min/day.
Before and after the water treadmill training, incremental SET was performed on a land treadmill to determine velocity at HR 200beats/min and resting gluteal and SDF muscle biopsies were obtained for biomechanical analysis.

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No changes

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more strenuous water treadmill contitioning protocol may be needed to induce a training effect in gluteal and SDF muscle and heart rate response

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no adaptations

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Water treadmills used to condition horses, but not well researched within equine , purpose of the study is to determine the effects of water height and treadmill speed on workload.

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15 horses chosen initially with mean age of 14.5 years all similar size and all barrel racers out of training over winter.  14 proceeded within the study as the oxygen mask malfunctioned for one horse, all cleared of health issues and lameness.

Acclimatisation before the study, each session used 3 low speeds, 3 sessions of 20 minutes, however each session the water level increased

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Used linear mixed effects model to identify the presence of water and it's height with interaction of speed, significant effect on VO2, Vt and HR all peaking at highest water level (stifle level - speed of 1.39 m/s) . VO2 = 16.70ml/(kg.min) Vt=6l, HR=69bpm

Respiratory peaked at carpus level at speed of 1.39m/s, median 49 bpm. small increment increases did not effect measured outcomes post exercise blood lactate concentration did not change.

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Physiological responses not well documented, work loads not yet established, presence of water and height= most significant effects on work load measured by VO2. WT used for conditioning high water must be used, the effect of duration of exercise not examined effects on conditioning is not known.
No sig increase in VO2 and HR when water added= low sub maximal intensity exercise.
level of fitness could not be assessed with study design, change in breathing strategies, VO2 change, change of kinematics, gait analysis. Stride frequency and respiratory rate to do with coupling in galloping TBs but doesn't occur in swimming horses, swimming horse employ unique breathing

heart rate electrode signals lots due to splashing, HR peaked at greatest height and fastest speed= indicates greatest work load. water height and buoyancy counteract body weight potentially resulting I reduced HR

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water treadmills have lack of conditioning protocols, slower speeds must incorporate higher water levels to achieve sufficient work loads and further research needed

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No changes in blood lactate, HR, V02 when water in added