# data[].attributes.body
Este es un comercial interesante donde vemos a una compañía estadounidense, McDonald's, que usa el español para captar la audiencia de habla hispana. Como uno de los actores en video pregunta a quién le encanta el padre, utiliza una forma de code-switching cuando usa el nombre inglés de sus productos, como "Sundae" y "McChicken".

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
McDonald's Spanish Commercial "Love the Most"

# data[].attributes.body
Este video presenta las muchas palabras que se han vuelto comunes en conversaciones usando Spanglish. Estas son las palabras que se han adoptado de inglés, pero puesto en el idioma español. Algunos ejemplos de estos son "jangueando" para "hanging out" o "cliquear" para "to click" en la computadora.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
¿Quiere jamberger para el lonche? -- Don't forget to give this video a thumbs up and share it with your friends! Subscribe to our channel: https://goo.gl/P82MhM Follow us on Facebook: https://goo.gl/yZMLQc Twitter: https://goo.gl/UFl207 Instagram: https://goo.gl/xCfbrR Snapchat: wearemitu

# data[].attributes.body
Este artículo, escrito en 1997, muestra las experiencias y percepciones del spanglish hace casi veinte años. En muchos sentidos siguen siendo los mismos hoy. Algunos creen que Spanglish es el camino del futuro, y algunos todavía creen que contamina la lengua nativa de español. Algunos consideran que sólo se utiliza en situaciones de cultura pop y no es permisible en la escuela, sin embargo, algunos argumentan que debe ser permitido y legítimo.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Immigrants struggling to learn a new tongue have long relied on a verbal patchwork to communicate in their adopted land. But Spanglish today is far from the awkward pidgin of a newcomer. As millions of Hispanic-Americans, first, second and third generation, take on more prominent roles in business, media and the arts, Spanglish is traveling right along with them.

The headlines of a glossy new magazine aimed at young Hispanic women spout a hip, irreverent Spanglish. Young Hispanic rappers use the dialect in recordings, and poets and novelists are adapting it to serious literary endeavors. Spanglish has few rules and many variations, but at its most vivid and exuberant, it is an effortless dance between English and Spanish, with the two languages clutched so closely together that at times they actually converge. Phrases and sentences veer back and forth almost unconsciously, as the speaker's intuition grabs the best expressions from either language to sum up a thought. Sometimes entirely new words are coined.

Some Spanish-language purists still denounce Spanglish as a debasement of their native tongue. And many Latinos, wary of the Ebonics controversy that flared over the suggestion that black English should be considered a separate language, are unsure just how far they want to push their own hybrid. Many see it as a purely colloquial form of communication best suited to popular culture, and there is little talk of introducing a Spanglish curriculum in schools or demanding that Spanglish be accepted in the workplace.

Most speakers fall into Spanglish only among other bilingual Latinos, and when they do, it is often with a sense of humor.

''If in addition to, quote, 'taking all those good fruit-picking jobs' we then begin bastardizing the language, we are really going to catch it,'' said Christy Haubegger, publisher of Latina magazine. ''We don't need another strike against us.''

But those reservations have not limited Spanglish's popularity. Ms. Haubegger, a Mexican-American lawyer, began Spanglish's most successful foray into the magazine world last June when she started Latina magazine, a bilingual glossy in New York for young Hispanic women. The magazine peppers its stories and headlines with Spanglish. ''When He Says Me Voy . . . What Does He Really Mean?'' one headline reads. (''Me voy'' is ''I'm leaving.'') ''Mi padre's infidelity. Are cuernos genetic?'' another reads. (''Cuernos'' are horns.) The magazine, published six times a year, has been so successful that this summer it will go monthly.

In Miami, Generation n, another bilingual magazine, found an audience in part because of a regular humor column by Bill Cruz called Cubanamericanisms. Nothing more than a list of Webster-style definitions of Spanglish words, now dubbed Cubonics in Miami, it had Miami's Cuban community guffawing over their own expressions. In January, the magazine printed 4,000 novelty books featuring excerpts from the column, and they sold faster than a maicroguey (microwave) can cook up a Weiguache (Weight Watchers) meal.

The much-praised Hispanic writers Sandra Cisneros, Julia Alvarez and Roberto G. Fernandez routinely drop Spanglish into their novels and poetry, believing it to be a legitimate, creative form of communication.

''Language is not a little, airtight, clean, finished container of something,'' said Ms. Alvarez, a Dominican-American author (who is not related to this writer). ''It's permeable, alive. It moves.''

The language has also picked up momentum in music. Jellybean Benitez, a New York-based record producer and the founder of Hola, a recording company whose name stands for Home of Latino Artists, said a new wave of popular artists, most of them young rappers, are using Spanglish in their lyrics.

When Reign, a young Latino singer, warns ''danger, danger, cuidado'' as he slides in and out of the two languages on the title track of his recording, ''Indestructible,'' he is doing it to connect to his audience, but also to show Latino pride, Mr. Benitez said.

And in Texas, where some say a Spanish-English hybrid has been around as long as Texas has been Texas, Spanglish -- or Tex-Mex as they call it -- has reached unrivaled levels of acceptance. Towns close to the border resonate with the language.

Those who tune into KXTN-FM in San Antonio, which has been No. 1 in the ratings for four years running, hear deejays saying things like, ''Recuerdales que hoy, esta tarde, vamos a estar en vivo in Dillards, broadcasting live from 3 to 5, with your chance to win some cool KXTN prizes. Acompanen a sus amigos.'' Translation: Remember that today, this afternoon, we are going to go live from Dillards, broadcasting live from 3 to 5. Come with your friends.''

Even the station's advertisers have requested that their commercials be broadcast in Spanglish, recognizing that the language can tap into the listener's bicultural world.

Ms. Haubegger, 28, the publisher of Latina magazine, also believes that Spanglish is good business.

''If we were an English magazine, we would just be general market,'' she said. ''If we were a Spanish-language magazine, we would be Latin American. We are the intersection of the two, and we reflect a life between two languages and two cultures that our readers live in.''

There are two basic approaches to Spanglish, with countless variations: switching and borrowing. Borrowing words from English and Spanishizing them has typically been the creation of immigrants, who contort English words for everyday survival. This method makes new words by pronouncing an English word ''Spanish style'' (dropping final consonants, softening others, replacing M's with N's and V's with B's), and spelled by transliterating the result using Spanish spelling conventions.

Thus, a grandfather suffering from a chest cold in Miami will walk into a drugstore and ask for ''Bibaporru,'' ordinarily called Vick's VapoRub. A teen-ager will buy a pair of ''chores'' -- ''shorts'' -- for the gym. A housekeeper will plug in the ''bacuncliner'' to vacuum the rug. And, since regional differences exist in Spanglish, Latinos in New York might complain about ''el estin'' during winter if the steam shuts off or warn you late at night about ''los joldoperos,'' robbers who hold you up.

Sometimes, an English word is borrowed for reasons of efficiency, since Spanish is famously multisyllabic. Instead of saying, ''estacionamiento'' for ''parking,'' Spanglish speakers opt for ''parquin.'' Instead of ''escribir a maquina'' for ''to type,'' they say ''taipear.'' Swiftly advancing technology has also added the verbs ''bipiar'' (from the noun ''beeper'') and ''i-meiliar'' (''to E-mail'') to the vocabulary.

''Dame un bipeo later,'' said Mike Robles, a stand-up comic from the Bronx who does a whole riff on Spanglish. Give me a beep. ''There are whole generations out there that speak exactly that,'' he said.

The children of immigrants, who grow up speaking or hearing Spanish at home, and English everywhere else, use these borrowed words, but they take Spanglish one step further. Ask them what they speak among themselves or at home and the answer is inevitably the same: Hablo un mix de los dos languages, a mix of the two.

Traditionalists have sometimes deplored this ''code-switching'' between languages, often calling it a product of laziness and ignorance. And it is true that as Spanish gets fuzzier to American-born Hispanics, they come to rely on English words to fill the gap. But a new school of thought has recently emerged that says that Spanglish illustrates a high degree of fluency in both languages.

''It's a sign of linguistic dexterity,'' said Ana Celia Zentella, a linguist at Hunter College and at the CUNY Graduate Center who has written a book on bilingualism in New York. ''It's like a complex juggling act or a train car able to run on two tracks at the same time, shifting from one to the other at the appropriate time. It's a skill that is often misunderstood.''

Luz de Armas, chief creative officer and managing partner of Conill Advertisers in New York, who said she and her co-workers speak mostly Spanglish among themselves, agreed. She often switches into Spanish, she said, to convey anger, joy, love or embarrassment, because Spanish is a more descriptive, emotional language than English -- not because she doesn't know the word.

That is also true for Ms. Alvarez, the novelist. ''For me, Spanish is my childhood language,'' she said. ''I came to this country when I was 10. It's the language of sensations and emotions, of the day to day.''

As with other foreign languages, some Spanish words simply cannot be translated.

''English is very concise and efficient,'' said Gustavo Perez Firmat, a Duke University professor and poet who has written a collection of poems called ''Bilingual Blues.'' ''Spanish has sabrosura, flavor.''

It is also a statement of identity. ''The reality is, because you do have a constant influx, we don't assimilate, we acculturate,'' said Ms. de Armas, whose parents are from Spain. ''I'm not turning my back on what I came from. You pick and choose and accommodate, and that's what Spanglish is.''

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
It's the Talk of Nueva York: The Hybrid Called Spanglish

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Spanglish, hybrid lingo of Spanish and English used by New York City immigrants struggling to learn new tongue, is becoming language of choice for growing number of Hispanic-Americans who view it as metaphor for their two coexisting worlds; as millions of Hispanic-Americans of first, second and third generations take on more prominent roles in business, media and arts, Spanglish has traveled right along with them; glossary; photo (M)

# data[].attributes.body
Este artículo se centra en por qué bilingües o multilingües usa “code-switching” y cuando se usa “code-switching.” Uno puede usar un idioma para un tema determinado y otro para otro. Por ejemplo, un musulmán holandés-árabe puede hablar sobre el Islam en árabe, pero la escuela en holandés. También hay reglas que siguen los code-switchers y no son aleatorias. Se necesita conocimiento de la gramática en ambos idiomas para poder cambiar código correctamente.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The reactions a few weeks ago on the Multilingual Living Facebook page to the post Language Switching with Your Bilingual Child When It Counts show that multilinguals are familiar with code-switching (the use of more than one language in a conversation, or even within a sentence and sometimes even in a single word). The question is, do people think that code-switching is something to be proud of? What do you think? If we were to ask a group of multilinguals, the general response would most likely be negative.

People who switch back and forth from one language to the other are considered careless, thoughtless, clumsy, not interested or disrespectful towards their languages. However, a lot of interesting observations can be made from this! For the next few months, I will be writing posts for Multilingual Living about how academic knowledge can help us understand our daily multilingual lives. This post on code-switching is the first.
WHAT is code-switching?
If you don't know what code-switching is, listen to the child in the following video:

Less decent but just as much code-switching can be heard in the following video:

Linguists who study code-switching may ask two types of questions which I will return to below.

The first question is: WHY do people switch? And that has everything to do with identities, proficiency, situation, speech partners, etc.

The second question is: HOW do people switch? And that is a more grammatical topic.

WHY do people code-switch?
Have you ever heard an official speech in which code-switching occurred? Probably a single word every now and then, but not more than that. Obviously, when we try to speak with great care, when we want to make a well-prepared and educated impression, we do our best to stick to one language. But usually, in our day-to-day contacts, we are not very careful and we don't pay special attention to how we say things, as long as our message is clear.

People who switch a lot between their languages in bilingual encounters will not do so with speech partners who understand only one of their languages. It does not make sense to use, say, Turkish with a speech partner who does not speak or understand a word of Turkish.

Some linguists have stated that 'true' code-switching is only possible when a speaker is fully proficient in two (or more) languages, or a 'balanced bilingual.' But how many people are equally native-like proficient in two or more languages? Not many, I would guess. But that does not mean that they are unable to switch between languages!

Sometimes people switch when they don't know a word in one language. Most multilinguals have a 'better' language, but it all depends on the topic and speech partners.

Sometimes people switch because they want to show their speech partners that they also know the other language, or because it 'sounds better' in the other language.

A Turkish/Dutch girl I know told me that she curses in Dutch and not in Turkish because in Turkish it would sound more serious, more severe. When a Dutch-Arabic bilingual living in the Netherlands wants to talk about Islam, (s)he will prefer Arabic, but when (s)he talks about school, Dutch is preferred. The same person might feel uncomfortable speaking Dutch to his or her parents and Arabic to friends.

When I talk with an Arab in the Netherlands, we might both use Dutch and I might sometimes use some Arabic words in order to identify myself as a person who knows some Arabic, even though my Arabic is very poor. Code-switching identification is a powerful tool for identification.
HOW do people code-switch?
Codeswitching within sentences is not something people do whenever they feel like it!

Whenever switching takes place within a sentence, there are strict grammatical rules to be obeyed. Nobody told the bilinguals what these rules are, there is no book or grammar that prescribes when and how to switch, and yet bilinguals know these rules!

People who switch within a sentence have to know the grammar of both languages. In English, for example, the verb comes right after the subject. In Turkish, but also in Dutch and German subordinate sentences, the verb is the last word of the sentence. So when you want to switch from English to German in a subordinate sentence, and you already used the verb in English (and you don't want to violate either grammars), you have a problem, as in this example:

(1) (...) because he wanted to buy books yesterday

(2) (...) weil er gestern Bücher kaufen wollte (German)
(...) 'because he yesterday books buy wanted'

I leave it to the German-English readers to come up with a solution. Where would you switch from one language to the other in the sentence above without making grammatical errors?

Even when there are no word order difficulties such as those listed above, you still can only switch at certain points, not randomly. For example, switching after every second word as in examples (5) and (6) below leads to impossible sentences. (Sentences (3) and (4) below are the monolingual equivalents.)

(3) I bought the last copy (English)
(4) Ik kocht het laatste exemplaar (Dutch)

Sentence (5) and (6) are simply wrong. Bilinguals just would not say something like that. However, the next two sentences sound much more acceptable:

(7) Ik kocht the last copy
(8) I bought het laatste exemplaar

People who never learned what a 'subject pronoun' or a 'finite verb' is, know exactly that switching between a subject pronoun and a finite verb, as in (5) and (6), is unacceptable in bilingual speech. Isn't that amazing? They also know that code-switching between finite verb and direct object is less problematic, as in (7) and (8).

These examples were from English, Dutch and German. However, the rules like the ones above apply to all possible language pairs which means that all bilinguals, whatever their languages, know these rules. And not only between spoken languages but also between spoken and signed languages. Deaf people are also able to switch between sign language and a spoken language, and they do so when they are communicating with other bilingual speaking/signing people.

Now the question asked in the beginning can be answered:
yes, code-switching is a skill and a strategy and it is something to be proud of!
Jacomine Nortier is associate professor in multilingualism and sociolinguistics at the Utrecht Institute of Linguistics, Utrecht University, the Netherlands. She teaches at all university levels. According to European norms she is a monolingual, i.e., she grew up with Dutch as her only language, but like all Dutch children she learned English, German and French at school and she communicates in all three of them. As a university student she learned the Scandinavian languages Danish, Norwegian and Swedish, and later she learned Moroccan Arabic as well. Her PhD thesis (1989) was about code-switching between Dutch and Moroccan Arabic. More recent publications are about code-switching and increasingly about urban youth languages, multi-ethnolects and multilingual internet forums. Over the course of the next few months she will be writing columns for Multilingual Living about how academic knowledge helps us understand our daily multilingual lives.
This website is provided for informational and entertainment purposes only and is not intended as a replacement or substitute for any professional financial, medical, legal, or other advice. By using this website, you signify your agreement to all terms, conditions and notices contained or referenced in our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. If you do not agree with these terms and conditions, please do not use this website.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Code-switching Is Much More than Careless Mixing: Multilinguals Know the Rules! - Multilingual Living

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The reactions a few weeks ago on the Multilingual Living Facebook page to the post Language Switching with Your Bilingual Child When It Counts show that multilinguals are familiar with code-switching (the use of more than one language in a conversation, or even within a sentence and sometimes even in a single word).

# data[].attributes.body
Me

Lee (born in U.S.) - bilingual (English dominant/ Spanish)

Parents

Mike (born in U.S.) - English monolingual

Kelli (born in U.S.) - English monolingual

Paternal Grandparents

George (born in U.S.) - English monolingual

Jan (born in U.S.) -  bilingual (Chahta, English dominant)

Maternal Grandparents

Kenneth (U.S.) - English monolingual

Yvonne (Netherlands, US immigrant) - bilingual (Dutch/English dominant)

# data[].attributes.body
Este es un clip de un programa de Netflix español que veo que se llama el Gran Hotel. En el parte principio oímos la mujer utilice un ligero apical de "s" cuando dice "Que Pasa?" Suena como que ella está diciendo “que pasha?” También, podemos oír la teta típico español es predominante en este clip.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Gran Hotel - Andrés 'resucita' ante el asombro de Julio

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Julio visita el cadáver de su amigo Andrés y según entra en la habitación no puede contener las lágrimas. Julio le cuenta que no le dejaron entrar, que hubiera estado con él hasta el final pero que no le dejaron.

# data[].attributes.body
En este video, el anfitrión va a preguntar a las personas que viven en Lima cómo les gusta la ciudad. Algo que me llamó la atención fue el dialecto que muchas veces la final "s" al final de la palabra se dejó caer. Además, muchas veces una "S" en el medio de la palabra se dejó caer, así, como en la palabra "mismo". Por último, los b, d, g sonidos no eran muy fuertes, pero más suave.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What do you like about Lima? | Easy Spanish 3

# data[].attributes.body
Esta es una canción de Juana Molina, que es de Argentina. Una gran cantidad de características que son comunes en el dialecto argentino, vemos también en esta canción. Por ejemplo, los b, d, g sonidos son muy reducidas y son inexistentes cuando dice la palabra "atormentada". Además, se nos dice que la "s" se cae muchas veces. Tal es el caso de la palabra "oeste", que se convierte en "oete."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Juana Molina - "Sin Guia No" (official music video)

# data[].attributes.body
Caloncho es uno de mis músicos favoritos de México. He escuchado la canción cientos de veces antes, pero ahora que he analizado lingüísticamente, puedo ver cómo la canción retrata el dialecto típico mexicano. Por ejemplo, los grupos consonantes son muy fuertes, así como la b, d, g suena. Cada palabra se pronuncia de manera muy precisa y se define cada sonido.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
MÉDULA & CALONCHO. - Acústico grabado en: Zitla y Zicatela Suc. Brisas MTY. #64790 - https://www.facebook.com/colectivomedula https://twitter.com/colectivomedula - https://www.facebook.com/calonchomusic - ¡Gracias a LALECCE! https://twitter.com/lalecce - ¡Gracias a VACÍO! https://www.facebook.com/vaciomx https://instagram.com/vaciooficial https://twitter.com/vaciooficial - ¡Gracias a Zitla y Zicatela! https://www.facebook.com/zitlayzicatelamx - ¡Gracias a Kika por las fotos!

# data[].attributes.body
En este video el hombre explica que para categorizar cada parte de una frase, es necesario tener algo más que sustantivos, verbos, adverbios, etc. Por ejemplo, no se puede decir la palabra "eat" necesita dos sustantivos a cada lado, porque la frase "the porridge eats goldilocks" no tiene un verdadero significado. Hay muchas frases que se rigen por las reglas de sintaxis, pero no tienen ningún significado. Esta es la razón por lingüistas han creado "theta roles" que describen lo que el propósito de una palabra está en una frase. Los papeles discutidos en este video son agente, experimente, tema, y ​​la meta.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
How does a word know what role it should play in a sentence? How can we match up our verbs and nouns so that everything makes sense? In this week's episode, we talk about theta roles: how they keep us from overstuffing or underfilling our sentences, the different kinds of roles there are, and how it keeps X' Theory from running out of control.

# data[].attributes.body
Este video de rap llama la atención sobre la cantidad de homofonos en español, que son palabras que suenan igual, pero tienen significados completamente diferentes. Algunos ejemplos de este tipo de palabras son “arrollo” y “arroyo”, “rebelar” y “revelar”, y también “a ver” y “haber.”

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
LINKS DE DESCARGA: Mediafire: http://www.mediafire.com/listen/f3lvg8l1x3hgo9w/Rap%20de%20los%20Homófonos.mp3 SoundCloud: https://soundcloud.com/alexkeyblade/rap-de-los-hom-fonos LETRA: Tras este tema dirás "¡Vaya, vaya!" Keyblade rapea como Donkova salta vallas. Mañana dan los Grammy y espero que vaya. Porque devora beats igual que un oso devora bayas. Soy como el adamantio, yo nunca me ablando. Mejor escúchame porque te estoy hablando.

# data[].attributes.body
Este es un clip de The Suite Life of Zack y Cody, donde Maddy está tratando de ruptura con su novio, pero ella está teniendo problemas para encontrar las palabras para decir, por lo que usa la máxima de relación y cambia el tema sin previo aviso. Ella comienza a decir cosas que no son relevantes para la conversación y esto puede confundir al niño.

# data[].attributes.body
Este video muestra la pragmática de la palabra "hello." La niña está dotado de varios casos en los que se utiliza la misma palabra, pero tiene diferentes significados. Por ejemplo, se utiliza "hello" para contestar el teléfono para saludar a alguien, pero también usa la palabra en la ira para llamar la atención sobre algo que ella piensa que está mal.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Chloe explores the pragmatics of the word "hello" for her language studies final project.

# data[].attributes.body
Este artículo habla de la evolución de las lenguas y cómo los investigadores están utilizando las lenguas clásicas para construir lo que el lenguaje de la gente antigua pudo haber parecido, en el que ellos llaman "proto-indo-european." Comienza observando cómo las lenguas romances han desarrollado a partir de América y las "reglas" que se siguieron para producir el lenguaje de hoy en día. Y continúa diciendo que los investigadores han estudiado los patrones de evolución del lenguaje de romance, germánica, eslava, y otras familias de lenguas de reconstruir la forma proto-indo-european.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Languages change, usually very slowly, sometimes very rapidly. There are many reasons a language might change. One obvious reason is interaction with other languages. If one tribe of people trades with another, they will pick up specific words and phrases for trade objects, for example.

# data[].attributes.body
En este artículo se dice que durante el siglo 12, los escribanos españoles utilizaron el símbolo de tilde para indicar que una carta se duplicó, incluso en otras cartas, además de la n. Sin embargo, como llegó el siglo 14, todas las demás letras mediante la tilde fueron olvidadas, excepto el n. El autor señala que, en la actualidad, la tilde se utiliza en la forma española de palabras que tienen las letras "gn" en inglés, como la palabra señal por “signal”, o la palbra campaña para “campaign.”

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Spanish letter ñ is original with Spanish and has become one of its most distinctive written features.

As you could probably guess, the ñ came originally from the letter n. The ñ did not exist in the Latin alphabet and was the result of innovations about nine centuries ago.

Beginning in about the 12th century, Spanish scribes (whose job it was to copy documents by hand) used the tilde placed over letters to indicate that a letter was doubled (so that, for example, nn became ñ and aa became ã).

The popularity of the tilde for other letters eventually waned, and by the 14th century, the ñ was the only place it was used. Its origins can be seen in a word such as (which means "year"), as it comes from the Latin word annus with a double n. As the phonetic nature of Spanish became solidified, the ñ came to be used for its sound, not just for words with an nn. A number of Spanish words, such as señal and campaña, that are English cognates use the ñ where English uses "gn," such as in "signal" and "campaign," respectively.

The Spanish ñ has been copied by two other languages that are spoken by minorities in Spain. It is used in Euskara, the Basque language that is unrelated to Spanish, to represent approximately the same sound as it has in Spanish. It is also used in Galician, a language similar to Portuguese. (Portuguese uses nh to represent the same sound.)

Additionally, three centuries of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines led to the adoption of many Spanish words in the national language, Tagalog (also known as Pilipino or Filipino). The ñ is among the letters that have been added to the traditional 20 letters of the language.

And while the ñ isn't part of the English alphabet, it frequently is used by careful writers when using adopted words such as jalapeño, piña colada, or piñata and in the spelling of personal and place names.

In Portuguese, the tilde is placed over vowels to indicate that the sound is nasalized. That use of the tilde has no apparent direct connection with the use of the tilde in Spanish.

After this article was published, this site received additional information from Robert L. Davis, associate professor of Spanish from the University of Oregon:

"Thanks for including the interesting page on the history of the ñ. In a few places you express uncertainty about some of the details of this history; below I offer the information you need to complete the story.

"The reason the "tilde" appears over an N (as in Latin ANNU > Sp. año) and Portuguese vowels (Latin MANU > Po. mão) is that scribes wrote a small letter N over the preceding letter in both cases, to save space in manuscripts (parchment was expensive). As the two languages developed phonetically away from Latin, the double N sound of Latin morphed into the current palatal nasal sound of the Ñ, and Portuguese N between vowels got deleted, leaving its nasal quality on the vowel. So readers and writers began to use the old spelling trick to indicate the new sounds that did not exist in Latin. (It's really nice the way you framed the Ñ as the only Spanish letter of Spanish origin!)

"Also of potential interest to your readers:

"The word "tilde" actually refers to both the squiggle over the Ñ as well as the accent mark used to mark phonetic stress (e.g., café). There is even the verb "tildarse", which means, "to be written with an accent mark, to stress", as in "La palabra 'café' se tilda en la e".

"The unique character of the letter Ñ has led to its becoming a marker of Hispanic identity in recent years. There is now a "generación Ñ", the children of Spanish-speaking parents in the U.S. (parallel to Generation X, etc.), a stylized Ñ is the logo of the Cervantes Institute (http://www.cervantes.es), and so forth.

"The squiggle under the ç in Portuguese and French has a similar origin as the ñ. It is called a "cedille", meaning "little Z." It comes from the diminutive of the Old Spanish name for the letter Z, ceda. It was used to represent the "ts" sound in Old Spanish, which no longer exists in the language. E.g., O.Sp. caça (katsa) = Mod. Sp. caza (casa or catha).

"Restaurants in the U.S. now offer dishes made with a very spicy pepper, the habanero, which is frequently mispronounced and misspelled as habañero. Since the name comes from La Habana, the capital of Cuba, this pepper should not have Ñ. I think the name has been contaminated by jalapeño, which of course is simply a pepper from Jalapa, Mexico."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Why That Squiggly Mark Over the Spanish Ñ?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Spanish letter ñ is original with Spanish and has become one of its most distinctive written features. As you could probably guess, the ñ came originally from the letter n. The ñ did not exist in the Latin alphabet and was the result of innovations about nine centuries ago.

# data[].attributes.body
Se pide a las dos niñas a decir una palabra en Inglés en árabe o español, y las similitudes son sorprendentes. Una de las palabras incluidas es la palabra “blouse”, que en español es “blusa” y en árabe es "bloosa." Suenan exactamente el mismo, sólo que con una ortografía diferente. Otra palabra es el “sugar,” que en árabe es “sookar” y en español es “azúcar”. Ellas se explica en el fin de que los moros del norte de África trajo su cultura islámica, así como el lenguaje de España durante la invasión, y es por eso que hay muchas similitudes.

# data[].attributes.body
Este video comienza explicando que el latín es la madre y el padre de español. El latín era la lengua del imperio romano, y cuando el imperio se disolvió, latino se desarrolló en las lenguas romances. A continuación, se dice que durante el siglo 18 los moros invadieron España y trajeron árabe, y que miles de palabras en español vienen del árabe. No fue hasta que un rey declaró castellano, al ser utilizado en todos los idiomas oficiales de que el español se convirtió en la lengua oficial de España. Hoy castellano formal ha mezclado con las Américas para crear diferentes dialectos del español en varios países.

# data[].attributes.body
Esto muestra el orden en que se estructuran frases en el idioma nativo americana Choctaw. En la mayoria de los casos, en Choctaw, el objeto viene primero y luego es seguido por el verbo y el sujeto. Por ejemplo, la frase “soy Choctaw” es “Chahta sia” y tambien en una pregunta como “eres un Choctaw?” el orden seria “Chahta chia yo.”

# data[].attributes.headline
Ambigüedad de los oraciones "garden path"

# data[].attributes.subject
Ambigüedad de los oraciones "garden path"

# data[].attributes.body
Este video habla de la ambigüedad de las frases que podrían tener varios significados o interpretaciones. Se habla de tres tipos de ambigüedad, scopal, léxico, pero se centra en structural. construimos una interpretación del significado como se lee una oración. Esto es lo que se llama una oración “garden path,” que está confuso y hacer que se vuelva a leer la sentencia para tener un mejor entendimiento

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Crash Blossoms and Being Drunk: Ambiguity

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
One comma can make a lot of difference. Language is ambiguous -- but in some very specific ways. Here's how.

# data[].attributes.body
En Inglés, utilizamos el orden sujeto-verbo-objeto de las palabras, pero Yoda habla en el orden de objeto-sujeto-verbo. Este artículo analiza la sintaxis de otros idiomas y cómo el discurso de Yoda cambia en cada caso. Por ejemplo, El idioma checo tiene un orden libre de las palabras y Yoda habla en el orden de SOV, sin embargo, la forma en que habla parece ser raro. Pero, en húngaro también hay un orden libre de las palabras, pero Yoda tiene ningún discurso inusual

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What is Yoda's syntax in other languages?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Sometimes people ask the best questions on Reddit: What does Yoda's syntax look like in non-English versions of Star Wars? For those who aren't familiar with Star Wars (all two of you), Yoda is an alien who, when speaking English, uses what seems to be an OSV syntax instead of the traditional SVO syntax.

# data[].attributes.headline
Significados ocultos en el orden de palabras

# data[].attributes.subject
Significados ocultos en el orden de palabras

# data[].attributes.body
Este vídeo habla de la sintaxis española y los significados detrás de la orden de una oración. Ella dice que la orden de las palabras depende de qué parte de la oración necesita énfasis. Su ejemplo es de un niño que estuvo llorando. Si quería hacer enfatizar en quien estuvo llorando, entonces se usaría el orden de verbo-sujeto, como “Estuvo llorando el niño.” Si desea enfatizar qué pasó, entonces sería poner el verbo después del sujeto, como “El niño estuvo llorando.”

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Language and Linguistic Science, University of York

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Hidden meanings in language learning: word order in Spanish

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This short video sheds light on a potentially puzzling aspect of Spanish word order. It was created by the Meaning in Language Learning Network (http://millnetwork.org/) and launched at the Hidden Meanings in Language Learning event in the York Festival of Ideas, 10 June 2015.

# data[].attributes.headline
La gramática, la identidad y el lado oscuro del subjuntivo

# data[].attributes.subject
La gramática, la identidad y el lado oscuro del subjuntivo

# data[].attributes.body
El subjuntivo nos permite mirar hacia el futuro para tener en cuenta los posibles resultados, y también el pasado para ver lo que podría haber sucedido. En este video Tran conecta su experiencia huyen de Vietnam como un niño con su uso del subjuntivo. Compara su padre, que sólo podía hablar vietnamita que no tiene subjuntivo, consigo mismo, que era capaz de usar el subjuntivo inglés. Dice que su padre sólo pensaba sobre lo que pasó y lo que no, sin embargo, él considera todas las posibilidades que nunca ocurrieron. Para él, a través del subjuntivo, podía imaginar un mundo de posibilidades desconocidas en su nueva vida en los Estados Unidos.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Grammar, Identity, and the Dark Side of the Subjunctive: Phuc Tran at TEDxDirigo

# data[].attributes.body
Este video se ve en diez palabras que la gente normalmente piensa que son inglés, pero han sido adoptados de otros idiomas. La palabra que fue de lo más sorprendente para mí fue “kudos,” que siempre pensé era sólo una palabra modern de ingléss, sin embargo, es una palabra antigua de griega que significa gloria.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.entities[].name
Badass Soldiers Who Faced Entire Armies All Alone

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Top 10 Foreign Words You Thought Were English — TopTenzNet

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
So, to honor those countries that have shared their vocabulary, by choice or by force, here is a list of ten words that native English speakers may not know as foreign. Granted, there are thousands of words to choose from, and to pick ten was difficult.

# data[].attributes.body
McKean dice que cada lengua se encuentra a las personas que están de acuerdo de entenderse entre sí. Ella aboga por que las personas tienen el poder de crear palabras y deben seguir para crear palabras. Puede añadir palabras por robándoselos de un otro idioma, la combinación de dos palabras juntas para formar una nueva palabra como "heartbreak", se puede crear una palabra mezcla como "brunch", o por tomando la primera carta de un grupo de palabras, por ejemplo, de la NASA.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Erin McKean: Go ahead, make up new words!

# data[].attributes.headline
El idioma inglés: dar y recibir palabras

# data[].attributes.subject
El idioma inglés: dar y recibir palabras

# data[].attributes.body
A lo largo de los siglos, inglés ha prestado palabras de idiomas en todo el mundo como “yoga,” “khaki,” y “bangles” de idiomas del sudeste asiático. Sin embargo, hoy en día las mesas están convirtiendo e Inglés está prestando palabras más que pedirlos prestados. Debido a las innovaciones tecnológicas creadas por los países occidentales, palabras tales “Internet,” “computer” y “cell phone” han sido adoptadas por otros idiomas.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
English language has "borrowed" words for centuries. But is it now lending more than it's taking, asks Philip Durkin, deputy chief editor of the Oxford English Dictionary.

English speakers may not be famous for being au fait with foreign languages, but all of us use words taken from other languages every day.

In that last sentence au fait is an obvious example, but famous, foreign, languages, use, and taken are also borrowed words. Knowledge of what is being borrowed, and from where, provides an invaluable insight into the international relations of the English language.

Today English borrows words from other languages with a truly global reach. Some examples that the Oxford English Dictionary suggests entered English during the past 30 years include tarka dal, a creamy Indian lentil dish (1984, from Hindi), quinzhee, a type of snow shelter (1984, from Slave or another language of the Pacific Coast of North America), popiah, a type of Singaporean or Malaysian spring roll (1986, from Malay), izakaya, a type of Japanese bar serving food (1987), affogato, an Italian dessert made of ice cream and coffee (1992).

One obvious thing that these words have in common is that not all English speakers will know them. Probably affogato and tarka dal are likeliest to be familiar to British readers, but they do not yet belong to the vocabulary that you would expect just about every British person to know, and experiences will differ greatly in different parts of the world.

Some words slowly build up in frequency. For instance, the word sushi is first recorded in English in the 1890s, but the earliest examples in print all feel the need to explain what sushi is, and it is only in recent decades that it has become ubiquitous, as sushi has spread along the high street and into supermarket chiller cabinets in most corners of the English-speaking world. But, commonplace though sushi may be today, it hasn't made its way into the inner core of English in the same way as words like peace, war, just, or very (from French) or leg, sky, take, or they (from Scandinavian languages). This isn't just because they were borrowed longer ago. It owes a great deal to the different influences that foreign languages have had on the word-stock of English over the centuries.

The number of new borrowed words finding their way into the shared international vocabulary is on a long downward trend

It's very hard to be precise about the boundaries of the vocabulary of any language, especially a global one like modern English. Every speaker of a language has a slightly different vocabulary. English speakers living in New Zealand are likely to be familiar with a wider range of words of Maori origin, like Pakeha, a New Zealander of European descent, aroha (sympathy, understanding), kia ora - a greeting or farewell. English speakers in Scotland may know more words of Scottish Gaelic origin, like cranachan, a type of dessert, pibroch, bagpipe music, Sassenach, Englishman. Dictionaries, even very big ones like the OED, monitor those words that have some traction in English across the world. This sort of monitoring reveals some surprising trends. Although English is now borrowing from other languages with a worldwide range, the number of new borrowed words finding their way into the shared international vocabulary is on a long downward trend.

One big reason for this is the success of English as an international language of science, scholarship, business, and many other fields. If we think about words coming into English from foreign languages in the 18th and 19th Centuries, we may think first of the impact of colonialism and expanding trade. Words like jungle (1776), bangle (1787), yoga (1818), khaki (1863) came into English from languages of South Asia. But in many other cases new words slipped into English as a result of scientific coinages in other European languages. For example, oxygen reflects the French name oxygène that the scientists Lavoisier and Guyton de Morveau gave to the recently discovered element in the 1780s. The word is formed from elements that ultimately come from Greek, but it was coined in French and then borrowed into English.

A similar story applies to paraffin, formed in German in 1830 (from Latin elements), and then borrowed into English in 1835. Other borrowings like semester (1826) or seminar (1889) reflect German innovations in higher education. Such borrowings are still sometimes found today, but have become much less common, as English has become the lingua franca of the world of learning (and of so many other fields). Today, the balance is tipping much more towards English as a donor of new words (eg internet, computer, cell phone, meeting, business) rather than a borrower. By contrast, new borrowings into English today tend to cluster much more closely in a few subject areas, especially names of food and drink.

If we look back further, it was in the Middle Ages that the everyday vocabulary of English was affected most deeply by borrowing from other languages. In the wake of the Norman Conquest, French and Latin put English in the shade for centuries as the language of learning. The church, law, and officialdom. Even everyday business records were typically written in Latin or French down to the late 1300s. This has left an indelible mark on the English language today. Words like age, air, cause, city, idea, join, material, poor, suffer, tax have become part of the fabric of modern English. Not far short of half of the 1,000 most frequently occurring words in modern written English have come into the language from French or Latin, mostly in the period from 1066 to 1500.

Mind your language with the Magazine

Franglais: Is the English language conquering French? and Readers' Franglais favourites (May 2013)

How the internet is changing English (December 2012)

Fewer in number, but even more striking in their impact on the language of everyday life, are those words that came into English from Scandinavian languages. When communities of Scandinavian settlers in late Anglo-Saxon England began to switch to using English, they brought with them some words that have become part of the most basic layer of the vocabulary of English, such as give, take, hit, leg, skin, sky, and even the pronoun they. This was greatly helped by the close similarities between the early Scandinavian languages and medieval English.

Close contact does not inevitably lead to borrowing. For example, although English has been rubbing shoulders with Welsh and other Celtic languages in the British Isles for many centuries, relatively few words have come into everyday English from this source. There are some examples, like trousers, gull, clan, or (maybe) baby, but they are tiny in number compared with the vast numbers borrowed from French and Latin, and they have had less impact on the everyday language than words from Scandinavian sources.
Philip Durkin is the author of Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English Follow Read a follow-up article about readers' examples of loan words @BBCNewsMagazine on Twitter and on Facebook
Ultimately, patterns of borrowed words reflect complex patterns of cultural contacts across the centuries. Names of foods, plants, animals, and other features of the natural world are borrowed as part of the basic traffic between peoples in different parts of the world. Borrowings affecting other areas of the vocabulary typically follow the pathways of power and prestige between languages. English today may, for once, be more of a lender than a borrower. If we try to look decades or centuries into the future, who knows?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Does English still borrow words from other languages?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
English language has "borrowed" words for centuries. But is it now lending more than it's taking, asks Philip Durkin, deputy chief editor of the Oxford English Dictionary. English speakers may not be famous for being au fait with foreign languages, but all of us use words taken from other languages every day.

# data[].attributes.body
Al igual que Inglés, hay numerosos acentos del español en todo el mundo. Este artículo ayuda a identificar las diferencias en la pronunciación de las palabras en diferentes países. Por ejemplo, en España el sonido “ci” y “ce” convierte en “th”, mientras que en Argentina, el doble L es pronunciado como un sonido "zh" en lugar de el sonido “yuh” como la mayoria de lugares.

# data[].attributes.body
En español, saber dónde separar una palabra en sílabas puede ser difícil, pero este artículo ayuda a clarificar. En su mayor parte, cada consonante debe ser seguida de una vocal, sin embargo, una consonante entre dos vocales va con el segundo vocal. Cuando hay tres consonantes juntas, la primera primera estará en una sílaba. Además, este artículo tiene un enlace que le permite practicar la separación de sílabas.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Knowing how to separate a word into syllables can help you pronounce and spell Spanish words correctly, as well as help you decide if a word needs a written accent or not.

General Syllabification Rules

The fancy word for dividing a word into syllables is syllabification. Here are some general rules for Spanish syllabification.

Consonant Plus Vowel

Whenever possible, you should break up words so that each syllable contains a consonant followed by a vowel. A consonant between two vowels belongs to the syllable with the second vowel. The goal is to end a syllable with a vowel whenever possible.

Check out the syllabification of these common Spanish words.

Two Consecutive Consonants

Two consecutive consonants will generally belong to separate syllables. However, if the second consonant in a consonant pair is r or l, the consonant pair is not separated into different syllables.

Words that begin with prefixes often violate the above rules. For example the syllabification of is en-lo-que-cer.

Check out the syllabification of these common Spanish words containing consecutive consonants.

In Puerto Rico and most of Spain, the consonant cluster tl is divided into separate syllables. For example, the syllabification of is at-lán-ti-co.

In other regions, such as Mexico and the Canary Islands of Spain, the consonant cluster tl is not divided into separate syllables. For example, the syllabification of is a-tlán-ti-co and the syllabification of (possum) is tla-cua-che.

Three Consecutive Consonants

When three consonants appear together, the first one will generally belong to a separate syllable.

Check out the syllabification of these words with three consecutive consonants.

Strong and Weak Vowels

Spanish has both strong vowels () and weak vowels (). Here are some rules on how the combinations of these vowels are divided into syllables.

Two weak vowels together form a diphthong and are not separated into different syllables. Example:

A weak vowel and a strong vowel together form a diphthong and are not separated into different syllables. Example:

Two strong vowels together form a hiatus and are separated into different syllables. Example:

A tilde placed over a letter changes the above pronunciation rules, and the accented letter must be separated from any surrounding vowels. Example: mío

Check out the syllabification of these words containing groups of vowels.

Take a practice quiz!

Practice what you know with our quiz tool.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Spanish Syllables and Syllabification Rules | SpanishDict

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Knowing how to separate a word into syllables can help you pronounce and spell Spanish words correctly, as well as help you decide if a word needs a written accent or not. The fancy word for dividing a word into syllables is syllabification. Here are some general rules for Spanish syllabification.

# data[].attributes.body
En este video, vemos la gente que viven en Namibia y Zambia un pueblo, se llama San, o Bushmen. Lo interesante de estas personas es su lenguaje de clicks y estos sonidos son extraños la mayoría de los otros idiomas de todo el mundola. La cantidad de personas que hablan el idioma se está convirtiendo más y más pequeña. pero muchos historiadores creer que este lenguaje tiene raíces ancestrales.

# data[].attributes.headline
Palabras de portugués que hispanohablantes no pueden decir

# data[].attributes.subject
Palabras de portugués que hispanohablantes no pueden decir

# data[].attributes.body
Este video muestra a los hablantes de español de diferentes países tratando de pronunciar palabras en portugués. Cada uno tiene una idea de lo que suena como un acento portugués y luchan para producirlo. Sabían el significado de muchas de las palabras, sin embargo, no podían decirlo porque no saben cómo hacer los sonidos con su boca.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Portuguese Words Spanish Speakers Can't Pronounce

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Although Portuguese & Spanish may be similar, there is definitely a BIG difference in pronunciation. We put some of our in-house Spanish speakers to the test, did they pass or #FAIL? Multi-lingual @ TheFlama.com http://www.theflama.com Add us on Snapchat: http://bit.ly/FlamaSnaps https://facebook.com/TheFlama https://twitter.com/theflama https://instagram.com/theflama https://theflama.tumblr.com

# data[].attributes.headline
Disney Princesses Singing in their Original Language

# data[].attributes.subject
Disney Princesses Singing in their Original Language

# data[].attributes.body
Estas princesas queridas de Disney todos cantan en el idioma Inglés, sin embargo,  el vídeo simula lo que la canción sonaría como si fueran cantadas en la lengua hablada  donde viven estas princesas .

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.entities[].name
Best Fitting Voices of Disney Princesses

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Disney Princesses Singing In Their Original Language #1

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Part 2: https://youtu.be/cJHpk4nWVOg From Frozen to The Little Mermaid, I compiled a couple of clips of what Disney Princesses sound like singing their songs in their native or original language with a before and after in English. Enjoy in 4K!

# data[].attributes.body
Tim es lo que se conoce como hyperpolyglat , que es alguien que tiene la capacidad de aprender numerosos idiomas a velocidad rápida. Lo que creo que es diferente con Tim que muchos otros estudiantes de idiomas es que su pasión por el aprendizaje de idiomas es lo más importante por lo que está en constante mejora

# data[].attributes.headline
Native American Languages vs. East Asian Languages

# data[].attributes.subject
Native American Languages vs. East Asian Languages

# data[].attributes.body
Aunque no se pueden agrupar las lenguas de los nativos americanos en un solo grupo debido a su diversidad, se han encontrado similitudes entre unos pocos idiomas nativos y los idiomas de Asia Oriental, sin embargo, esto no implica una conexión firme entre continentes.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Do Native American languages share similarities with East Asian languages? If so, what are they?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Answer (1 of 6): Map of north American native American languages The question implies that "Native Americans" have much in common. In fact, the diversity among Native American languages is about as great as between any two languages in the world, so it's not really possible to generalize about ...

# data[].attributes.body
Un año después de su accidente cerebrovascular , debido a afasia, Jan está aprendiendo a pronunciar palabras y frases sencillas, mientras que luchando para decir los nombres de sus amigos . También re aprende a caminar y usar sus manos para agarrar las cosas.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Year 1 Stroke Recovery, Broca's Aphasia, Right-side Weakness

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Jan had a stroke in January 2010 at age 31, this is a look at the first year of recovery from right side weakness and broca's aphasia.