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The sextant, astrolabe, maps, and mariner’s compass were some of the maritime technological improvements.  Overland routes required taxes and/or were difficult to travel on, and with advancements in navigation, the search for a safer sea route to Asia commenced

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Prior to the Columbian Exchange, Native Americans had few domesticated animals (dogs, guinea pigs, two types of South American Camels, and several types of fowl). This meant that they did all  their labor by hand.

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The black rat, the Asian cockroach, Japanese beetle, Dutch elm disease, killer bees, and gypsy moth came across the Atlantic.  and insects were  brought to the Americas by mistake; They would "sneak" on to the ships and come across. Rats  carried  the Bubonic Plague and Typhus.  In some places the native animals were also killed.

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When Columbus came to the Americas he brought a lot of new diseases that killed many of the Native Americans. On top of that the Native Americans had to completely abandon their cultural traditions, if they did not, they were either killed or enslaved. They were eventually kicked out of their land, forced to move somewhere else, and were forced to give up all their money and give it to New Worlds' Crowns.

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Different native societies had to adjust to their new environments because of agriculture, resource use, and social structure

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Different native societies had to adjust to their new environments because of agriculture, resource use, and social structure

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A) The spread of maize cultivation from present day Mexico northward into the present-day American Southwest and beyond supported economic development, settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification among societies.
B) Societies responded to the aridity of the Great Basin and the grasslands of the western Great Plains by developing largely mobile lifestyles.
C) In the Northeast, the Mississippi River Valley, and along the Atlantic seaboard some societies developed mixed agricultural and hunter gatherer economies that favored the development of permanent villages.
D) Societies in the Northwest and present-day California supported themselves by hunting and gathering, and in some areas developed settled communities supported by the vast resources of the ocean.

-AP Curriculum Framework

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A Spanish map of South America from 1585 depicting people, households, animals and plants, their fleets, mountains and rivers.

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With the discovery of the New World and the beginning of the Columbian exchange it introduced Europeans to new plants and crops such as corn, potatoes etc. this caused the population to increase. However,  with the trading of animals as well it caused diseases such as polio to invade Europe. It did however, bring back a lot more money to the European Countries.

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The plants that were involved in the Columbian Exchange changed the culture and the economy of both, the New and Old Worlds. There lots of new plants discovered in the Americas (beans, squash, chili peppers, sunflowers, chenopods, peanuts, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, manioc, avocado, pineapple, and cacao), but the two most important were the potato and maize.  In addition to discovering New World plants, many plants were brought from the Old World to become hugely successful in the Americas.  Among these plant, the most prevalent was sugarcane.

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Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed  European and Native Americans ways of life. Beginning after Columbus' discovery in 1492, the exchange lasted throughout the years of expansion and discovery.  The Columbian Exchange impacted the social and cultural makeup of both sides of the Atlantic. Many people had to adjust their lifestyles for to the newer ones. All in all, huge steps were taken to advance economies, lifestyles, and trade.

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"The seams of Pangaea were closing, drawn together by the sailmaker's needle. Chickens met kiwis, cattle met kangaroos, Irish met potatoes, Comanches met horses, Incas met smallpox—all for the first time."
- Alfred W. Crosby, historian and author of The Columbian Exchange

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"Touching these savages, there is a thing I cannot omit to remark to you, it is that it appears visibly that God wishes that they yield their place to new peoples."
- a member of La Salle's Mississippi River expedition, 1682

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"For the natives, they are neere all dead of Small poxe, so as the Lord hathe cleared our title to what we possess."
- John Winthrop, first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony

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Detail from a 1682 map of North America, Novi Belgi Novaeque Angliae, by Nicholas Visscher. (Gilder Lehrman Collection)

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Sugarcane was a very labor intensive crop. Due to the fact that it was so labor intensive this caused for an increase in slaves to come over from Africa. The slaves came from Africa because, sugarcane grows primarily in hot tropical climates. With this hot tropical climate there is a lot of mosquitos that pass around viruses such as malaria and yellow fever. African slaves were perfect for the job because, they were more immune to these viruses

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Provided a stable food supply for Central and South American Cultures. Corn was among the many new plants and foods that the Europeans learned about through the Columbian Exchange. The southwest region of the Americas relied on maize agriculture due to the hot desert climate.

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"A Treaty of Peace and Friendship..." Indian Treaty between the Cherokee Nation and South Carolina, 1761

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"A Treaty of Peace and Friendship..." Indian Treaty between the Cherokee Nation and South Carolina, 1761

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This treaty was made to end the Cherokee War of 1760-1761, and a way to make sure there was peace between the two warring sides. The treaty barred Cherokee from traveling beyond the boundary without a white escort or an order of the South Carolina government.  The original draft had stated that the Cherokees had to hand over any Frenchmen found in their territories.

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AP Curriculum Framework: This is exactly what AP wants you to know

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AP Curriculum Framework: This is exactly what AP wants you to know

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This was directly taken from the book.

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In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent
worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use,
and power.

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In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent
worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use,
and power.

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A) Mutual misunderstandings between Europeans and Native Americans often defined the early years of interaction and trade as each group sought to make sense of the other. over time, Europeans and Native Americans adopted some useful aspects of each other’s culture.
B) As European encroachments on Native Americans’ lands and demands on their labor increased, native peoples sought to defend and maintain their political sovereignty, economic prosperity, religious beliefs, and concepts of gender relations through diplomatic negotiations and military resistance.
C) Extended contact with Native Americans and Africans fostered a debate among European religious and political leaders about how non-Europeans should be treated, as well as evolving religious, cultural, and racial justifications for the subjugation of Africans and Native Americans.

-AP Curriculum Framework

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The development of the Spanish Empire, due to the Columbian Exchange, resulted in extensive demographic, economic, and social changes.

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The development of the Spanish Empire, due to the Columbian Exchange, resulted in extensive demographic, economic, and social changes.

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A) Spanish exploration and conquest of the Americas were accompanied and furthered by widespread deadly epidemics that devastated native populations and by the introduction of crops and animals not found in the Americas.
B) In the encomienda system, Spanish colonial economies marshaled Native American labor to support plantationbased agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources.
C) European traders partnered with some West African groups who practiced slavery to forcibly extract slave labor for the Americas. The Spanish imported enslaved Africans to labor in plantation agriculture and mining.
D) The Spanish developed a caste system that incorporated, and carefully defined the status of, the diverse population of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in their empire.

-AP Curriculum Framework

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European expansion resulted into major economic competition, social, political, and religious change within european societies. 

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European expansion resulted into major economic competition, social, political, and religious change within european societies. 

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A) European nations’ efforts to explore and conquer the New World stemmed from a search for new sources of wealth, economic and military competition, and a desire to spread Christianity.
B) The Columbian Exchange brought new crops to Europe from the Americas, stimulating European population growth, and new sources of mineral wealth, which facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism.
C) Improvements in maritime technology and more organized methods for conducting international trade, such as joint-stock companies, helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas.

-AP Curriculum Framework

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Effects on the Europeans and the Native Americans:

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Effects on the Europeans and the Native Americans:

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Great Way to Study the Columbian Exchange:

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Great Way to Study the Columbian Exchange:

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Potatoes were another major food supply that the Central and South American cultures relied on before the Europeans came in. With the introduction of potatoes to the Europeans it allowed for the population to grow amongst the colonists and the people back in Europe.

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Another fun way to study

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1. “A Treaty of Peace and Friendship…,” 18 December 1761.  Constitutional and Organic Papers.  Treaties with the Cherokees.  S131005. South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Columbia, S.C. 29 August 201

Ap United States History. N.p.: Xamonline, 2016. Web. 30 August 2016
2. Cappozolla, Christopher, Ted Dickson, Geri Hastings, John P. Irish, Maria Montoya, and James Sabathne. PERIOD 1: 1491–1607. AP United States History. By Juliana Barr. New York: Xamonline, 2015. 24-28. Print. 2015. 24-28. Web. 30 August 2016
3. "Conclusion." Ecological Imperialism and the Columbian Exchange, Consequences of Discovery. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2016.
4. Malone, Cory, Sarah Gray, Sean Ross, Katie Ryan.The Columbian Exchange. Web. 29 August 2016.
5. Shmoop Editorial Team. "The Columbian Exchange Quotes." Shmoop.com. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 04 Sept. 2016
6.The Columbian Exchange." The Columbian Exchange. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2016.

*Pictures/Gifs were taken from Google Images

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The Columbian Exchange: Crash Course World History #23

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The Columbian Exchange: Crash Course World History #23

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The Columbian Exchange: Crash Course World History #23

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The Black Legend, Native Americans, and Spaniards: Crash Course US History #1

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The Black Legend, Native Americans, and Spaniards: Crash Course US History #1

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The Black Legend, Native Americans, and Spaniards: Crash Course US History #1

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Camels never became popular in the New World.  They were killed for food by escaped slaves and were extinct by 1615.  There were goats too, but they weren’t as important and stayed in the wild.  Donkey’s and mules beasts of burden but just never as popular. Dogs and cats also came but were mostly domesticated.

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Sheep came along with Columbus in 1493. They were vulnerable to predators so they could not reproduce as fast. They had trouble protecting themselves and it was very rare for them to run. They carried diseases that kill llamas and alpacas.  Their wool was the basis of America’s first factories.

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Cattle was brought Columbus on his second voyage in 1493. The cattle was killed for their hide and meat. Hide was shipped back to Europe and sold, and meat provided nourishment. The only downfall was that the natives' crops were destroyed because of trampling and grazing

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There was a surplus amount of horses in Europe, so it was inevitable that the horses were brought along. Horses also played a big role in the battles where the Europeans started mass murdering the Native Americans. They soon multiplied and were free in the wild.

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New diseases coming from Europe spread by touch and air, making the disease spread rapidly. Indians also had no immunity to the new diseases.

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Syphilis, Polio, Hepatitis, and Encephalitis were common diseases found the New World that were brought to Europe by the Columbian Exchange.

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Smallpox, Measles, Malaria, Yellow Fever, Influenza, and Chickenpox were the diseases brought to the New World by Europeans.

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A common misconception is that Europeans only gave Native Americans diseases. This is not true, disease was spread from Native Americans to Europeans also.

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Europeans taught the Natives to use their architectural advancements to build new homes, ranches, farms and shipping ports, thus leading to the development of towns and government buildings.

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Guns and new steel/iron knives facilitated hunting and fishing for the Native Americans. Europeans also brought horses, which allowed the Natives to chase larger herds of animals faster than before.

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New farming technologies such as the plow impacted the economy and improved health. It helped create a surplus of crops. The surplus of crops lead to the creation of towns near farms.

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Europeans taught Native Americans how to read and write in their language in order to make treaties. The Europeans also tried to convert the natives to Christianity in order to "educate" them.

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The Columbian Exchange began in 1492 when Christopher Columbus discovered America and lasted through years of discovery and expansion.

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The Columbian Exchange was the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technology. It was a cultural and biological interchange between the New and Old world