# data[].attributes.body
fossil fuels are used widely around the world. The problem is that they harm environment and their quantity in environment is decreasing. Therefore, scientists are trying to improve the production of biofuels made from plants sugar and starch. there is a problem that the biofuel yields are low an this consumes lots of edible plants. and here comes the role of genetic modification as:
1. some scientists are trying to find new efficient ways of reducing biofuels to reduce the amounts of edible plants used by using modified bacteria that lives in the compost piles that will break lignin and cellulose of inedible plants and grasses. scientists will take genes from this bacteria and insert them inside the widely spread E.coli.
2. some scientists are trying to make a longer chain biofuel that can store more energy.some genes are therefore removed from the E.coli and replaced with other genes
3. another research tends to improve E.coli that it can break down cellulose and produce biodiesel.
this will surely help maintain sustainability by producing more natural fuels and stop depending on fossil fuels that are being too expensive while harming the environment.

# data[].attributes.body
Biofuels have been around as long as cars have. At the start of the 20th century, Henry Ford planned to fuel his Model Ts with ethanol, and early diesel engines were shown to run on peanut oil.

But discoveries of huge petroleum deposits kept gasoline and diesel cheap for decades, and biofuels were largely forgotten. However, with the recent rise in oil prices, along with growing concern about global warming caused by carbon dioxide emissions, biofuels have been regaining popularity.

Gasoline and diesel are actually ancient biofuels. But they are known as fossil fuels because they are made from decomposed plants and animals that have been buried in the ground for millions of years. Biofuels are similar, except that they're made from plants grown today.

Much of the gasoline in the United States is blended with a biofuel—ethanol. This is the same stuff as in alcoholic drinks, except that it's made from corn that has been heavily processed. There are various ways of making biofuels, but they generally use chemical reactions, fermentation, and heat to break down the starches, sugars, and other molecules in plants. The leftover products are then refined to produce a fuel that cars can use.

Countries around the world are using various kinds of biofuels. For decades, Brazil has turned sugarcane into ethanol, and some cars there can run on pure ethanol rather than as additive to fossil fuels. And biodiesel—a diesel-like fuel commonly made from palm oil—is generally available in Europe.

On the face of it, biofuels look like a great solution. Cars are a major source of atmospheric carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas that causes global warming. But since plants absorb carbon dioxide as they grow, crops grown for biofuels should suck up about as much carbon dioxide as comes out of the tailpipes of cars that burn these fuels. And unlike underground oil reserves, biofuels are a renewable resource since we can always grow more crops to turn into fuel.

Unfortunately, it's not so simple. The process of growing the crops, making fertilizers and pesticides, and processing the plants into fuel consumes a lot of energy. It's so much energy that there is debate about whether ethanol from corn actually provides more energy than is required to grow and process it. Also, because much of the energy used in production comes from coal and natural gas, biofuels don't replace as much oil as they use.

For the future, many think a better way of making biofuels will be from grasses and saplings, which contain more cellulose. Cellulose is the tough material that makes up plants' cell walls, and most of the weight of a plant is cellulose. If cellulose can be turned into biofuel, it could be more efficient than current biofuels, and emit less carbon dioxide.

# data[].attributes.body
David Aziz

# data[].attributes.body
Biofuel are compounds that are produced from renewable biological sources. Plants differ in the type of biofuel we can get from according to the plant type. The working on Biofuel is divided into two main parts: modification to the plant, modification to the bacteria used in the biofuel manufacturing.

Researchers went to the way of GMO of bacteria to overcome many problems as hardiness of lignin and cellulose in breaking down found in grasses and inedible parts of crops. So researchers got genes from other bacteria and introduced them to the bacteria responsible for biofuel manufacturing. Another modification was producing longer carbon. These longer-chain alcohols store more energy than ethanol.

It supports sustainability, as it is a renewable resource of fuel that can be used in future generations as long as there is agriculture.

One research group has modified E. coli to produce fuels that have longer carbon chains and are similar to gasoline. Other research is looking at per forming a similar genetic modification in yeast and other microbes that are often used in converting plant material into other types of biofuel. A third research group has genetically engineered E. coli that are able to both break down cellulose and turn that product into biodiesel and related compounds.

# data[].attributes.body
Biofuel is an important source of energy for us, also it's a clean one. We can use it as a fuel in cars and trains. Biofuel has to type and they are bioethanol and biodiesel. Biofuels are compounds that are
produced from renewable biological sources. Bioethanol: Plants high in starch and sugar are made into ethanol. Biodiesel: vegetable oils and other fats. Both of these fuels may be burned in combustion engines in place of fossil fuels. Scientists are currently working on ways to overcome several obstacles to the sustainable production of biofuels.

# data[].attributes.body
Biofuel

Cities, homes, factories, cars, and trucks throughout the world are powered primarily by fossil fuels. Biofuels can be considered to some extent renewable. So research has been made to try to use Genetically Modified Microorganisms to increase the yield of biofuels and improve technology for extracting biofuels from plants. And there is a problem that faces biofuel extraction is that some parts of the plant are very hard to breakdown due to containing of lignin and cellulose. A solution was found to use enzymes from bacteria that live in such places as compost piles or in the digestive systems of termites and other organisms. As they produce enzymes that break down wood.

Another solution is to improve quality of the fuel produced from sugar by increasing the carbon chain.

# data[].attributes.headline
Mohamed
Saeed Tawheed Ahmed                           
2/B

Countries,
homes, cars all over the world are working on fossil fuels. There are many
harmful impacts from fossil fuels so there are many researches done for
alternatives.

Biofuels, including bioehtanol and bioiesel are some the alternatives.
Plants high in starch and sugar are made into ethanol, while
vegetable oils and other fats are made into biodiesel.

 

There
are many obstacles to benefit production of biofuels. Scientists hope to get
high yields of fuel. Most of the researches are on the GMOs .Bioethanol is
generated by fermenting corn or sugar cane with yeast or bacteria. The starchy
and sugary edible parts of these plants are the parts needed to make
bioethanol.

 

There
are lignin and cellulose in the grasses and inedible so that is hard to break
down so we can't make fuel from it. The solution might be found in bacteria
that live in such places as compost piles or in the digestive systems of
termites and other organisms.

 

But
Scientists are working on a genetically modified E. coli that can break the lignin
and cellulose into sugars that can then be converted to ethanol. One research
group has modified E.
coli to produce fuels that have longer carbon
chains and are similar to gasoline. On the other hand, some scientists have
delectated some genes and insert some in E. coli. Another research group has
genetically engineered E. coli that could break down cellulose and turn that
product into biodiesel and related compounds.

 

Many
scientists are worry about safety of modifying bacteria and other microbes to
produce biofuel. They suggest that there may be unintended consequences for
human health or the environment. So the work is not done.

# data[].attributes.subject
Mohamed
Saeed Tawheed Ahmed                           
2/B

Countries,
homes, cars all over the world are working on fossil fuels. There are many
harmful impacts from fossil fuels so there are many researches done for
alternatives.

Biofuels, including bioehtanol and bioiesel are some the alternatives.
Plants high in starch and sugar are made into ethanol, while
vegetable oils and other fats are made into biodiesel.

 

There
are many obstacles to benefit production of biofuels. Scientists hope to get
high yields of fuel. Most of the researches are on the GMOs .Bioethanol is
generated by fermenting corn or sugar cane with yeast or bacteria. The starchy
and sugary edible parts of these plants are the parts needed to make
bioethanol.

 

There
are lignin and cellulose in the grasses and inedible so that is hard to break
down so we can't make fuel from it. The solution might be found in bacteria
that live in such places as compost piles or in the digestive systems of
termites and other organisms.

 

But
Scientists are working on a genetically modified E. coli that can break the lignin
and cellulose into sugars that can then be converted to ethanol. One research
group has modified E.
coli to produce fuels that have longer carbon
chains and are similar to gasoline. On the other hand, some scientists have
delectated some genes and insert some in E. coli. Another research group has
genetically engineered E. coli that could break down cellulose and turn that
product into biodiesel and related compounds.

 

Many
scientists are worry about safety of modifying bacteria and other microbes to
produce biofuel. They suggest that there may be unintended consequences for
human health or the environment. So the work is not done.

# data[].attributes.body
Because of the concerns about the availability of fossil fuels, research for alternatives is widely done in many countries. And one important alternative is biofuel.

Biofuels can be extracted from food crops: sugarcane, corn (ethanol) and soybean (biodiesel). They can also be extracted from wood and grass which is more difficult to breakdown. They can also be extracted from algea. Advanced biofuels can be extracted from garbage, animal fats and spent cooking oil.

Biofuels can be considered to some extent renewable. So research has been made to try to use Genetically Modified Microorganisms to increase the yield of biofuels and improve technology for extracting biofuels from plants.

One problem that faces biofuel extraction is that some parts of the plant are very hard to breakdown due to containing of lignin and cellulose. A solution was found to use enzymes from bacteria that live in such places as compost piles or in the digestive systems of termites and other organisms. As they produce enzymes that break down wood.

Another solution is to improve quality of the fuel produced from sugar by increasing the carbon chain.

# data[].attributes.body
We know that cars ,and trucks throughout the world are powered by fossil fuels. Fossil fuels affects in the world and the conditions of weather , and that cause of the CO2, but something is alternative energy is called Biofuel
first what is Bio fuel : is including bioethanol and
biodiesel, are compounds that are
produced from renewable biological sources
and a lot of vegetables oils and fats made into b biodiesel
bioethanol is
generated by fermenting corn or
sugar cane with yeast or bacteria.
and in crops

# data[].attributes.body
Actually, the biofuel as sources of energy is very important to be used. To be true, we don't have the choice to use it or not. You can ask me why? And the answer is simply that if you didn’t exploit these resources, a lot of negative effects on the environment can happen. The main idea of producing biofuels depends on decomposing the components of the organic matter then converting these matter to carbon-compound.

The GMO researchers tries to make three things:-
1- Improving the fuel quality of plants by selective breeding
2- Weakening plants’ cell walls through selective breeding
3- Improving the process of chemically breaking down plant matter

Some researches could make eight-carbon compounds instead of two-carbon compounds. The two-carbon compound is very bind to the water and causing some corrosion to the metals.

These problems have been solved using the GMO. The future can achieve more. And we are waiting

# data[].attributes.body
Plants high in starch
and sugar are made into ethanol,
while vegetable oils and other fats
are made into biodiesel.
each of these fuels may be burned in combustion engines in place of fossil fuels. all companies that deal with GMO focus on the development of genetically modified microorganisms.
bioethanol is generated by  fermenting corn or sugar cane with yeast or bacteria.
If too many farmers dedicate too much agricultural land to produce biofuel plants, supplies of basic foods will shrink.so scientists are trying to find effective ways yo make the biofuel from the wastes
The difficulty in making fuel from
grasses and inedible parts of crops
is that they contain two substances lignin and cellulose that are very hard to break down.
but there is a solution which is using the bacteria that exist in the digestive system becuse they have enzymes which can break the wood(lignin and cellulose). Another potential use of genetically modified microorganisms is to
improve the quality of the fuel produced from sugars.
One research group has modified
E. coli to produce fuels that have
longer carbon chains and are similar to gasoline. These longer-chain alcohols store more energy than ethanol, are easier to separate from water, and perform better in engines.
The problem now is to to determine how to balance each step of the reaction pathway in the E. coli to maximize production of the fuels.
Alternatives to developing genetically modified organisms for producing biofuels include:
• Improving the fuel quality of
plants by selective breeding.
• Weakening plants’ cell walls
through selective breeding.
• Improving the process of chemically breaking down plant
matter.

# data[].attributes.headline
with increasing demands on fuel in our time as we use it to run our cars or operate our machines in factories, and with increasing cautions about the use of gasoline as a fuel because it pollutes the air with CO2, the efforts were turned to find a new source of clean energy, or alternative energy, to satisfy the needs and save the environment. the solutions were represented in making new fuels, alternative fuels, from the plants that contain a lot of sugar or starch in order to break them to cellulose then fermenting it to produce ethanol, a clean bio fuel. recent studies showed that using genetic engineering in the field of energy would be very helpful. Now, the GMOs that are used in improving the industry of the bio fuels is E. coli that have some of their genes removed, and sometimes inserted, in order to enable the bacteria to break down the non sugary parts of the plant that are not important and prevent the fermentation process from running like lignin. So, two genes were removed from the DNA of the E. coli and other genes were inserted, these genes make the proteins that are responsible for making the enzymes that break lignin or any undesirable compounds. Also, some procedures in genetic modification were made to enhance the bacteria and the yeast used in fermenting  in order to increase the quality of the bio fuel and lower its unwanted impacts. The GM solution was successful, but did not increase the yield to the expected levels. Researchers are trying to know how to balance the steps of the reaction  in the E. coli to maximize production of the fuels. 
Another research group has genetically engineered E. coli that are able to both break down cellulose and turn that product into bio diesel. The next steps that are hoped to take are: Improving the fuel quality of plants using selective breeding. Weakening plants’ cell walls through selective breeding. Improving the process of chemically breaking down plant matter.

# data[].attributes.subject
with increasing demands on fuel in our time as we use it to run our cars or operate our machines in factories, and with increasing cautions about the use of gasoline as a fuel because it pollutes the air with CO2, the efforts were turned to find a new source of clean energy, or alternative energy, to satisfy the needs and save the environment. the solutions were represented in making new fuels, alternative fuels, from the plants that contain a lot of sugar or starch in order to break them to cellulose then fermenting it to produce ethanol, a clean bio fuel. recent studies showed that using genetic engineering in the field of energy would be very helpful. Now, the GMOs that are used in improving the industry of the bio fuels is E. coli that have some of their genes removed, and sometimes inserted, in order to enable the bacteria to break down the non sugary parts of the plant that are not important and prevent the fermentation process from running like lignin. So, two genes were removed from the DNA of the E. coli and other genes were inserted, these genes make the proteins that are responsible for making the enzymes that break lignin or any undesirable compounds. Also, some procedures in genetic modification were made to enhance the bacteria and the yeast used in fermenting  in order to increase the quality of the bio fuel and lower its unwanted impacts. The GM solution was successful, but did not increase the yield to the expected levels. Researchers are trying to know how to balance the steps of the reaction  in the E. coli to maximize production of the fuels. 
Another research group has genetically engineered E. coli that are able to both break down cellulose and turn that product into bio diesel. The next steps that are hoped to take are: Improving the fuel quality of plants using selective breeding. Weakening plants’ cell walls through selective breeding. Improving the process of chemically breaking down plant matter.

# data[].attributes.headline
Plants high in starch and sugar are made into ethanol, while
vegetables oils and other fats are made into biodiesel. Both of these fuels may
be burned in combustion engine in place of fossil fuels. Most bioethanol is
generated by fermenting corn or sugar cone with yeast or bacteria. Those crops.
Those crops,
however, are also important food crops, and the starchy and sugary edible parts
of these plants are the parts needed to make bioethanol. For this reason,
scientists
are trying to find efficient ways to make biofuels from the waste stalks and
leaves of crops and from grasses that don’t require the high-quality soil that
food crops need. The difficulty in making fuel from grasses and inedible parts
of crops is that they contain two substances —lignin and cellulose—that are very
hard to break down. These substances add strength to the plants’ cell walls,
but cause problems in the production of biofuels. The solution might be found
in bacteria that live in such places as compost piles or in the digestive
systems of termites and other organisms. Enzymes that break down wood and the
tough parts of plants have been identified in these bacteria. A current
approach scientists are pursuing is to insert genes from these bacteria into
other bacteria that grow well on the large scale needed for producing
commercial ethanol. One such bacterium is the very well understood E. coli. Scientists are
working on a genetically modified E. coli that can break the lignin and cellulose into sugars that can
then be converted
to ethanol. Another potential use of genetically modified microorganisms is to
improve the quality of the fuel produced from sugars. Typically, yeast or
bacteria break down sugars and starch to produce ethanol, a two carbon fuel. E. coli to produce fuels
that have
longer carbon chains and are similar to gasoline. These longer-chain alcohols store
more energy than ethanol, are easier to separate from water, and perform better
in engines. The fuels can also be produced through breaking down the plant
matter with chemicals, but this is expensive and requires a lot of energy. Alternatives
to developing genetically modified organisms for producing biofuels include: 1- Improving the fuel
quality of plants by selective breeding.
2- Weakening plants’
cell walls through selective breeding.
3- Improving the
process of chemically breaking down plant matter.

# data[].attributes.subject
Plants high in starch and sugar are made into ethanol, while
vegetables oils and other fats are made into biodiesel. Both of these fuels may
be burned in combustion engine in place of fossil fuels. Most bioethanol is
generated by fermenting corn or sugar cone with yeast or bacteria. Those crops.
Those crops,
however, are also important food crops, and the starchy and sugary edible parts
of these plants are the parts needed to make bioethanol. For this reason,
scientists
are trying to find efficient ways to make biofuels from the waste stalks and
leaves of crops and from grasses that don’t require the high-quality soil that
food crops need. The difficulty in making fuel from grasses and inedible parts
of crops is that they contain two substances —lignin and cellulose—that are very
hard to break down. These substances add strength to the plants’ cell walls,
but cause problems in the production of biofuels. The solution might be found
in bacteria that live in such places as compost piles or in the digestive
systems of termites and other organisms. Enzymes that break down wood and the
tough parts of plants have been identified in these bacteria. A current
approach scientists are pursuing is to insert genes from these bacteria into
other bacteria that grow well on the large scale needed for producing
commercial ethanol. One such bacterium is the very well understood E. coli. Scientists are
working on a genetically modified E. coli that can break the lignin and cellulose into sugars that can
then be converted
to ethanol. Another potential use of genetically modified microorganisms is to
improve the quality of the fuel produced from sugars. Typically, yeast or
bacteria break down sugars and starch to produce ethanol, a two carbon fuel. E. coli to produce fuels
that have
longer carbon chains and are similar to gasoline. These longer-chain alcohols store
more energy than ethanol, are easier to separate from water, and perform better
in engines. The fuels can also be produced through breaking down the plant
matter with chemicals, but this is expensive and requires a lot of energy. Alternatives
to developing genetically modified organisms for producing biofuels include: 1- Improving the fuel
quality of plants by selective breeding.
2- Weakening plants’
cell walls through selective breeding.
3- Improving the
process of chemically breaking down plant matter.

# data[].attributes.body
Fossil fuels are been exhausted day by day in all over the world in every human activity, so scientists have been researching about new alternative energy and finally they find Biofuel .

Biofuel has 2 types: bioethanol and biodiesel are compounds that are produced from renewable biological sources.

Bioethanol: Plants high in starch and sugar are made into ethanol

Biodiesel: vegetable oils and other fats are made into biodiesel

Both of these fuels may be burned in combustion engines in place of fossil fuels

Scientists are currently working on ways to overcome several obstacles to the sustainable production of biofuels. They hope to improve the plants themselves to get high yields of fuel, and to improve the technology for extracting fuel fromthe plants

Most bioethanol is generated by fermenting corn orsugar cane with yeast or bacteria. Those crops, however, are also important food crops, and the starchy and sugary edible parts of these plants are the parts needed to make bioethanol.

For this reason, scientistsare trying to find efficient ways to make biofuels from the waste stalks and leaves of crops and from grasses, the difficulty in making fuel from grasses and inedible parts of crops is that they contain two substances lignin and cellulose that are very hard to break down so solution might found in bacteria that live in such places as compost piles or in the digestive systems of termites and other organisms. Enzymes that break down wood and the tough parts of plants have been identified in these bacteria. A current approach scientists are pursuing is to insert genes from these bacteria into other bacteria that grow well on the large scale needed for producing commercial ethanol such as E. coli another potential use of genetically modified microorganisms is to improve the quality of the fuel produced from sugars

Yeastor bacteria break down sugars and starch to produce ethanol, a two carbon fuel. Ethanol’s shortcomings, however, are that it doesn’t have a high energy content, it binds to water, and it corrodes metals, including those with which storage tanks and cars’ gas tanks are made. One research group has modified E. coli to produce fuels that havelonger carbon chains and are similar to gasoline

The fuels can also be produced through breaking down the plant matter with chemicals, but this is expensive and requires a lot of energy

There are three types for improving biofuels :

•Improving the fuel quality of plants by selective breeding.

•Weakening plants’ cell walls through selective breeding.

•Improving the process of chemically breaking down plant matter.

# data[].attributes.headline
Fossil fuels is important energy resource for us as we use
them in our cars, homes and truck. But fossil fuels have negative impact on the
environment have led to a search for alternatives. One alternative of fossil
fuels is Biofuel and 2 type of fossil fuels are:                                   1-Bioethanol : Plants high in
starch and sugar are made into ethanol.                2-  vegetable oils and other
fats are made into biodiesel.  

Scientists hope to improve the plants themselves to get high
yields of fuel, and to improve the technology for extracting fuel from the
plants to overcome several obstacles to the sustainable production of biofuels.


The crops are also important food crops, and the starchy and
sugary edible parts of these plants are the parts needed to make bioethanol. 

If too many lands are growing to produce biofuel, plants supplies
of basic foods will shrink, so scientists are trying to make biofuels leaves of
crops and from grasses that don’t require the high quality soil that food crops
need. 

The difficulty in making biofuels from grass is that it has
lignin and cellulose which strengthen the cell wall of the plant cell, so
scientists are trying to use bacteria that found in the digestive system of termites
which produces enzymes that break down wood and tough places and they will
insert the gene that is responsible for this into bacteria that reproduce very
quickly like E.coli. One advantage of using modified E.coli is that they
produce large carbon chain and can store much energy, but scientist think there
has not been enough safety testing done on GMO. There are several ways to
developing to produce biofuels:                

1- Improving
the fuel quality of plants                                     

2-  Weakening
plants’ cell walls                                           3-  Improving
the process of chemically breaking down plant matter, but this is expensive way


 

  

# data[].attributes.subject
Fossil fuels is important energy resource for us as we use
them in our cars, homes and truck. But fossil fuels have negative impact on the
environment have led to a search for alternatives. One alternative of fossil
fuels is Biofuel and 2 type of fossil fuels are:                                   1-Bioethanol : Plants high in
starch and sugar are made into ethanol.                2-  vegetable oils and other
fats are made into biodiesel.  

Scientists hope to improve the plants themselves to get high
yields of fuel, and to improve the technology for extracting fuel from the
plants to overcome several obstacles to the sustainable production of biofuels.


The crops are also important food crops, and the starchy and
sugary edible parts of these plants are the parts needed to make bioethanol. 

If too many lands are growing to produce biofuel, plants supplies
of basic foods will shrink, so scientists are trying to make biofuels leaves of
crops and from grasses that don’t require the high quality soil that food crops
need. 

The difficulty in making biofuels from grass is that it has
lignin and cellulose which strengthen the cell wall of the plant cell, so
scientists are trying to use bacteria that found in the digestive system of termites
which produces enzymes that break down wood and tough places and they will
insert the gene that is responsible for this into bacteria that reproduce very
quickly like E.coli. One advantage of using modified E.coli is that they
produce large carbon chain and can store much energy, but scientist think there
has not been enough safety testing done on GMO. There are several ways to
developing to produce biofuels:                

1- Improving
the fuel quality of plants                                     

2-  Weakening
plants’ cell walls                                           3-  Improving
the process of chemically breaking down plant matter, but this is expensive way


 

  

# data[].attributes.body
Abdullah Emam Ewis
2D

# data[].attributes.headline
Fossil fuels is important energy resource for us as we use
them in our cars, homes and truck. But fossil fuels have negative impact on the
environment have led to a search for alternatives. One alternative of fossil
fuels is Biofuel and 2 type of fossil fuels are: 

1-     
Bioethanol : Plants high in
starch and sugar are made into ethanol

2-     
vegetable oils and other
fats are made into biodiesel  

Scientists hope to improve the plants themselves to get high
yields of fuel, and to improve the technology for extracting fuel from the
plants to overcome several obstacles to the sustainable production of biofuels.


The crops are also important food crops, and the starchy and
sugary edible parts of these plants are the parts needed to make bioethanol. 

If too many lands are growing to produce biofuel, plants supplies
of basic foods will shrink, so scientists are trying to make biofuels leaves of
crops and from grasses that don’t require the high quality soil that food crops
need. 

The difficulty in making biofuels from grass is that it has
lignin and cellulose which strengthen the cell wall of the plant cell, so
scientists are trying to use bacteria that found in the digestive system of termites
which produces enzymes that break down wood and tough places and they will
insert the gene that is responsible for this into bacteria that reproduce very
quickly like E.coli. One advantage of using modified E.coli is that they
produce large carbon chain and can store much energy, but scientist think there
has not been enough safety testing done on GMO. There are several ways to
developing to produce biofuels: 

1-      Improving
the fuel quality of plants  

2-      Weakening
plants’ cell walls

3-      Improving
the process of chemically breaking down plant matter, but this is expensive way


 

 

Abdullah Emam Ewis 

2D 

# data[].attributes.subject
Fossil fuels is important energy resource for us as we use
them in our cars, homes and truck. But fossil fuels have negative impact on the
environment have led to a search for alternatives. One alternative of fossil
fuels is Biofuel and 2 type of fossil fuels are: 

1-     
Bioethanol : Plants high in
starch and sugar are made into ethanol

2-     
vegetable oils and other
fats are made into biodiesel  

Scientists hope to improve the plants themselves to get high
yields of fuel, and to improve the technology for extracting fuel from the
plants to overcome several obstacles to the sustainable production of biofuels.


The crops are also important food crops, and the starchy and
sugary edible parts of these plants are the parts needed to make bioethanol. 

If too many lands are growing to produce biofuel, plants supplies
of basic foods will shrink, so scientists are trying to make biofuels leaves of
crops and from grasses that don’t require the high quality soil that food crops
need. 

The difficulty in making biofuels from grass is that it has
lignin and cellulose which strengthen the cell wall of the plant cell, so
scientists are trying to use bacteria that found in the digestive system of termites
which produces enzymes that break down wood and tough places and they will
insert the gene that is responsible for this into bacteria that reproduce very
quickly like E.coli. One advantage of using modified E.coli is that they
produce large carbon chain and can store much energy, but scientist think there
has not been enough safety testing done on GMO. There are several ways to
developing to produce biofuels: 

1-      Improving
the fuel quality of plants  

2-      Weakening
plants’ cell walls

3-      Improving
the process of chemically breaking down plant matter, but this is expensive way


 

 

Abdullah Emam Ewis 

2D 

# data[].attributes.headline
Biofuels have long been studied and, like many alternative fuels, given corporate subsidies by the government, but they haven’t made much progress. And that isn’t just because subsidies discourage innovation, it is because of biology. Lignin, which helps cell walls thick in plants, is tough.Plant geneticists have discovered the gene regulatory networks that control cell wall thickening by the synthesis of the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.  If they can know it, and understand it, they can modify it, and that may mean viable biofuels.This work by Sam Hazen at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and Siobhan Brady at the University of California, Davis, and colleagues offers a framework for future research that should allow researchers to identify ways to manipulate gene regulatory networks and engineer energy crops for biofuel production.

# data[].attributes.subject
Biofuels have long been studied and, like many alternative fuels, given corporate subsidies by the government, but they haven’t made much progress. And that isn’t just because subsidies discourage innovation, it is because of biology. Lignin, which helps cell walls thick in plants, is tough.Plant geneticists have discovered the gene regulatory networks that control cell wall thickening by the synthesis of the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.  If they can know it, and understand it, they can modify it, and that may mean viable biofuels.This work by Sam Hazen at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and Siobhan Brady at the University of California, Davis, and colleagues offers a framework for future research that should allow researchers to identify ways to manipulate gene regulatory networks and engineer energy crops for biofuel production.

# data[].attributes.body
by using genetic engineering to fundamentally change how certain organisms process sugar.

Ethanol boosters: The bacteria in this petri dish have been genetically modified to increase the amount of biofuel that can be made from sugar.

Conventional biofuels are either too expensive to compete with fossil fuels or they release so much carbon dioxide that they’re hardly worth making—or both.

The UCLA advance, which increases the amount of biofuel that can be made from sugar by 50 percent, could make it cheaper to produce biofuels from a variety of sources, especially biomass such as wood chips and grass. The U.S. biofuels industry is in desperate need of such advances—even though Congress has mandated that a certain amount of biofuel from biomass be blended with gasoline, high costs and other factors have limited production, leading the EPA to repeatedly waive the requirement.

The UCLA work is a “promising advance in biofuels technology,” says Wade Robey, chief technology officer at the ethanol producer POET. He says it shows the potential of advanced genetic engineering “to drastically reduce both greenhouse gas emissions and the amount of corn or biomass used to produce a gallon of biofuel.”

In conventional biofuels production, sugar derived from sources such as corn and biomass is fed to yeast, which ferments it to produce ethanol. But the fermentation process wastes a third of the carbon atoms that make up sugar; rather than being used to make ethanol, the carbon is released in the form of carbon dioxide.

The UCLA researchers cobbled together genes from a variety of organisms to create an alternate way to process sugar that doesn’t emit any carbon dioxide, and uses all of the carbon in sugar to make biofuel. They created genetically modified E. coli bacteria to demonstrate the process, but they say the same genetic pathway could be incorporated into other organisms, including yeast.

“Anytime you use fermentation, you lose one-third of the carbon to carbon dioxide. We can retain that carbon, reduce the carbon footprint of ethanol production, and make more money,” says James Liao, professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering at UCLA.

In order to use all of the carbon in sugar, it’s necessary to add hydrogen to the process. The source of that hydrogen and its cost relative to the cost of sugar determine both the total carbon emissions and the cost savings. Using hydrogen from natural gas is the cheapest option. But getting hydrogen from natural gas also releases carbon dioxide, offsetting some of the carbon dioxide savings of the new process. In this case, emissions from the production of ethanol would be reduced by about 50 percent. Using hydrogen made by splitting water with solar power would eliminate all of the carbon dioxide emitted during fermentation, but the cost would likely be too high for the process to be economical.

Since the new approach produces more ethanol from sugar, less land would be needed to produce corn or biomass. And that would reduce carbon dioxide emissions involved in farming (such as from clearing land and using diesel to power farm equipment).

The biggest cost savings will be for cellulosic ethanol derived from biomass. Sugar from cellulosic sources is much more expensive than sugar from corn or sugarcane, so there are greater benefits to getting more biofuel out of that sugar.

Researchers still need to demonstrate that it’s possible to grow organisms with the genetic changes at a large enough scale to produce commercial biofuels.

# data[].attributes.body
2A

Now days depending on oil and petroleum or natural gas not meet our needs so we have to provide a new source for energy like Bio fuels.
Biofuels, including bioethanol and
biodiesel, are compounds that are
produced from renewable biological sources. Plants high in starch
and sugar are made into ethanol,
while vegetable oils and other fats
are made into biodesel.
* Bioethanol is
generated by fermenting corn or
sugar cane with yeast or bacteria. Grasses and inedible parts of crops
is that they contain two substances
—lignin and cellulose—that are
very hard to break down
Genetically modified E. coli that can break the lignin and cellulose into sugars that can then be converted to ethanol.
The modified E. coli produces
longer-chain alcohols, but not
enough for commercial use. Alternatives to developing genetically modified organisms for producing biofuels include:
• Improving the fuel quality of
plants by selective breeding.
• Weakening plants’ cell walls
through selective breeding.
• Improving the process of chemically breaking down plant
matter.

# data[].attributes.body
bio fuels are very important resource of energy that can be used instead of fossil fuels
currently we fermenting corn or sugar cane with bacteria or yeast to produce bio-ethanol but this is not effective as thee plant is now inedible .

Some the types of bio-fuels are :
1- Bioethanol which comes from plants high in starch and sugar
2-Biodiesel which comes from vegetable oils and other fats.
Most bioethanol is generated by fermenting corn or sugar cane with yeast or bacteria.
Bioethanol is made by the starchy and sugary edible parts of these plants

Scientists are trying to find efficient ways to make biofuels from the waste stalks and leaves of crops and from grasses that don’t require the high quality soil that food crops need.
The problem is found in lignin and cellulose that are very hard to break down

The solution might be found in bacteria that live in such places as compost piles or in the digestive systems of termites and other organisms. Scientists are going to insert genes from these bacteria into other bacteria that grow well on the large scale needed for producing commercial ethanol such as E-coli.

E. coli produce fuels that have longer carbon chains and are similar to gasoline. These longer-chain
alcohols store more energy than ethanol, are easier to separate from water, and perform better in engines.

Alternatives to developing genetically modified organisms for producing biofuels include:
1: Improving the fuel quality of plants by selective breeding.
2: Weakening plants’ cell walls through selective breeding.
3: Improving the process of chemically breaking down plant matter.

Finally, scientific advances and policy have their significant role in the decision of using genetically modified organisms in production of biofuel.

Thanks
Hassan  Ahmed
2/C

# data[].attributes.body
Mohamed Khaled 2a

The world is running out of oil so we are looking for better choices. These are biofuel and biodiesel.

GMO are being used to help make bioethanol; to find efficient ways to make biofuels from the waste stalks and leaves of crops and from grasses instead of sweet crops important for humans that need good soil. The problem is found in lignin and cellulose.

This can be solved with bacteria that live in such places as compost piles or in the digestive systems of termites and other organisms. Scientists are going to insert genes from these bacteria into E coli.

E coli produce fuels that have longer carbon that store more energy than ethanol, are easier to separate from water, and perform better in engines.

Alternatives to developing genetically modified organisms for producing biofuels include:

•          Improving the fuel quality of

plants by selective breeding.

•          Weakening plants’ cell walls

through selective breeding.

•          Improving the process of chemically breaking down plant

matter.

# data[].attributes.body
Oil and petrol are very important energy sources around the world. Concerns about the availability of these fuels and the environmental impacts of producing and using them have led to a search for alternatives. Biofuels are another choice. They are Ethanol and Biodiesel

Scientists are improving the plants to get high yields of biofuels. Bioethanol is made from parts of plants needed for humans.

Scientists are trying to find efficient ways to make biofuels from the waste stalks and leaves of crops and from grasses that don’t require the high quality soil that food crops need.

The problem is found in lignin and cellulose that are very hard to break down

This can be solved with bacteria that live in such places as compost piles or in the digestive systems of termites and other organisms. Scientists are going to insert genes from these bacteria into E coli.

E coli produce fuels that have longer carbon that store more energy than ethanol, are easier to separate from water, and perform better in engines.

Alternatives to developing genetically modified organisms for producing biofuels include:

1.     Improving the fuel quality of plants by selective breeding.

2.     Weakening plants’ cell walls through selective breeding.

3.     Improving the process of chemically breaking down plant matter.

Signed: Mudathir Ebrahim El-5alook

# data[].attributes.headline
Modifying Bacteria to Produce Biofuels Ahmed Ali Mohamed Ali Ramadan 2-B

# data[].attributes.subject
Modifying Bacteria to Produce Biofuels Ahmed Ali Mohamed Ali Ramadan 2-B

# data[].attributes.body
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Case study

Modifying Bacteria to Produce Biofuels

Fossil fuels are the essential source for powering the world. However, disturbances of its environmental impacts and its availability have led to search for alternatives. For instance, Bio-fuels (BF) are one of the alternatives of the fossil fuels.

Bio-fuels (BF) are compounds that are produced from renewable biological sources, including bio-ethanol and bio-diesel. For ethanol plants with high starch and sugar are good sources. In case of bio-diesel, vegetable oils and other fats are good source.

Current work is focusing on improving the yield of plants used in the process and improving the technology that is used in extracting fuel from the plants. One considered part in current researches is genetically modified organisms (GMO). Now, most of bioethanol is generated by fermenting the corn or sugar cane with bacteria or yeast. The crops are important food crops as well as needed to make ethanol. For reducing the use of edible part of the plant to produce ethanol, scientists try to find way to produce the ethanol from the leaves, waste stalks of the plants, or grasses that don’t require high quality soil. The obstruction of making biofuel from inedible parts of the plants or grasses is that they contain cellulose and lignin that are very hard to break down. Scientists found the enzymes that break down cellulose and lignin in certain bacteria. Recently, they inserted the gene of these enzymes in E. coli bacterium that reproduce at high rate. But the problem here is that the shortcomings of the ethanol are that it binds to water and corrodes metal. Again, group of scientists have inserted genes increase the long of carbon chain. Consequently, the energy content would increase, ease of separation from water would increase, and perform better in the engines. In contrast, there are now some microbes produce biofuel but in small amounts. Another way to produce biofuel is breaking down plant parts with chemical substances. But this way is very expensive. The modified E. coli produces long chain alcohol but not for commercial use. The big challenge for the modified E. coli is that, there is no sufficient safety and there might be unintended consequences on the human health.

Alternatives to developing genetically modified organisms for producing biofuel are:

1-  Increasing the fuel quality of the plants by selective breeding.

2-Weakening the cell wall by selective breeding.

3-  Improving the process of chemically breaking down the plant matter.

Finally, scientific advances and policy have their significant role in the decision of using genetically modified organisms in production of biofuel.

Great thanks,

Ahmed Ali Mohamed Ali Ramadan

2-B

2016-2017

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Fossil fuels is one of the most important sources of energy around the world. Concerns about the availability of these fuels and the environmental impacts of producing and using them have led to a search for alternatives. One of these alternatives is called biofuels.

Types of Biofuels:

1: Ethanol comes from Plants high in starch and sugar.

2: Biodiesel comes from vegetable oils and other fats

They hope to improve the plants themselves to get high yields of fuel, and to improve the technology for extracting fuel from the plants.

Most bioethanol is generated by fermenting corn or sugar cane with yeast or bacteria.

Bioethanol is made by the starchy and sugary edible parts of these plants

Scientists are trying to find efficient ways to make biofuels from the waste stalks and leaves of crops and from grasses that don’t require the high quality soil that food crops need.

The problem is found in lignin and cellulose that are very hard to break down

The solution might be found in bacteria that live in such places as compost piles or in the digestive systems of termites and other organisms. Scientists are going to insert genes from these bacteria into other bacteria that grow well on the large scale needed for producing commercial ethanol such as E-coli.

E. coli produce fuels that have longer carbon chains and are similar to gasoline. These longer-chain

alcohols store more energy than ethanol, are easier to separate from water, and perform better in engines.

Alternatives to developing genetically modified organisms for producing biofuels include:

1: Improving the fuel quality of plants by selective breeding.

2: Weakening plants’ cell walls through selective breeding.

3: Improving the process of chemically breaking down plant matter.

# data[].attributes.body
The most things in the world are powered by fossil fuels. But the fossil fuels have many problems one of these problem the fossil fuels aren’t renewable and alternative energy, so the world searching now for a new kind of fuel which gives us the same efficiency and be renewable energy “biofuel” including bioethanol and biodiesel. These bio fuels are creating by mixing some of biological resources. Plants high in starch and sugar are made into ethanol, while vegetable oils and other fats are made into biodiesel. The most of the researches in “USA” are heading to GMO as a solution to improve the plants themselves to get high yield of fuel. most bioethanol is generated by fermenting corn or sugar cane with yeast or bacteria. Much of the research focuses on genetically modified microorganisms. In addition to food production we get biofuels. To get the most efficiency the scientists are trying to make biofuels from the waste stalks and leaves of crops and from grasses that don’t require the high quality soil that food crops need. But the scientists have faced a problem with the inedible parts of crops and grasses, is existing of lignin and cellulose that are very difficult to break down. The solution could be found in bacteria that live in such places as compost piles or in the digestive system of termites and other organisms. So the scientists are working on genetically modified E. coli which break lignin and cellulose into sugars that can then be converted to ethanol. The fuels can also be produced through breaking down the plant matter with chemicals, but this is expensive and requires a lot of energy. Some scientist fear from the safety of GMO for the E. coli there might be problems if some were accidentally transferred to other environments. Alternatives to developing genetically modified organisms for producing biofuels includeImproving the fuel quality ofplant by selective breeding. Weakening plants’ cell walls through selective breeding. Improving the process of chemically breaking down plant
matter.

# data[].attributes.body
Almost all the things in the world are powered by fossil fuels. But fossil fuels aren't renewable and cause pollution. So the world searched for other solutions to this problem which could be good alternatives. "Biofuel" which can be bioethanol and biodiesel are good alternatives. These fuels are created from plants high in starch and sugar which will be turned into bioethanol and vegetable oils and other fats which will be turned into biodiesel. Researchers tend to use GMOs as their solution because they want to improve the plants themselves, so they can get high yield of fuel. They can generate bioethanol by fermenting corn or sugar cane with yeast or bacteria. Nowadays, the researchers focuses on genetically modified microorganisms and using of unimportant parts of the plants like stalks, leaves and grasses that don't require the high-quality soil that food crops need to make biofuels. But the scientists have faced a problem with the inedible parts of crops and grasses, is existing of lignin and cellulose that are very difficult to break down. The solution could be found in bacteria that live in such places as compost piles or in the digestive system of termites and other organisms. So the scientists are working on genetically modified E. coli which break lignin and cellulose into sugars that can then be converted to ethanol. The fuels can also be produced through breaking down the plant matter with chemicals, but this is expensive and requires a lot of energy. Some scientist fear from the safety of GMO for the E. coli there might be problems if some were accidentally transferred to other environments. Alternatives to developing genetically modified organisms for producing biofuels includeImproving the fuel quality ofplant by selective breeding. Weakening plants’ cell walls through selective breeding. Improving the process of chemically breaking down plant matter.

# data[].attributes.body
·         Biofuels, including bioethanol and biodiesel, are compounds that are produced from renewable biological sources.

·         Plants high in starch and sugar are made into ethanol, while vegetable oils and other fats are made into biodiesel. Both of these fuels may be burned in combustion engines in place of fossil fuels

·         Scientists are currently working on ways to overcome several obstacles to the sustainable production of biofuels. They hope to improve the plants themselves to get high yields of fuel, and to improve the technology for extracting fuel from the plants.

·         Most bioethanol is generated by fermenting corn or sugar cane with yeast or bacteria.
Those crops, however, are also important food crops, and the starchy and sugary edible parts of these plants are the parts needed to make bioethanol.

·         Scientists are trying to find efficient ways to make biofuels from the waste stalks and leaves of crops and from grasses that don’t require the high quality soil that food crops need

·         The difficulty in making fuel from grasses and inedible parts of crops is that they contain two substances —lignin and cellulose—that are very hard to break down. These substances add strength to the plants’ cell walls, but cause problems in the production of biofuels. The solution might be found in bacteria that live in such places as compost piles or in the digestive systems of termites and other organisms.

·         Enzymes that break down wood and the tough parts of plants have been identified in these bacteria. A current approach scientists are pursuing is to insert genes from these bacteria into other. Bacteria that grow well on the large scale needed for producing commercial ethanol. One such bacterium is the very well understood E. coli. Scientists are working on a genetically modified E. coli that can break the lignin and cellulose into sugars that can then be converted to ethanol.

·         Another potential use of genetically modified microorganisms is to improve the quality of the fuel produced from sugars. Typically, yeast or bacteria break down sugars and starch to produce ethanol, a two carbon fuel. Ethanol’s shortcomings.

·         Ethanol is currently used as a fuel, but has some shortcomings

·         however, Ethanol’s shortcomings doesn’t have a high energy content, it binds to water, and it corrodes metals, including those with which storage tanks and cars’ gas tanks are made.

·         One research group has modified E. coli to produce fuels that have longer carbon chains and are similar to gasoline. These longer-chain alcohols store more energy than ethanol, are easier to separate from water, and perform better in engines.

·         The fuels can also be produced through breaking down the plant matter with chemicals,
but this is expensive and requires a lot of energy.

·         To harness E. coli to produce fuels scientists have deleted several genes in E. coli and
replaced them with genes from other organisms. These efforts have been somewhat successful. The modified E. coli produces longer-chain alcohols, but not enough for commercial use. Some researchers are trying to determine how to balance each step of the reaction pathway in the E. coli to maximize production of the fuels.

·         Research group has genetically engineered E. coli that are able to both break down cellulose and turn that product into biodiesel and related compounds. They have
done this by deleting two E. coligenes and adding genes from several other organisms. Although these modified E. coli produce less fuel than needed for commercial
use, they produce enough that the results are promising.

·         Longer chain alcohols, such as octanol, may perform better than ethanol as a fuel

·         Alternatives to developing genetically modified organisms for producing biofuels include:
• Improving the fuel quality of plants by selective breeding.
• Weakening plants’ cell walls through selective breeding.
• Improving the process of chemically breaking down plant matter.

·          yK��k�ZqN嗢

# data[].attributes.body
Vehicles around the world are powered by fossil fuel. But in the future, we mayn’t found the fossil fuel. One of the alternative is biofuel which is produced from the plant that has high starch and sugar but it faces several problems such as: -

1-      We can’t benefit from edible part because it contains lignin and cellulose which hard to break down.

2-       The bad quality of bio fuel such as ethanol which doesn’t do well in engines.

We can solve this problem using GMO. For first problem, we can insert gene from termites in E. coli bacteria and delete some gene to give it ability to break down the edible part in plant.

other scientists are pursuing is to insert genes from termites into other bacteria that grow well on the large scale needed for producing commercial ethanol.

One research group has modified E. coli to produce fuels that have longer carbon chains and are similar

to gasoline. These longer- chain alcohols store more energy than ethanol

# data[].attributes.body
bio-fuels are alternative sources of energy being developed to replace fossil fuels.

Some the types of bio-fuels are :
1- Bioethanol which comes from plants high in starch and sugar
2-Biodiesel which comes from vegetable oils and other fats.

The role of genetically modified organisms in producing them:
most bioethanol is generated by fermenting corn or sugar cane with yeast or bacteria.
Currently , bioethanol is produced from the edible parts of as they are starchy and sugary. Scientists are trying to produce bio-fuels from the waste stalks , the leaves of crops , and from grasses that don't require the high -quality soil that food crops need . The problem are lignin and cellulose (present in these parts) that are very hard to break down . The solution might be found in bacteria that live in such places as compost piles or in the digestive systems of termites (due to the identifying of enzymes that break down wood and tough parts of plants in these bacteria ).
Scientists are trying to insert genes from these bacteria into other bacteria that grow well on the large scale such as E-coli. The second potential use of GMO's is to improve the quality of the fuel produced from sugars.
Ethanol's shortcomings are
1- producing less energy .
2-binding to water and corroding metals.
One research group has modified E-coli to produce fuels that have longer-carbon chains that are similar to gasoline.
These longer-chain alcohols :
1-store more energy
2-easier to be separated from water
3-perform better in engines.

Some scientists think there has not been enough safety testing done on GMO's.

Alternatives to developing genetically modified organisms for producing biofuels include:
• Improving the fuel quality of plants by selective breeding.
• Weakening plants’ cell walls through selective breeding.
• Improving the process of chemically breaking down plant matter.

# data[].attributes.headline
fossil fuels are used to power a lot of things and is one of alternative resource. One of these alternative resource is called biofuels which including bioethanol and biodiesel. And there is a Research on alternative fossil fuels and the role of genetically modified to increase the amount of the producing. and scientist working to  improve the plants to get high yields of fuels and improve the technology for extracting fuel from plants. these researches focuses on the development of the microorganisms. 
most bioethanol is generated by putting yeast or bacteria to corn or suger cane.  the starchy and sugary edible parts of these plants are needed to make bioethanol. 
scientists are working to make biofuels from the waste stalks and leaves of crops and from grasses that don’t require the high quality soil that food crops need.

# data[].attributes.subject
fossil fuels are used to power a lot of things and is one of alternative resource. One of these alternative resource is called biofuels which including bioethanol and biodiesel. And there is a Research on alternative fossil fuels and the role of genetically modified to increase the amount of the producing. and scientist working to  improve the plants to get high yields of fuels and improve the technology for extracting fuel from plants. these researches focuses on the development of the microorganisms. 
most bioethanol is generated by putting yeast or bacteria to corn or suger cane.  the starchy and sugary edible parts of these plants are needed to make bioethanol. 
scientists are working to make biofuels from the waste stalks and leaves of crops and from grasses that don’t require the high quality soil that food crops need.

# data[].attributes.body
the difficulty in making fuel from grasses is that they contain two substances( lignin and cellulose) that are very hard to break down the solution found in bacteria that live in compost piles or in the digestive systems of termites and other organism.
E. coli. Scientists are working on a genetically modified E. coli that can break the lignin and cellulose into sugars that can then be converted to ethanol.Another potential use of GMO microorganisms is to improve the quality of the fuel produced from sugar.Ethanol’s shortcomings doesn’t have a high energy contact it binds to water, and it corrodes metals. fuels can also be
produced through breaking down the plant matter with chemical.The modified E. coli produces longer-chain alcohols, but not enough for commercial use. and scientists think GMO is not safety.Although the E. coli
needed to make biofuels would be grown only in laboratories. Alternatives to developing GMO including
1)Improving the fuel quality of
plants by selective breeding.
2)Weakening plants’ cell walls through selective breeding.
3)mproving the process of chemically breaking down plant matter.

# data[].attributes.body
Fossil fuels is one of the most essential energy resources we use. there had been a research for alternatives for the fossil fuels because of the concerns about the availability of it. one of these alternatives is the biofuels which is about biodiesel (vegetable oils and fats) and bioethanol (plants with high starch and sugar). there are a lot of researches in USA to add genetically modified organisms to the biofuels to increase the amount of production or improve the quality of it by improving the quality of plants. currently, the scientists add genetically modified microorganisms like bacteria or yeast to the sugar cane to produce bioethanol beside obtaining the food from it.  scientists
are trying to find efficient ways to
make biofuels from the waste stalks and leaves of crops because upplies of basic foods will shrink if they continue to use to for producing biofuels. The diffculty in making fuel from grasses and inedible parts of crops is that they contain two substances lignin and cellulose that are very hard to break down. scientists are working on a genetically modifed E. coli that can break the lignin and cellulose into sugars that can then be converted to ethanol.
To harness E. coli to produce fuels scientists have deleted several genes in E. coli and replaced them with genes from
other organisms. These efforts have been somewhat successful.
A third research group has geneti
cally engineered E. coli that are able to both break down cellulose and turn that product into biodiesel
and related compounds. They have
done this by deleting two E. coli
genes and adding genes from      sev eral other organisms.

# data[].attributes.body
bacteria and yeast are the main reasons for decomposing starch to form ethanol and biodiesel. this process is called fermentation and it happens when bacteria breaks down starches in crops such as sugar cane.
scientists are trying to improve this process by genetic modification of bacteria and yeast to produce more biofuel and break down more complex hydrocarbons. it is often used on E coli bacteria by by inserting genes from bacteria in the digestive tracts of termites into it. this will make it to break down cell walls and starch molecules easily by production of some enzymes.
other genetic modification include:
1-improving the carbon content of the plants by selective breeding
2-improving the process of fermentation
3-weakening of cell walls by selective breeding
this improvement is important for the sustainability as the biofuels release much less emissions.

# data[].attributes.body
Modifying is the nature of the human being. An alternative source of energy called bio-fuels is being developed to replace fossil fuels. From the types of bio-fuels are : 1- Bioethanol which comes from plants high in starch and sugar  2-Biodiesel which comes from vegetable oils and other fats. Currently , bioethanol is produced from the edible parts of as they are starchy and sugary. Scientists are trying to produce bio-fuels from the waste stalks , the leaves of crops , and from grasses that don't require the high -quality soil that food crops need . The problem are lignin and cellulose (present in these parts) that are very hard to break down . The solution might be found in bacteria that live in such places as compost piles or in the digestive systems of termites (due to the identifying of enzymes that break down wood and tough parts of plants in these bacteria )
Scientists are trying to insert genes from these bacteria into other bacteria that grow well on the large scale such as E-coli. The second potential use of GMO's is to improve the quality of the fuel produced from sugars. Ethanol's problems are
1- producing less energy .
2-binding to water and corroding metals.
One research group has modified E-coli to produce fuels that have longer-carbon chains that are similar to gasoline.
These longer-chain alcohols :
1-store more energy
2-easier to be separated from water
3-perform better in engines.

Some scientists think there has not been enough safety testing done on GMO's

Alternatives to developing genetically modified organisms for producing biofuels include:
• Improving the fuel quality of plants by selective breeding.
• Weakening plants’ cell walls through selective breeding.
• Improving the process of chemically breaking down plant matter.

# data[].attributes.body
Fossil fuel is one of the most important sources of energy that we use. The world gets 81% of its total energy from fossil fuel, but fossil fuel has some disadvantages or impacts that lead us to search of an alternative source. A bio-fuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary biological processes, such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion that are burned in combustion engines in place of fossil fuels. There are two types of bio-fuel; 1. Bio-ethanol. 2. Biodiesel. But the problem is how to produce it. Plants high in starch and sugar are made into ethanol, while vegetable oils and other fats are made into biodiesel, but these crops have its value as food products. Now, scientists are trying to get a new ways to get bio-fuel from grass and wastes of food by using GM. The problem is that the inedible parts are made from cellulose and lignin that are hard to break down. That's why Scientists are working on a
genetically modified E. coli that can
break the lignin and cellulose into
sugars that can then be converted
to ethanol. Also scientists have modified E. coli to produce fuels that have longer carbon chains and are similar to gasoline. These longer-chain alcohols store more energy than ethanol, are easier to separate from water, and perform better in engines.

# data[].attributes.body
Fossil fuels are very important as they are used in cars, trucks and many other important sides of economy, but they are nonrenewable energy resources, so they are replaced with bio fuels which are produced from plants which are rich with sugar and starch (ethanol) and from vegetable oil and fats (bio diesel).
Sugar cane and corn now are very important for  the usage of people, so scientists and researches start to think about using plants which are less important for people like waste stalks and leaves but there is an obstacle that their cell wall contains lignin and cellulose which make them stronger and cause problems during manufacturing. In order to solve this problem, they used some chemicals to break down the plant but they were expensive. Some researchers developed a new technique to genetically modified micro-organisms like deleting some genes from E.coli bacteria and inserting other genes from other organism so that the E.coli became able tho break down the cell walls of the plants. They also modified ethanol after manufacturing it to be with longer chains to hold more energy and perform well in engines.
There are some alternatives which are used in developing genetically modified organisms for producing biofuels include:
• Improving the fuel quality of
plants by selective breeding.
• Weakening plants’ cell walls
through selective breeding.
• Improving the process of chemically breaking down plant
matter.

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Bio Fuels can be very reliable replace for ordinary fossil fuels , the plants which are rich in sugar and starch can be converted to ethanol .And Vegetable oil and fats converted to bio diesel .
Currently , Sugar cane and corn are being used for the purpose of making bio fuels. but they are very critical crops for the people and can not be longer used for making fuels , so many researches starts to think about using plants which has less commercial profit like grass and so on. but they have one main obstacle that they have lignin and cellulose which provide the plant with stronger cell walls which make some problems during manufacturing. And the use of chemicals to break down the plant is expensive . some a group of researchers developed a new technique of Genetically Modified Microorganisms , like deleting some genes of E.coli and inserting others from another organisms to make E.coli able to break the cell walls and produce ethanol with longer chains so it can hold more energy content and perform well in engines .
There are some Alternatives to genetically modified organisms for producing biofuels include:
• Improving the fuel quality of
plants by selective breeding.
• Weakening plants’ cell walls
through selective breeding.
• Improving the process of chemically breaking down plant
matter.

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Fossil fuels are very important energy source, but fossil fuels have some environmental impacts, in other words, fossil fuels are very harmful to the environment and the public health. Fossil fuels cause an increase of global warming. All of that have led to a search for alternatives. One of these alternatives is a group of fuels called biofuels. Biofuels, including bioethanol and biodiesel, are compounds that are produced from renewable biological sources. Both of these fuels may be burned in combustion engines in place of fossil fuels. Currently, most bioethanol is generated by fermenting corn or sugar cane with yeast or bacteria. Those crops, however, are also important food crops. For this reason, scientists are trying to find efficient ways to make biofuels from the waste stalks and leaves of crops and from grasses. The difficulty in making fuel from grasses and inedible parts of crops is that they contain two substances—lignin and cellulose—that are very hard to break down. Bacteria that live in places such as compost piles or in the digestive systems of termites can be used to increase the production of biofuel. A current approach scientists are pursuing is to insert genes from these bacteria into other bacteria that grow well on the large scale needed for producing commercial ethanol. One such bacterium is the very well understood E. coli.Scientists are working on a genetically modified E. coli that can break the lignin and cellulose into sugars that can then be converted to ethanol. One research group has modified E. coli to produce fuels that have longer carbon chains and are similar to gasoline. These longer-chain alcohols store more energy than ethanol, are easier to separate from water, and perform better in engines. To harness E. coli to produce fuels, scientists have deleted several genes in E. coli and replaced them with genes from other organisms. These efforts have been somewhat successful. The modified E. coli produces longer-chain alcohols, but not enough for commercial use. A research group has genetically engineered E. coli that are able to both break down cellulose and turn that product into biodiesel. They have done this by deleting two E. coli genes and adding genes from several other organisms.

Alternatives to developing genetically modified organisms for producing biofuels include:
• Improving the fuel quality of plants by selective breeding.
• Weakening plants’ cell walls through selective breeding.
• Improving the process of chemically breaking down plant matter.

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bio fuels are very important resource of energy that can be used instead of fossil fuels
currently we fermenting corn or sugar cane with bacteria or yeast to produce bio-ethanol but this is not effective as thee plant is now inedible .
so we are trying to get biofuel from the inedible parts in the plant by modifying E.coli bacteria by deleting and inserting gens to produce an Enzyme that some how breaks down cellulose and lignin turning them into ethanol
Also the usage of the GMO can improve the quality of the fuel produced from sugar.(the modified bacteria or yeast break down sugars and starch to produce ethanol)
and the third research is genetically engineered
E. coli that are able to both break down cellulose and
turn that product into biodiesel and related compounds. They have done this by deleting two E. coli genes and adding genes from several other organisms

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Fossil fuels are one of the most important sources of energy that we are using today. But its availability and its detrimental effects on the environment leads us to search of an alternative. Bio- fuels, which are made from biological resources, are burned in combustion engines in place of fossil fuels. The problem is that the parts which are used are the edible parts of these important food crops. Therefore, scientists are tying to find efficient ways to make bio-fuels from the waste stalks and leaves of crops. The problem is that the inedible parts are made from cellulose and lignin that are hard to break down. That's why the scientists used GM by using genes from digestive systems of termites and insert it into E.coli in order to break down cellulose and lignin and then covert them to biofuel. Also, other scientists modified E.coli in order to produce longer carbon chains like gasoline as ethanol didn't have high energy content and corroded metal. These new researches will help provide a source of energy instead of fossil fuels and at the same time not very harmful to the environment like fossil fuels.

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cities, homes, factories, cars, and trucks throughout the world are powered primarily by fossil fuels. But it is not a renewable source. So the world needs to change its source of fuel to renewable sources like biofuel. Biofuels, including bioethanol and biodiesel, are compounds that are produced from renewable biological sources. These fuels may be burned in combustion engines in place of fossil fuels. Scientists are currently working on ways to overcome several obstacles to the sustainable production of biofuels. They hope to improve the plants themselves to get high yields of fuel, and to improve the technology for extracting fuel from the plants using Genetically modified microorganisms. scientists are trying to find efficient ways to
make biofuels from the waste stalks and leaves of crops and from grasses that don’t require the high quality soil that food crops need. They use Genetically modified microorganisms to improve the quality of the fuel produced from sugars. Typically, yeast or bacteria break down sugars and starch to produce ethanol, a two carbon fuel. One research group has modified
E. coli to produce fuels that have
longer carbon chains and are similar to gasoline. These longer-chain alcohols store more energy than ethanol, are easier to separate from water, and perform better in engines.
Some researchers are trying to determine how to balance each step of the reaction pathway in the E. coli to maximize production of the fuels. Other research is looking at performing a similar genetic modification in yeast and other microbes that are often used in converting plant material into other types of biofuel. A third research group has genetically engineered  E. coli that are able to both break down cellulose and turn that product into biodiesel and related compounds.
Both scientific advances and
policy decisions will play a role in
decisions about pursuing these
approaches to producing
biofuels.

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Case Study
Modifying Bacteria to produces Biofuels:

All of us know that the fossil fuel is used commonly around the world but the the problem here is the pollution which caused by this type of fuels so the solution is found in the bio fuels. The scientists are trying to improve the production of the biofuels using sugar and vegetable oil (to get bioethanol and biodiesel) but the dependence on sugarcane or corn or vegetable may harmful for the food supply. The solution is in the grasses and inedible part of crops but the difficulty here is how to break the substances (legnin and cellulose) in these parts. The solution is in the Bacteria ( E.Coli ) which can break the legnin and the cellulose which in the grass and the inedible parts of crops.E.coli  produces fuels that have longer carbon chains and are similar to gasoline. These longer chain alcohols store more energy than ethanol, are easier to separate from water,
and perform better in engines.
Other ways in genetic modification include:

Improving the fuel quality of plants by selective breeding.

Weakening plants’ cell walls through selective breeding.

Improving the process of chemically breaking down plant matter.

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Biofuels have long been studied and, like many alternative fuels, given corporate subsidies by the government, but they haven't made much progress. And that isn't just because subsidies discourage innovation, it is because of biology. Lignin, which helps cell walls thick in plants, is tough.
Plant geneticists have discovered the gene regulatory networks that control cell wall thickening by the synthesis of the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.  If they can know it, and understand it, they can modify it, and that may mean viable biofuels.
The main criteria to be considered sustainable, bio-fuels must achieve greenhouse gas savings of at least 35% in comparison to fossil fuels. This savings requirement rises to 50% in 2017. In 2018, it rises again to 60% but only for new production plants. All life cycle emissions are taken into account when calculating greenhouse gas savings. This includes emissions from cultivation, processing, and transport.

Bio-fuels cannot be grown in areas converted from land with previously high carbon stock such as wetlands or forests.

Bio-fuels cannot be produced from raw materials obtained from land with high biodiversity such as primary forests or highly bio diverse grasslands.

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fossil fuels are used widely around the world. The problem is that they harm environment and their quantity in environment is decreasing. Therefore, scientists are trying to improve the production of biofuels made from plants sugar and starch. there is a problem that the biofuel yields are low an this consumes lots of edible plants. and here comes the role of genetic modification as:
1. some scientists are trying to find new efficient ways of reducing biofuels to reduce the amounts of edible plants used by using modified bacteria that lives in the compost piles that will break lignin and cellulose of inedible plants and grasses. scientists will take genes from this bacteria and insert them inside the widely spread E.coli.
2. some scientists are trying to make a longer chain biofuel that can store more energy.some genes are therefore removed from the E.coli and replaced with other genes
3. another research tends to improve E.coli that it can break down cellulose and produce biodiesel.
this will surely help maintain sustainability by producing more natural fuels and stop depending on fossil fuels that are being too expensive while harming the environment.

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Because we can't dispense fuels in our life and according to the rapid decrease in amounts of fuels, scientists have had to find new ways for getting fuels and one of those ways is the biofuel.

Some researchers hope to increase the plants to get high yields of fuel as well as improving the technology of extracting for extracting fuel from the plants.

Scientists ferment sugar cane or corn with yeast or bacteria to produce ethanol.

Unfortunately, the edible parts of the plants needed for food are the same used for producing biofuels. As a result, scientists try to find innovative ways for producing biofuels using the inedible parts of the plants or grasses.

The problem of using grasses and the inedible parts is that those parts contain cellulose and lignin, that are very hard to be broken down.

The solution to this obstacle is the dependence on bacteria that live in those parts of the plant as compost piles, or in the digestive systems of termites and some other organisms.

Currently, scientists are pursuing an approach which is inserting genes from these bacteria into another type of bacteria that grow well on large scales needed for producing commercial ethanol. That bacteria are E. coli bacteria.

E. coli bacteria has been genetically modified in order to break cellulose and lignin down into sugars to produce ethanol.

Microorganisms such as bacteria and yeast are also used to improve the quality of the fuel produced from sugars by breaking the starch and sugar to produce ethanol.

While using ethanol as a fuel in cars and other machines, scientists noticed that ethanol binds with water and then corrodes metals of car's tank; therefore, scientists have modified bacteria to produce fuels with longer carbon chains similar to gasoline which can perform their task better than ethanol.

Really, scientists are exerting their efforts to improve the production of biofuels.

Some scientists are looking forward to making yeast and other microbes that can produce other types of fuels.

Others have modified E. coli bacteria to break down cellulose and produce biodiesel and other related compounds.

Alternatives to developing genetically modified organisms for producing biofuels include:
• Improving the fuel quality of
plants by selective breeding.
• Weakening plants’ cell walls
through selective breeding.
• Improving the process of chemically breaking down plant
matter L584tOM[iu��0

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Almost all forms of ethanol production use the sugar and starch found in sugarcane and corn grain. Producing biofuel from the biomass of the plant is still too expensive in comparison, and this is due to the very hard to break lignin in the plant. Biofuels are produced from the cellulose in the plants, but in order to extract the cellulose from the lignin, the biomass must be soaked in hot acid, an expensive treatment, but by genetically modifying the plants much of the lignin and cellulose can be broken down into ethanol

One of the main problems with removing most of the lignin in the plant is that the lignin is what gives the plant structure and strength. Removing it results in far shorter plants, reducing the yield of biofuel from the crop.

Working on this problem, researchers have managed to create a way to only remove the lignin from parts of the plant, but not all; allowing most of the cellulose to be easily removed, but without compromising the structural integrity of the plant.

Also the E. coli is genetically modified by deleting some genes and inserting others to increase the ability to break down lignin and cellulose and produce more ethanol, also scientists has modified E. coli to produce fuels that have longer carbon chains and are similar to gasoline. These longer-chain alcohols store more energy than ethanol, are easier to separate from water, and perform better in engines..

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One of the ways that could produce bio-fuels is using plants but there are some problems.                             such as to produce bio-fuels some parts of the plant should be used but this specific parts are edible so it is effective on the yields and people want this plants in their life for eating and other needs. Scientists on ways to overcome several obstacles to the sustainable production of bio-fuels so they tried to use GM to get ways to use the wastes of plants instead of the edible parts and to produce high quality bio-fuel by inserting genes from bacteria.                               Much of the researches focus on the development of genetically modified micro-organisms. another problem is the difficulty in making fuel from grasses and inedible parts of crops is that they contain two substances (lignin and cellulose) that are very hard to break down.  these substances add strength to the plants’ cell walls. scientists found bacteria that live in such places as compost piles or in the digestive systems of termites and other organisms. Enzymes that breakdown wood and the tough parts of plants have been identified in these bacteria. Scientists are working on a genetically modified E. coli that can break the lignin and cellulose into sugars that can then be converted to ethanol. One research group has modified E. coli to produce fuels that have longer carbon chains and are similar to gasoline. Other research is looking at performing a similar genetic modification in yeast and other microbes that are often used in converting plant material into other types of bio-fuel. A third research group has genetically engineered E. coli that are able to both break down cellulose and turn that product into bio-diesel and related compounds they have done this by deleting two E. coli genes and adding genes from several other organisms.

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GMO is an effective way to improve the production and the quality of the fuels that produced from plants. Scientists are trying to find ways to get bio-fuels from grasses and the waste leaves and stalks. But it is so difficult because of the substance that is found in them which are (lignin and cellulose). They are very hard to break down to convert them to ethanol.

So scientist are going to use the GMO with the E. coli bacteria. They deleted some genes from the E.coli and replaced them with other organisms to produce fuels. They found that the modified E.coli bacteria can break down these materials (lignin and cellulose) and convert them into ethanol

Also the usage of the GMO can improve the quality of the fuel produced from sugar.(the modified bacteria or yeast break down sugars and starch to produce ethanol).

There is a research shows that the modified E.coli to produce fuels that have longer carbon chains and are similar to gasoline (longer alcohols store more energy than ethanol, and easier to separate from water).

Another research shows that the modified E.coli can break down cellulose and turn the products into biodiesel by (deleting two genes from E.coli and adding another genes from other organisms)

Researches show that longer chain alcohols such as octanol, may perform better than ethanol as a fuel

But these researches are not enough to test the modified bacteria will hurt the human health or the environment or not

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The GMOs are playing a major role in the making of Bio fuel, the biothanol require edible parts from the plant, So the scientists and the researches are trying to find efficient ways to make Bio-fuels from waste that don’t require high quality soil that the crops need. The GM role: Insert genes from bacteria that is in compost piles or in the digestive system of termites to bacteria that grow well on large scale, the scientists are working to modify E. coli to make them able to breakdown the lignin and cellulose into sugar that can be converted into ethanol.

GM microorganisms used to improve the quality of the fuel. There is a group developed E. coli that produce fuels have longer Carbon Chain and similar to gasoline. There is another group that had genetically modified E. coli to be able to both breakdown cellulose and turn that product into bio-diesel by deleting two genes and adding other genes from other organisms.