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A laser beam projects an image of the page to be printed onto an electrically charged, selenium-coated, rotating, cylindrical drum,Photoconductivity allows the charged electrons to fall away from the areas exposed to light. Powdered ink (toner) particles are then electrostatically attracted to the charged areas of the drum that have not been laser-beamed. The drum then transfers the image onto paper by direct contact. Finally the paper is passed onto a finisher, which uses intense heat to instantly fuse the toner/image onto the paper.

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Photocopying is a digital technique that is manly used in business and education, photocopying works by  1.Charging: cylindrical drum is electrostatically charged by a high voltage wire called a corona wire or a charge roller. The drum has a coating of a photoconductive material. A photoconductor is a semiconductor that becomes conductive when exposed to light. 2. Exposure: A bright lamp illuminates the original document, and the white areas of the original document reflect the light onto the surface of the photoconductive drum. The areas of the drum that are exposed to light become conductive and therefore discharge to the ground. The area of the drum not exposed to light remains negatively charged.Developing: The toner is positively charged. When it is applied to the drum to develop the image, it is attracted and sticks to the areas that are negatively charged, just as paper sticks to a balloon with a static charge, Transfer: The resulting toner image on the surface of the drum is transferred from the drum onto a piece of paper with a higher negative charge than the drum, Fusing: The toner is melted and bonded to the paper by heat and pressure rollers.

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Inkjet printing is a type of computer printing that recreate a digital image by propelling droplets of ink onto paper, plastic, or other substrates.Inkjet printers are the most commonly used type of printer,and range from small inexpensive consumer models to expensive professional machines. The way the inkjet printers work our

1. An ink tank  supplies the ink dispenser  through a narrow tube by capillary action.

2. A droplet of ink from the tank sits waiting at the very end of the tube

3. When the printer circuit wants to fire an ink droplet, it energizes two electrical contacts  attached to the piezoelectric crystal.

4. The energized piezoelectric crystal flexes outward

5. It squashes against a membrane, pushing that toward the right as well.

6. The membrane pushes against a hole in the ink dispenser, increasing the pressure there.

7. The pressure forces the waiting ink droplet from the tube toward the paper.

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Gravure printing is a type of intaglio printing process which involves engraving the image onto an image carrier. In gravure the image is engraved onto a cylinder, he rotogravure process is still used for commercial printing of magazines, postcards, and corrugated cardboard and other product packaging. While the press is in operation, the engraved cylinder is partially immersed in the ink tray, filling the recessed cells. As the cylinder rotates, it draws excess ink onto its surface and into the cells acting as a squeegee he doctor blade scrapes the cylinder before it makes contact with the paper, removing the excess ink from the non-printing areas and leaving in the cells the right amount of ink required.Next, the substrate gets sandwiched between the impression roller and the gravure cylinder: this is where the ink gets transferred from the recessed cells to the web. The purpose of the impression roller is to apply force, ensuring that the entire substrate is brought into contact with the gravure cylinder, which in turn ensures even and maximum coverage of the ink.Once in contact with the substrate, the ink's surface tension pulls part of the ink out of the cell and transfers it to the substrate.Then the inked substrate goes through a dryer because it must be completely dry before going through the next colour unit and accepting another coat of ink. The advantages of the gravure printing process our, good quality image reproduction,low per-unit costs running high volume production, low ink consumption. The disadvantages our high start-up costs: hundreds of thousands of copies needed to make it profitable and rasterized lines and texts

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Screen printing is commonly used today to print logos and other designs on to clothing like t-shirts. The first step of this process is to create a design for the t-shirt once this is done cut the design out and place the design on top of the t-shirt and then place the stencil on top of that, the next step is to apply the paint on the top of the stencil so that the paint comes into contact with the t-shirt, next get a squeegee and spread the paint all over the stencil, its said that it works the best when the artist moves the paint down the stencil in one movement. once this is done the artist will wait for the paint to dry once thats done they will lift the stencil and the paper which will leave the design imprinted on the t-shirt. This process is relatively quick it only take a couple of hours to design and print onto the t-shirt, but again depending on the skill level of the artist it can look very appealing or it can look very poor, this process is very expensive for home use a professional machine costs £330.

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This is the first mechanical process that i will mention on this page. Letter press is still used today mainly used to make business card and invitations to events. Traditionally, letterpress printing involved arranging individual blocks of 'moveable type' into a caddy, forming words from the combination of letters. As this type was used to make the print, all the characters were moulded in reverse, and the words had to be similarly arranged in reverse. letter press is mainly used for lettering it can be used to print images but the images can come out faded, it also can not print a wide verity of colours mainly black and white and the other main colour  like yellow and green. Their are two main problems with the letter press process of printing one is the cost for a high quality product it will cost hundreds of pounds, the other problem with the process is that it is very time consuming it can take weeks to make a shipment of 500 business cards which seems like a lot but when a printing press can make the same amount of newspapers in 1-2 hours it is a very slow process. At the end of the process the finished product looks very good even plain black and white colour schemes

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Another technique is lino cut. Once an artist has come up with a design they will have to transfer it on to a piece of line this can be done in a few different ways, one is to simply draw the design again straight on to the lino, or they could transfer the design by laying the original paper concept drawing by laying it face down on a piece on lino and and rubbing the piece of paper with the end of a pencil or some other object that will apply pressure doing this will mirror the image that was on the paper. After that the piece of paper is placed on a block on lino and the artist will begin to carve around the image. Then ink is placed on a flat surface like glass or a plastic tray roll the roller through the ink that has been placed on the plastic tray or glass the roller is covered in the ink, then roll the roller over the lino block and make sure that the block is equally covered in the ink, once this is done the artist will place a piece of paper over the lino block and use a clean roller to apply pressure pushing the paper down against the lino block this will print the image onto the paper. This like wood cut is one of the process that anyone can do but if an un- experienced person does it it will more then likely done quicker but will effect the quality of the image on its complet

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Another hand printing technique is lithography, this technique is more complex then wood cut as the first step is cleaning the stone that will be used later with a oil patch cleaner you leave the stone in this cleaner no longer then half an hour then it will be scrubbed with a scourer three grades of carborundum grit are used in this step coarse medium and fine coarse is used first this is to grain the majority of the image off, after this the stone is then placed in to a graining sink and wetted all over Coarse carborundum is sprinkled on along with some ‘Vim’, and a small piece of litho stone is used to rub over the surface of the stone in a figure-of-eight motion. The next step is drawing on the stone this can be done with a wide range of materials or tools all of the tool will contain grease which will be absorbed into the top layer of the stone When the drawing is finished, it is then dusted with french chalk, this helps to protect it during processing. The next step depends on the tools and the amount of grease used in the previous step. The artist will regum the stone using plain gum then the stone is buffed done to a thin layer and then dried, this helps re-establish the imaged and non-imaged areas. Once this is done non-drying black ink is rolled onto the stone using a nap roller until the image on the stone is clearly visible, re-damping the stone the stone between the rolls to keep the surface from drying out, once the image is dried it is then dusted with french chalk. The image will then be printed off, this is done by washing and rolling the stone out, while the stone is rolled out printing ink is rolled on to the stone.

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Hand printing is one of the oldest forms of printing using different forms of printing. Wood cut is one of the simplest forms of hand printing this involves carving an image in to a block of wood, once the image is complete the artist will then cover the block of wood with an ink cover piece of paper or another material like that for example cloth, the artist would then flip the block of wood over on top of the paper or cloth and apply pressure leave until dry and then the artist is left with the image. this is a very easy technique that can be done with a verity of different tools, the technique itself dates back to the medieval era but is used by artists today, this technique is used mainly for artistic purpose today. This process can be expensive depending on the wood the artists uses, the skill level of this process also depends in theory anyone can do it but the image will be of poor quality if an untrained artist. This process is very time consuming and can take weeks to complete one image.If a experienced artist does this process the completed image can look amazing all the images have a black and white colour scheme like all of the hand printing process but the two colours contrast so well that the images looks great