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Did you ever get your location on your phone or set the navigation system in the car to guide you to a destination? Then you've definitely used satellites.

Localization via satellite navigation systems is widely used in almost all industries: transportation, emergency response, farming, banking, military, science. These satellites determine the location, velocity, and current time of small electronic devices (like the ones in our smart phones).

Communications satellites are used for television, radio, and internet broadcasting. This sector increased lately with more and more companies launching satellites to provide internet everywhere on the globe.

Earth Observation satellites provide information about earth resources, weather, climate, and environmental monitoring. Imaging satellites produce high-resolution data of almost the entire landmass on earth.

Space Observation also benefits from satellite data: satellite telescopes have been critical to understanding phenomena like pulsars and black holes as well as measuring the age of the universe.

Although the space beyond Earth's atmosphere is vast, man-made satellites are typically located in one of the three popular orbital regimes: low earth orbit, medium earth orbit and geosynchronous orbit.

There are thousands of active satellites out there and 75 different countries have at least one satellite orbiting Earth. United States, China, and United Kingdom top the list of countries with hundreds of operational satellites.

When looking at individual satellite operators we can see that private companies own most of the active satellites. SpaceX is the big winner, with 1,735 satellites as of January 2022.

Space debris represents defunct artificial objects in space which no longer serve a useful function. The debris is composed of old satellites, abandoned launch vehicle stages, mission-related debris, and fragmentation debris.

How much space debris is out there?

It's not possible to track all the debris objects. According to{' '} a European Space Agency article {' '} there are around:

36,500 pieces of debris
larger than 10 cm/4 inches

1,000,000 pieces of debris
larger than 1 cm/0.4 inches

130 million pieces of debris
about 1 mm/0.04 inches and larger

These objects travel at speeds up to 28,160 kph/17,500 mph so even if they are very small they can damage a spacecraft when travelling at these speeds.

Collisions in space

Satellite operators frequently maneuver their satellites to avoid potential collisions with debris fragments. There have been several prominent space collisions, whose fragments are displayed on the map (their positions are predicted as of March 28th, 2022). The collision in 2009 was accidental and the others were triggered on purpose by{' '} anti-satellite weapons .

2021

Cosmos 1408 satellite was destroyed in a Russian anti-satellite weapon test on November 15, 2021, resulting in space debris in orbits between 300 km/190 mi and 1,100 km/680 mi above the Earth. The threat of potential collision with debris caused the crew of the International Space Station (ISS) to take shelter in their escape capsules for the first few passes of the debris cloud, and increased the future risk of a debris collision with the ISS or other satellites.

2009

On February 10, 2009, Cosmos 2251 a defunct Russian spacecraft collided with and destroyed{' '} Iridium 33 a functioning U.S. Iridium commercial spacecraft. The collision added more than 2,300 pieces of large, trackable debris and many more smaller debris into space.

2007

China's 2007 anti-satellite test, which used a missile to destroy{' '} Fengyun 1C an old weather satellite, added more than 3,500 pieces of large, trackable debris and many more smaller debris into space.

{' '}
Who cleans up outer space?

Space debris poses a real challenge in the future, especially with the rise of megaconstellations. Space organizations and companies compete for innovative solutions to clean up debris and make outer space safer. Below are some examples of projects in development that use various technologies to clean up space:

Izaña-1 laser ranging station

The European Space Agency is testing a new laser ranging station in Tenerife, Spain. Using powerful lasers they can rapidly determine the location, velocity and orbit of previously invisible defunct objects. They can also gently nudge debris objects into new orbit to avoid collision. Read more about this technology on the{' '} ESA website .

Mission ClearSpace-1

{' '}

The mission, planned for 2025, will use a four-armed robot to capture a Vega Secondary Payload Adapter, left behind by ESA's Vega launcher in 2013. This is a partnership between the{' '} European Space Agency {' '} and{' '} ClearSpace , a Swiss based start-up.

ELSA spacecraft retrieval service

The idea of the program is to launch two spacecrafts - a servicer satellite and a client satellite - to track down and dock dead satellites and remove them from the orbit. Astroscale, the Japanese-based company behind the mission successfully carried tests in 2021 where they did multiple dockings and releasing of satellite targets. In 2022 they experienced difficulties with the test program. Read more about{' '} the mission on their website .

E-Space

E-Space {' '} is a startup that plans to launch a network of satellites that would capture pieces of debris while in orbit. Once they have captured a set amount of debris they are programmed to de-orbit and burn up in the atmosphere. The first three test satellites will be launched later in 2022.

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esri arcgis satellite map maps space debris trajectory orbit geosynchronous

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Satellite Map | Explore Active Satellites Orbiting Earth

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Did you ever get your location on your phone or set the navigation system in the car to guide you to a destination? Then you've definitely used satellites. Localization via satellite navigation systems is widely used in almost all industries: transportation, emergency response, farming, banking, military, science.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pAK2t3znuYk

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http://www.elmundo.es/ciencia/2014/05/07/536a78e7ca4741782a8b457e.html

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PREMIO NOBEL 2017 | ¡Ondas Gravitacionales EXPLICADAS!

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Caos capítulo 7 - Atractores extraños -  El efecto mariposa

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Casi tan antiguo como la primera civilización humana, el estudio del Cosmos ha ocupado miles de mentes en la carrera del conocimiento. Pero no tan antiguo es el estudio de su contraparte, el caos.

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La teoría del caos: el mundo no funciona como un reloj

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La Sorprendente Teoria del Caos y el Efecto Mariposa

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La teoría del caos, explicada con un péndulo.

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La dinámica de los sistemas caóticos, como el clima, los astros o el humo de un cigarrillo es muy sensible a las condiciones iniciales, tal y como explica este investigador del IFISC (Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos) de Baleares. Más información en http://esmateria.com/2013/03/31/el-aleteo-de-una-mariposa-sigue-provocando-tornados/

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sensibilidad a las condiciones iniciales

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Teoría del caos y efecto mariposa - Astronoo

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La teoría del caos es principalmente una teoría de los movimientos que tienen inestabilidad debido a una perturbación. Cualquier cambio en las condiciones iniciales del sistema lo hace impredecible a largo plazo.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F86nBOsGr5M

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDAGreZYFZY

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jR0dNGr8cnw

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http://fisicayquimicaenflash.es/cgravit/cgrav00.htm

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FLUJO DE UN CAMPO GRAVITATORIO A TRAVÉS DE UNA SUPERFICIE. TEOREMA DE GAUSS

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http://fisicayquimicaenflash.es/cgravit/cgrav02e.html

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La fuerza que ejerce sobre ella la masa m1 cuando ambas están solas será . La fuerza que ejerce sobre m', m2 si ambas estuvieran solas sería .

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http://fisicayquimicaenflash.es/cgravit/cgrav01.htm

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Aprende gratuitamente sobre matemáticas, arte, programación, economía, física, química, biología, medicina, finanzas, historia y más. Khan Academy es una organización sin fines de lucro, con la misión de proveer una educación gratuita de clase mundial, para cualquier persona en cualquier lugar.

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http://www.walter-fendt.de/html5/phes/keplerlaw2_es.htm