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Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer in the early 1500's. He studied stars, planets, and developed the heliocentric theory, which is the theory where the sun is the center of the universe. Copernicus didn't publish his ideas because he was afraid he was going to get attacked because his theory went against the geocentric theory, which is the theory were the Earth is the center of the universe. Therefore, his idea of the heliocentric theory wasn't published till after his death in 1543.

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Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes helped advance the approach of the scientific method. Francis Bacon was an English statesman and writer who had a strong interest in science. He thought that by understanding the world better, scientist would produce knowledge that would improve people's lives. Bacon advised scientist to use the experimental method which is when scientists experiment and draw conclusions. Descartes was born in France and he also had a big interest in science. He made analytical geometry, which linked algebra and geometry. He thought that scientist should reject old assumptions and teachings. Unlike Bacon, Descartes relied on mathematics and logic instead of experimentation.

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In the mid-1600s, an English scientist named Issac Newton described the law of gravity. He showed that the same force ruled both the motion of planets and the action of bodies on Earth by using mathematics. Newton helped bring together Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo's breakthroughs under a single theory of motion. When he was 26, he was certain that all physical objects were affected equally by the same forces. In 1687, Newton made on of the most important scientific books ever written called "The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"He believed that God was the creator of this orderly universe.

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The scientific method is a logical procedure for collecting and testing ideas. The scientific method begins by a scientist asking a question. Then the scientist makes a hypothesis and tests it by making an experiment. They then collect and analyze the data based off the experiment and finally form a conclusion to either confirm or disprove the hypothesis.

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Galileo Galilei was an Italian scientist who made many discoveries that impaired ancient ideas. He made one of the first telescopes and published a small book named "Starry Messenger" that described his observations. Galileo's discoveries scared the Catholic Church because they went against the church's teaching and authority, so the church  threatened Galileo to stop defending Copernicus' ideas. He did stop for a while however, he still continued his studies and eventually made another book called "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems" that presented the ideas of Copernicus and Ptolemy. The Pope was mad and summoned him to Rome where he stood in trial and got forced to read aloud a confession about how the ideas of Copernicus were false. Finally, Galileo lived in house arrest and died in 1642, but his ideas spread all over Europe and in 1992 the Catholic Church finally acknowledged that he was right.

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Period 2
09/16/16