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It's a euphemism for slavery (by the slaveholders)

First African slaves arrived to the Jamestown settlement (Virginia) in the ship "The White Lion" (1619)

The slave trade journey was called “The Middle Passage”. It lasted three weeks; then the slaves were auctioned

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They were used as cheap labour in plantations (tobacco, rice, cotton...)

They lived there in small quarters, separated to avoid rebellions

Hierarchy: domestic slaves > plantation slaves

They had restrictions (Slave Codes): Read, write, own property, assemble, get legally married...

Slavery spread in the South because of:

1. The industrialization of the North

2. The growth of the cotton industry

Southern economy became dependant on slavery

Separation of: the North (abolitionists) and the South (slaveholders) → Civil War

American Independence (1776). The Constitution allowed slavery

From the late 18th century though, it was abolished in some states

It was completely illegalized when the Civil War ended (1865)

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1619: Start of slavery in the New World
1776: The USA becomes independent. The Constitution supports slavery
1829: Origin of radical abolitionism
1861: Abraham Lincoln becomes President
1861: The Civil War starts
1863: The Battle of Gettysburg
1865: The Civil War ends and slavery is abolished

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In the 1820's colonization of free slaves was the first accepted solution in order to solve the problem of slavery.

The aim of the solution was to take black slaves back to their countries so that they could enjoy life there. The majority of these slaves disagreed with the idea.

At the end of the decade a great abolitionist movement started.

The abolitionist sentiment already existed in the United States since 1755, but the one from the 19th century was more extreme than that from 1755.

The first abolitionist societies asked for slavery to be abolished little by little. This new group thought that slavery had to be eradicated right away.

They filled up the south with abolitionist literature, but the president Andrew Jackson forced post offices not to deliver this type of literature in that cardinal direction.

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Roots (miniseries, 1977)

12 years a slave (2013)

The Underground Railroad (miniseries, 2021)

The Interesting Νarrative of The Life of Olaudah Equiano (book, 1798)

Lincoln (2011)

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ROOTS miniseries premiere - January 1977 ABC-TV

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Dictionary of American History (n.d.). Peculiar Institution. From https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/peculiar-institution

History.com Editors (2009, November 23). Slavery in America. HISTORY https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/slavery

History.com Editors (2009, October 29). Underground Railroad. HISTORY https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/underground-railroad

Mintz, S., & McNeil, S. (2018). Overview of Slavery. Digital History. From http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraid=6&smtid=1

Mintz, S., & McNeil, S. (2018). Overview of the Civil War. Digital History. From http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraid=7&smtid=1

ushistory.org (n.d.). A House Divided. U.S. History Online Textbook. From https://www.ushistory.org/us/33.asp

ushistory.org (n.d.). Abolitionist Sentiment Grows. U.S. History Online Textbook. From https://www.ushistory.org/us/28.asp

ushistory.org (n.d). African-American Abolitionists. U.S History Online Textbook. From
https://www.ushistory.org/us/28b.asp

ushistory.org (n.d.). Fort Sumter. U.S History Online Textbook. From https://www.ushistory.org/us/33a.asp

ushistory.org (n.d.). From Uneasy Peace to Bitter Conflict. U.S. History Online Textbook. From https://www.ushistory.org/us/32.asp

ushistory.org (n.d.). Gettysburg: High Watermark of the Confederacy. U.S. History Online Textbook. From https://www.ushistory.org/us/33g.asp

ushistory.org (n.d). Northern Plans to End the War. U.S History Textbook. From https://www.ushistory.org/us/33h.asp

ushistory.org (n.d.). Slave Life and Slave Codes. U.S. History Online Textbook. From https://www.ushistory.org/us/27b.asp

ushistory.org (n.d.). Strenghts and Weaknesses: North vs. South. U.S History Online Textbook. From https://www.ushistory.org/us/33b.asp

ushistory.org (n.d.). The Peculiar Institution. U.S. History Online Textbook. From https://www.ushistory.org/us/27.asp

ushistory.org (n.d). The Road to Appomatox. U.S History Online Textbook. From https://www.ushistory.org/us/33i.asp

ushistory.org (n.d.). The Underground Railroad. U.S History Online Textbook. From https://www.ushistory.org/us/28c.asp

ushistory.org (n.d.). The War Behind the Lines. U.S. History Online Textbook. From https://www.ushistory.org/us/34.asp

ushistory.org (n.d). William Lloyd Garrison and The Liberator. U.S History Online Textbook. From
https://www.ushistory.org/us/28a.asp

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1856-1860: forces on the extremes were becoming more and more powerful.

Front and center was the issue of slavery.

The Dred Scott case: opportunity to resolve it → but neither a state nor the Congress had the right to outlaw slavery.

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The Civil War → would require a complete revolution in the economies of both regions:

1.  Determine the outcome of the war

2.  Transform the new nation politically, socially, and economically.

In the North: President Lincoln

1. Continually battle to win reelection.

2. Copperheads ("Peace" Democrats) repeatedly thwarted the President's leadership initiatives.

In the South: Jefferson Davis

1. Constantly had to fight with individuals

2.  State legislatures for the power he needed to run the Confederate government.

Both the North and the South experienced high rates of inflation → South's rate 80 times greater.

Labour shortages

Increasing class conflict between the wealthy and the poor.

Since most of the battles in the Civil War took place in the South, great physical destruction was wrought throughout the region → mass poverty and despair.

New roles for Northern and Southern women.

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William Lloyd Garrison, who at first supported colonization, ended up being the leader of the abolitionist sentiment. In 1832 he launched the antislavery society of New England.

In 1829, David Walker declared that slavery was a bad practice. Therefore, Walker was who originated radical abolitionism.

Frederick Douglass was the most known afro american activist. After his freedom was bought in England, he went back to the United States and started to publish an abolitionist newspaper.

Sojourner was freed in 1927 and since then she spread the word about slavey. Not only did she join the abolitionist movement, but she also joined the women’s suffrage campaign.

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This map shows some of the routes that slaves used during their escape to freedom.

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The Underground Railroad was a network operated by abolitionists to help slaves escape to freedom.

It went on from the 1830's until the end of the Civil War.

They worked at night, moving slaves through safe stations until they reached the free states or  Canada.

It was regarded as stealing property by slave owners.

Over 3,200 people are known to have worked on the railroad, but most of the time slaves traveled on their own, trying to avoid sheriffs and slave catchers.

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Harriet Tubman was one of the most outstanding “conductors” of the underground railroad.

Born a slave, she started working on the railroad to free her family members.

In the 1850s she made 19 separate trips into slave territory and freed about 300 slaves.

She worked as a spy for the Union during the Civil War.

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This maps shows the division of the country during the Civil War.

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The American Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate artillery opened fire on Fort Sumter four months after South Carolina’s secession from the Union.

The North initially fought just to conserve the Union. Abraham Linconl’s Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 made slavery a moral cause for the North.

On July 1, 1863, the battle of Gettysburg began. It lasted three days and marked a decisive victory for the Union; the South lost any hope for recognition by any foreign government.

During the next two years, the Union managed to:

1. Fully blockade all Southern coasts

2.  Control the Mississippi River

3.  Capture Atlanta, Savannah and South Carolina.

On April 9, 1865, in Appomattox Court House, Virginia, the surrender for the Army of Northern Virginia was signed, marking the end of the war with a clear Union victory.