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The First Fleet brought a range of plants and animals that had been successfully domesticated in Europe but the voyage was long, and much of the livestock and food supply had been used up or lost during the journey.

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The ﬁrst sheep were brought to the new colony by Governor Phillip in 1788. They were intended for meat production and had distinctive large, fat tails. They came from the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa.

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The ﬁrst Australian wheat crop was harvested at Parramatta in 1789. As the number of people in the colony increased, so too did efforts to expand wheat production. For a long time the major problem lay in transporting the grain from the farms to a suitable market site.

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During the 19th century, many machines were developed to make land preparation, mainly for wheat growing, easier. Additionally, several plant varieties were improved through breeding, increasing their productivity. Oats and many varieties of ryegrass were developed and improved.

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Since the 1980s, Australian agricultural production systems have been geared towards the use of modern technology and the incorporation of new scientiﬁc discoveries. To improve production efﬁciency and to lower costs (especially of labor), farms became bigger and many new types of large machines were used to prepare the land, and to grow and harvest the crops.

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Stage VI: Marketing and Exporting of Australian Products

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Stage VI: Marketing and Exporting of Australian Products

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By the mid- to late 1980s, farms were increasingly run on business principles. Today it is important not only to produce efﬁciently, but also to be able to market the product. Marketing is no longer seen as delivering the output gained from a farm to the local market; more importance is attached to exporting Australia’s rural products overseas.

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Stage VII: Sustainability and Technology

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Stage VII: Sustainability and Technology

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While meeting the requirements of markets continues to inﬂuence Australian agriculture, the need for sustainable practices and the further application of technology have emerged as major inﬂuences on the agricultural industries.