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Charles II was quite different than Oliver. Charles ruled with parliament, although it was just to make them happy. Charles II was more of a partyer than a king.

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Oliver is a military dictator he has no parliament or constitution. Oliver is the king after Charles the first is beheaded for treason.

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Queen Elizabeth I the “Virgin Queen” died. She never married or had children.

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Son of James I. Charles believed in Devine right and absolutism just like his father. He established martial laws and unpopular taxes.

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James I was Scottish and catholic. He believed in divine Right and absolutism. he was unpopular and disliked by parliament.

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Peter the Great is known for the westernization of Russia. Peter modernized the Russian army and created the Russian navy.

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Frederick built a great army in Europe. Prussia won the Seven Year’s War against France, Russia and many more allies with only England
as an ally.

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war that involved Frederick the greats European army and Peter the greats Russian army on opposite sides of the war. eventually the European side won.

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Louis became king at 4 years old. Louis's chief Mazarin had control of the government until he died in 1661. Than louis decided to rule on his own.

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The English Civil War was a series of civil wars and political machinations. The wars were between Parliamentarians and Royalists, mainly over the manner of England's governance

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St. Petersburg was the capital of Russia. Peter made St. Petersburg a successful capital

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Francis Bacon invented the scientific method. The scientific method is they way you solve a question through testing hypotheses.

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Isaac Newton developed the laws of gravity, motion, and light and color. Isaac Newton also wrote Principia.

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Developed Laws of planetary motion. Johann studied how planets orbited around the sun.
Planetary Motion

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Political system in which a ruler holds all financial and legal power

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Galileo improved the telescope than used it to prove a heliocentric theory meaning sun centered universe. He also invented the thermometer and the swing pendulum.

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The Age of Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. There where many enlightenment thinkers that had many different views on many different things.

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Voltaire believed that humanity’s worst enemies were intolerance, prejudice & superstition. He also believed in the freedom of press which he used to expose corrupt political and church leaders. Voltaire fought for freedom of speech,
freedom of religion, and separation of church and state.

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Anton von Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope which is a vital tool we use today for research. Without Leeuwenhoek we would know very little about atoms and other microscopic organisms.

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The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science. featuring developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry.

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Montesquieu wanted 3 branches of government to prevent tyranny. Montesquieu believed that no branch should be as powerful as an absolute monarch. He criticized absolute monarch. One of Montesquieu quotes is In order to have…liberty, it is necessary that government be set up so that one man need not be afraid of another.”

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John Locke believes the opposite of Thomas Hobbes that people want to do right. Locke believes that the government works under the consent of the public to protect their rights. Locke wrote "Two Treatises" explaining how government has limited power and not absolute monarchy.

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Rousseau believed that people were naturally good but corrupt by society. Rousseau had a unique view on property lines. Rousseau thought that the unfair distribution of property was evil. Rousseau also hated all forms of political and economic oppression

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Thomas Hobbes supported absolute monarchs. He believes that a government protects people from each other. Without a government people would be cruel to one another.