# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
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South America :: URUGUAY

Introduction :: URUGUAY

Montevideo, founded by the Spanish in 1726 as a military stronghold, soon took advantage of its natural harbor to become an important commercial center. Claimed by Argentina but annexed by Brazil in 1821, Uruguay declared its independence four years later and secured its freedom in 1828 after a three-year struggle. The administrations of President Jose BATLLE in the early 20th century launched widespread political, social, and economic reforms that established a statist tradition. A violent Marxist urban guerrilla movement named the Tupamaros, launched in the late 1960s, led Uruguay's president to cede control of the government to the military in 1973. By yearend, the rebels had been crushed, but the military continued to expand its hold over the government. Civilian rule was restored in 1985. In 2004, the left-of-center Frente Amplio Coalition won national elections that effectively ended 170 years of political control previously held by the Colorado and National (Blanco) parties. Uruguay's political and labor conditions are among the freest on the continent.

Geography :: URUGUAY

Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Argentina and Brazil

about the size of Virginia and West Virginia combined; slightly smaller than the state of Washington

border countries (2): Argentina 541 km, Brazil 1,050 km

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

continental shelf: 200 nm or the edge of continental margin

warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown

mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowland

elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Cerro Catedral 514 m

arable land, hydropower, minor minerals, fish

arable land 10.1%; permanent crops 0.2%; permanent pasture 76.9%

most of the country's population resides in the southern half of the country; approximately 80% of the populace is urban, living in towns or cities; nearly half of the population lives in and around the capital of Montevideo

seasonally high winds (the pampero is a chilly and occasional violent wind that blows north from the Argentine pampas), droughts, floods; because of the absence of mountains, which act as weather barriers, all locations are particularly vulnerable to rapid changes from weather fronts

water pollution from meat packing/tannery industry; inadequate solid/hazardous waste disposal

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation

second-smallest South American country (after Suriname); most of the low-lying landscape (three-quarters of the country) is grassland, ideal for cattle and sheep raising

People and Society :: URUGUAY

3,360,148 (July 2017 est.)

white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian (practically nonexistent)

Spanish (official), Portunol, Brazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix on the Brazilian frontier)

Roman Catholic 47.1%, non-Catholic Christians 11.1%, nondenominational 23.2%, Jewish 0.3%, atheist or agnostic 17.2%, other 1.1% (2006 est.)

Uruguay rates high for most development indicators and is known for its secularism, liberal social laws, and well-developed social security, health, and educational systems. It is one of the few countries in Latin America and the Caribbean where the entire population has access to clean water. Uruguay's provision of free primary through university education has contributed to the country's high levels of literacy and educational attainment. However, the emigration of human capital has diminished the state's return on its investment in education. Remittances from the roughly 18% of Uruguayans abroad amount to less than 1 percent of national GDP. The emigration of young adults and a low birth rate are causing Uruguay's population to age rapidly.

In the 1960s, Uruguayans for the first time emigrated en masse - primarily to Argentina and Brazil - because of economic decline and the onset of more than a decade of military dictatorship. Economic crises in the early 1980s and 2002 also triggered waves of emigration, but since 2002 more than 70% of Uruguayan emigrants have selected the US and Spain as destinations because of better job prospects. Uruguay had a tiny population upon its independence in 1828 and welcomed thousands of predominantly Italian and Spanish immigrants, but the country has not experienced large influxes of new arrivals since the aftermath of World War II. More recent immigrants include Peruvians and Arabs.

0-14 years: 20.17% (male 344,810/female 332,791)

15-24 years: 15.69% (male 267,000/female 260,135)

25-54 years: 39.34% (male 654,036/female 667,780)

55-64 years: 10.56% (male 167,002/female 187,865)

65 years and over: 14.25% (male 191,597/female 287,132) (2017 est.)

population pyramid:

total dependency ratio: 55.9

youth dependency ratio: 33.4

elderly dependency ratio: 22.5

potential support ratio: 4.4 (2015 est.)

female: 36.7 years (2017 est.)

13 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)

9.4 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.)

-0.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.)

most of the country's population resides in the southern half of the country; approximately 80% of the populace is urban, living in towns or cities; nearly half of the population lives in and around the capital of Montevideo

urban population: 95.6% of total population (2017)

rate of urbanization: 0.44% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

MONTEVIDEO (capital) 1.707 million (2015)

at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.89 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female

total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

15 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)

total: 8.3 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 9.3 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.)

total population: 77.4 years

female: 80.6 years (2017 est.)

1.8 children born/woman (2017 est.)

3.94 physicians/1,000 population (2008)

2.8 beds/1,000 population (2014)

urban: 100% of population

rural: 93.9% of population

total: 99.7% of population

rural: 6.1% of population

total: 0.3% of population (2015 est.)

urban: 96.6% of population

rural: 92.6% of population

total: 96.4% of population

urban: 3.4% of population

rural: 7.4% of population

total: 3.6% of population (2015 est.)

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

female: 98.9% (2015 est.)

female: 26.2% (2015 est.)

Government :: URUGUAY

conventional long form: Oriental Republic of Uruguay

conventional short form: Uruguay

local long form: Republica Oriental del Uruguay

local short form: Uruguay

former: Banda Oriental, Cisplatine Province

etymology: name derives from the Spanish pronunciation of the Guarani Indian designation of the Uruguay River, which makes up the western border of the country and whose name later came to be applied to the entire country

geographic coordinates: 34 51 S, 56 10 W

time difference: UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Artigas, Canelones, Cerro Largo, Colonia, Durazno, Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Maldonado, Montevideo, Paysandu, Rio Negro, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano, Tacuarembo, Treinta y Tres

25 August 1825 (from Brazil)

Independence Day, 25 August (1825)

several previous; latest approved by plebiscite 27 November 1966, effective 15 February 1967; amended several times, last in 2004 (2016)

civil law system based on the Spanish civil code

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

citizenship by birth: yes

citizenship by descent: yes

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 3-5 years

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

chief of state: President Tabare VAZQUEZ (since 1 March 2015); Vice President Lucia TOPOLANSKY (since 13 September 2017); note - note - Vice President Raul Fernando SENDIC Rodriguez (since 1 March 2015) stepped down on 9 September amid accusations of misuse of public funds; the president is both chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Tabare VAZQUEZ (since 1 March 2015); Vice President Lucia TOPOLANSKY (since 13 September 2017); note - Vice President Raul Fernando SENDIC Rodriguez (since 1 March 2015) stepped down on 9 September amid accusations of misuse of public funds

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president with approval of the General Assembly

elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive terms); election last held on 26 October 2014, with a runoff election on 30 November 2014 (next to be held on 27 October 2019, and a runoff if needed on 24 November 2019)

election results: Tabare VAZQUEZ elected president in second round; percent of vote - Tabare VAZQUEZ (Socialist Party) 56.5%, Luis Alberto LACALLE Pou (Blanco) 43.4%

description: bicameral General Assembly or Asamblea General consists of the Chamber of Senators or Camara de Senadores (31 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; the vice-president serves as the presiding ex-officio member; elected members serve 5-year terms) and the Chamber of Representatives or Camara de Representantes (99 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)

elections: Chamber of Senators - last held on 26 October 2014 (next to be held in October 2019); Chamber of Representatives - last held on 26 October 2014 (next to be held in October 2019)

election results: Chamber of Senators - percent of vote by coalition/party - Frente Amplio 49.5%, National Party 31.9%, Colorado Party 13.3%, Independent Party 3.2%, other 2.1%; seats by coalition/party - Frente Amplio 15, National Party 10, Colorado Party 4, Independent Party 1

Chamber of Representatives - percent of vote by coalition/party - Frente Amplio 49.5%, National Party 31.9%, Colorado Party 13.3%, Independent Party 3.2%, AP 1.2%, other 0.9%; seats by coalition/party - Frente Amplio 50, National Party 32, Colorado Party 13, Independent Party 3, AP 1

highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice (consists of 5 judges)

judge selection and term of office: judges nominated by the president and appointed in joint conference of the General Assembly; judges appointed for 10-year terms, with reelection after a lapse of 5 years following the previous term

subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; District Courts (Juzgados Letrados); Peace Courts (Juzgados de Paz); Rural Courts (Juzgados Rurales)

Broad Front or FA (Frente Amplio) - (a broad governing coalition that includes Uruguay Assembly [Danilo ASTORI], Progressive Alliance [Rodolfo NIN NOVOA], New Space [Rafael MICHELINI], Socialist Party [Monica XAVIER], Vertiente Artiguista [Enrique RUBIO], Christian Democratic Party [Juan Andres ROBALLO], For the People's Victory [Luis PUIG], Popular Participation Movement (MPP) [Jose MUJICA], Broad Front Commitment [Raul SENDIC], Big House [Constanza MOREIRA], Communist Party [Marcos CARAMBULA], The Federal League [Dario PEREZ]

Colorado Party (including Vamos Uruguay (or Let's Go Uruguay) [Pedro BORDABERRY], Open Space [Tabare VIERA], and Open Batllism [Ope PASQUET])

Independent Party [Pablo MIERES]

National Party or Blanco (including All Forward [Luis LACALLE POU] and National Alliance [Jorge LARRANAGA])

Popular Assembly [Gonzalo ABELLA]

Chamber of Commerce and Export of Agriproducts

Chamber of Industries (manufacturers' association)

Exporters Union of Uruguay

National Chamber of Commerce and Services

PIT/CNT (powerful federation of Uruguayan Unions - umbrella labor organization)

Rural Association of Uruguay (ranchers' association)

Uruguayan Network of Political Women

CAN (associate), CD, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), OAS, OIF (observer), OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMOGIP, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

chief of mission: Ambassador Carlos Alberto GIANELLI Derois (since 3 August 2015)

chancery: 1913 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20006

telephone: [1] (202) 331-1313

consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York

chief of mission: Ambassador Kelly Ann KEIDERLING-FRANZ (since 23 June 2016)

embassy: Lauro Muller 1776, Montevideo 11200

mailing address: APO AA 34035

telephone: [598] (2) 1770-2000

nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating with blue; a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow sun bearing a human face (delineated in black) known as the Sun of May with 16 rays that alternate between triangular and wavy; the stripes represent the nine original departments of Uruguay; the sun symbol evokes the legend of the sun breaking through the clouds on 25 May 1810 as independence was first declared from Spain (Uruguay subsequently won its independence from Brazil); the sun features are said to represent those of Inti, the Inca god of the sun

note: the banner was inspired by the national colors of Argentina and by the design of the US flag

Sun of May (a sun-with-face symbol); national colors: blue, white, yellow

name: "Himno Nacional" (National Anthem of Uruguay)

lyrics/music: Francisco Esteban ACUNA de Figueroa/Francisco Jose DEBALI

note: adopted 1848; the anthem is also known as "Orientales, la Patria o la tumba!" ("Uruguayans, the Fatherland or Death!"); it is the world's longest national anthem in terms of music (105 bars; almost five minutes); generally only the first verse and chorus are sung

Economy :: URUGUAY

Uruguay has a free market economy characterized by an export-oriented agricultural sector, a well-educated workforce, and high levels of social spending. Uruguay has sought to expand trade within the Common Market of the South (Mercosur) and with non-Mercosur members, and President VAZQUEZ has maintained his predecessor's mix of pro-market policies and a strong social safety net.

Following financial difficulties in the late 1990s and early 2000s, Uruguay's economic growth averaged 8% annually during the period 2004-08. The 2008-09 global financial crisis put a brake on Uruguay's vigorous growth, which decelerated to 2.6% in 2009. Nevertheless, the country managed to avoid a recession and keep positive growth rates, mainly through higher public expenditure and investment; GDP growth reached 8.9% in 2010 but slowed markedly in the period 2012-16 as a result of a renewed slowdown in the global economy and in Uruguay's main trade partners and Mercosur counterparts, Argentina and Brazil. Reforms in those countries should give Uruguay an economic boost. Growth picked up in 2017.

$78.41 billion (2017 est.)

$75.76 billion (2016 est.)

$74.67 billion (2015 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

$60.27 billion (2017 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

household consumption: 65.3%

government consumption: 14.1%

investment in fixed capital: 18.6%

investment in inventories: -0.2%

exports of goods and services: 22.3%

imports of goods and services: -20.1% (2017 est.)

services: 68.8% (2017 est.)

Cellulose, beef, soybeans, rice, wheat; dairy products; fish; lumber, tobacco, wine

food processing, electrical machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products, textiles, chemicals, beverages

1.748 million (2017 est.)

services: 73% (2010 est.)

highest 10%: 30.8% (2014 est.)

expenditures: $19.9 billion (2017 est.)

note: data cover general government debt, and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions.

9% (31 December 2012 est.)

8.75% (31 December 2011 est.)

note: Uruguay's central bank uses the benchmark interest rate, rather than the discount rate, to conduct monetary policy; the rates shown here are the benchmark rates

13.6% (31 December 2017 est.)

16.17% (31 December 2016 est.)

$4.859 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$4.582 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$9.329 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$8.781 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$20.98 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$19.61 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$175.4 million (31 December 2012 est.)

$174.6 million (31 December 2011 est.)

$156.9 million (31 December 2010 est.)

$-268 million (2017 est.)

$8.976 billion (2017 est.)

$8.387 billion (2016 est.)

beef, soybeans, cellulose, rice, wheat, wood, dairy products, wool

Brazil 16.4%, China 12.2%, US 6.2%, Argentina 5% (2016)

$8.74 billion (2017 est.)

$8.037 billion (2016 est.)

refined oil, crude oil, passenger and other transportation vehicles, vehicle parts, cellular phones

China 18.8%, Brazil 17.9%, Argentina 13.3%, US 6.9%, Germany 4.7% (2016)

$14.28 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$13.47 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$28.27 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$27.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$24.35 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$22.81 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$228.9 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$136.1 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Uruguayan pesos (UYU) per US dollar -

Energy :: URUGUAY

population without electricity: 20,106

electrification - total population: 99.4%

electrification - urban areas: 99.7%

electrification - rural areas: 93.8% (2012)

12.23 billion kWh (2015 est.)

9.42 billion kWh (2015 est.)

1.321 billion kWh (2015 est.)

2 million kWh (2015 est.)

4.408 million kW (2015 est.)

34.7% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

0% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

34.9% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

39% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

37,900 bbl/day (2014 est.)

0 bbl (1 January 2017 est.)

42,440 bbl/day (2014 est.)

54,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)

537.5 bbl/day (2014 est.)

10,870 bbl/day (2014 est.)

378 million cu m (2015 est.)

40 million cu m (2015 est.)

0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)

7.4 million Mt (2013 est.)

Communications :: URUGUAY

total subscriptions: 1,113,566

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 33 (July 2016 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 152 (July 2016 est.)

general assessment: fully digitalized

domestic: most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; nationwide microwave radio relay network; overall fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity over 185 telephones per 100 persons

international: country code - 598; the UNISOR submarine cable system provides direct connectivity to Brazil and Argentina; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2016)

mixture of privately owned and state-run broadcast media; more than 100 commercial radio stations and about 20 TV channels; cable TV is available; many community radio and TV stations; adopted the hybrid Japanese/Brazilian HDTV standard (ISDB-T) in December 2010 (2010)

percent of population: 66.4% (July 2016 est.)

Transportation :: URUGUAY

number of registered air carriers: 2

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 3 (2015)

gas 257 km; oil 160 km (2013)

total: 1,673 km (operational; government claims overall length is 2,961 km)

standard gauge: 1,673 km 1.435-m gauge (2016)

unpaved: 69,989 km (2010)

by type: container ship 1, general cargo 6, oil tanker 4, other 45 (2017)

major seaport(s): Montevideo

Military and Security :: URUGUAY

Uruguayan Armed Forces: Uruguayan National Army (Ejercito Nacional Uruguaya, ENU), Uruguayan National Navy (Armada Nacional del Uruguay, includes naval air arm, Naval Rifle Corps (Cuerpo de Fusileros Navales, Fusna), Maritime Prefecture in wartime), Uruguayan Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Uruguaya, FAU) (2012)

18-30 years of age (18-22 years of age for navy) for male or female voluntary military service; up to 40 years of age for specialists; enlistment is voluntary in peacetime, but the government has the authority to conscript in emergencies; minimum 6-year education (2013)

Transnational Issues :: URUGUAY

in 2010, the ICJ ruled in favor of Uruguay's operation of two paper mills on the Uruguay River, which forms the border with Argentina; the two countries formed a joint pollution monitoring regime; uncontested boundary dispute between Brazil and Uruguay over Braziliera/Brasiliera Island in the Quarai/Cuareim River leaves the tripoint with Argentina in question; smuggling of firearms and narcotics continues to be an issue along the Uruguay-Brazil border

small-scale transit country for drugs mainly bound for Europe, often through sea-borne containers; law enforcement corruption; money laundering because of strict banking secrecy laws; weak border control along Brazilian frontier; increasing consumption of cocaine base and synthetic drugs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Office of Public Affairs (OPA) is the single point of contact for all inquiries about the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). We read every letter, fax, or e-mail we receive, and we will convey your comments to CIA officials outside OPA as appropriate.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Office of Public Affairs (OPA) is the single point of contact for all inquiries about the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

We read every letter, fax, or e-mail we receive, and we will convey your comments to CIA officials outside OPA as appropriate. However, with limited staff and resources, we simply cannot respond to all who write to us.

Contact Information

Submit questions or comments online

By postal mail:
Central Intelligence Agency
Office of Public Affairs
Washington, D.C. 20505

By phone:
(703) 482-0623
Open during normal business hours.

By fax:
(571) 204-3800
(please include a phone number where we may call you)

Contact the Office of Inspector General

Contact the Employment Verification Office
Before contacting us:

Please check our site map, search feature, or our site navigation on the left to locate the information you seek. We do not routinely respond to questions for which answers are found within this Web site.

Employment: We do not routinely answer questions about employment beyond the information on this Web site, and we do not routinely answer inquiries about the status of job applications. Recruiting will contact applicants within 45 days if their qualifications meet our needs.

Because of safety concerns for the prospective applicant, as well as security and communication issues, the CIA Recruitment Center does not accept resumes, nor can we return phone calls, e-mails or other forms of communication, from US citizens living outside of the US. When you return permanently to the US (not on vacation or leave), please visit the CIA Careers page and apply online for the position of interest.

To verify an employee's employment, please contact the Employment Verification Office.

Solicitations to transfer large sums of money to your bank account: If you receive a solicitation to transfer a large amount of money from an African nation to your bank account in exchange for a payment of millions of dollars, go to the US Secret Service Web site for information about the Nigerian Advance Fee Fraud or "4-1-9" Fraud scheme.

If you have information which you believe might be of interest to the CIA in pursuit of the CIA's foreign intelligence mission, you may use our e-mail form. We will carefully protect all information you provide, including your identity. The CIA, as a foreign intelligence agency, does not engage in US domestic law enforcement.

If you have information relating to Iraq which you believe might be of interest to the US Government, please contact us through the Iraqi Rewards Program -

The United States and its partners continue to face a growing number of global threats and challenges. The CIA's mission includes collecting and analyzing information about high priority national security issues such as international terrorism, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, cyber attacks, international organized crime and narcotics trafficking, regional conflicts, counterintelligence threats, and the effects of environmental and natural disasters.

These challenges are international in scope and are priorities for the Central Intelligence Agency. If you have information about these or other national security challenges, please provide it through our secure online form. The information you provide will be protected and confidential. The CIA is particularly interested in information about imminent or planned terrorist attacks. In cases where an imminent threat exists, immediately contact your local law enforcement agencies and provide them with the threat information.
To contact the Central Intelligence Agency click here.

Africa :: TANZANIA

Introduction :: TANZANIA

Shortly after achieving independence from Britain in the early 1960s, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form the United Republic of Tanzania in 1964. In 1995, the country held its first democratic elections since the 1970s. Zanzibar maintains semi-autonomy and participates in national elections; popular political opposition on the isles led to four contentious elections since 1995, in which the ruling party claimed victory despite international observers' claims of voting irregularities.

Geography :: TANZANIA

Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Kenya and Mozambique

note: includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar

more than six times the size of Georgia; slightly larger than twice the size of California

Area comparison map:

border countries (8): Burundi 589 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 479 km, Kenya 775 km, Malawi 512 km, Mozambique 840 km, Rwanda 222 km, Uganda 391 km, Zambia 353 km

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands

plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south

elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Kilimanjaro 5,895 m (highest point in Africa)

hydropower, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel

arable land 14.3%; permanent crops 2.3%; permanent pasture 27.1%

the largest and most populous East African country; population distribution is extremely uneven, but greater population clusters occur in the northern half of country and along the east coast

flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season; drought

volcanism: limited volcanic activity; Ol Doinyo Lengai (2,962 m) has emitted lava in recent years; other historically active volcanoes include Kieyo and Meru

soil degradation; deforestation; desertification; destruction of coral reefs threatens marine habitats; recent droughts affected marginal agriculture; wildlife threatened by illegal hunting and trade, especially for ivory

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Kilimanjaro is the highest point in Africa and one of only two mountains on the continent that has glaciers (the other is Mount Kenya); bordered by three of the largest lakes on the continent: Lake Victoria (the world's second-largest freshwater lake) in the north, Lake Tanganyika (the world's second deepest) in the west, and Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) in the southwest

People and Society :: TANZANIA

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2017 est.)

mainland - African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu consisting of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian, European, and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, African, mixed Arab and African

Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguja (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages

note: Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety of sources including Arabic and English; it has become the lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of most people is one of the local languages

Christian 61.4%, Muslim 35.2%, folk religion 1.8%, other 0.2%, unaffiliated 1.4%

note: Zanzibar is almost entirely Muslim (2010 est.)

Tanzania has the largest population in East Africa and the lowest population density; almost a third of the population is urban. Tanzania's youthful population - about two-thirds of the population is under 25 - is growing rapidly because of the high total fertility rate of 4.8 children per woman. Progress in reducing the birth rate has stalled, sustaining the country's nearly 3% annual growth. The maternal mortality rate has improved since 2000, yet it remains very high because of early and frequent pregnancies, inadequate maternal health services, and a lack of skilled birth attendants - problems that are worse among poor and rural women. Tanzania has made strides in reducing under-5 and infant mortality rates, but a recent drop in immunization threatens to undermine gains in child health. Malaria is a leading killer of children under 5, while HIV is the main source of adult mortality

For Tanzania, most migration is internal, rural to urban movement, while some temporary labor migration from towns to plantations takes place seasonally for harvests. Tanzania was Africa's largest refugee-hosting country for decades, hosting hundreds of thousands of refugees from the Great Lakes region, primarily Burundi, over the last fifty years. However, the assisted repatriation and naturalization of tens of thousands of Burundian refugees between 2002 and 2014 dramatically reduced the refugee population. Tanzania is increasingly a transit country for illegal migrants from the Horn of Africa and the Great Lakes region who are heading to southern Africa for security reasons and/or economic opportunities. Some of these migrants choose to settle in Tanzania.

0-14 years: 43.74% (male 11,921,393/female 11,678,536)

15-24 years: 19.86% (male 5,361,747/female 5,351,794)

25-54 years: 29.88% (male 8,098,183/female 8,020,289)

55-64 years: 3.51% (male 836,313/female 1,055,347)

65 years and over: 3.02% (male 687,118/female 940,215) (2017 est.)

population pyramid:

total dependency ratio: 93.4

youth dependency ratio: 87.4

elderly dependency ratio: 6

potential support ratio: 16.6 (2015 est.)

female: 18 years (2017 est.)

35.6 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)

7.6 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.)

-0.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.)

the largest and most populous East African country; population distribution is extremely uneven, but greater population clusters occur in the northern half of country and along the east coast

urban population: 33% of total population (2017)

rate of urbanization: 5% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

DAR ES SALAAM (capital) 5.116 million; Mwanza 838,000 (2015)

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.78 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female

total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2015/16 est.)

398 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)

total: 39.9 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 42 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 37.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.)

total population: 62.6 years

female: 64.1 years (2017 est.)

4.77 children born/woman (2017 est.)

0.02 physicians/1,000 population (2014)

0.7 beds/1,000 population (2010)

urban: 77.2% of population

rural: 45.5% of population

total: 55.6% of population

urban: 22.1% of population

total: 46.8% of population (2015 est.)

urban: 31.3% of population

rural: 8.3% of population

total: 15.6% of population

urban: 68.7% of population

rural: 91.7% of population

total: 84.4% of population (2015 est.)

degree of risk: very high

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, and Rift Valley fever

water contact diseases: schistosomiasis and leptospirosis

animal contact disease: rabies (2016)

definition: age 15 and over can read and write Kiswahili (Swahili), English, or Arabic

female: 73.1% (2015 est.)

female: 11.7% (2014 est.)

Government :: TANZANIA

conventional long form: United Republic of Tanzania

conventional short form: Tanzania

local long form: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania

local short form: Tanzania

former: German East Africa, Trust Territory of Tanganyika, United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar

etymology: the country's name is a combination of the first letters of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, the two states that merged to form Tanzania in 1964

name: Dodoma (legislative capital), Dar es Salaam (administrative capital); note - Dodoma was designated the national capital in 1996 and serves as the meeting place for the National Assembly; Dar es Salaam remains the de facto capital, the country's largest city and commercial center, and the site of the executive branch offices and diplomatic representation; the government contends that it will complete the transfer of the executive branch to Dodoma by 2020

geographic coordinates: 6 48 S, 39 17 E

time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

31 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Geita, Iringa, Kagera, Kaskazini Pemba (Pemba North), Kaskazini Unguja (Zanzibar North), Katavi, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Kusini Pemba (Pemba South), Kusini Unguja (Zanzibar Central/South), Lindi, Manyara, Mara, Mbeya, Mjini Magharibi (Zanzibar Urban/West), Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Njombe, Pwani (Coast), Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Simiyu, Singida, Songwe, Tabora, Tanga

26 April 1964 (Tanganyika united with Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar); 29 October 1964 (renamed United Republic of Tanzania); notable earlier dates: 9 December 1961 (Tanganyika became independent from UK-administered UN trusteeship); 10 December 1963 (Zanzibar became independent from UK)

Union Day (Tanganyika and Zanzibar), 26 April (1964)

history: several previous; latest adopted 25 April 1977; note - progress enacting a new constitution drafted in 2014 by the Constituent Assembly has been stalled

amendments: proposed by the National Assembly; passage of amendments to constitutional articles including those on sovereignty of the United Republic, the authorities and powers of the government, the president, the Assembly, and the High Court requires two-thirds majority vote of the mainland Assembly membership and of the Zanzibar House of Representatives membership; House of Representatives approval of other amendments is not required (2017)

English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Tanzania; if a child is born abroad, the father must be a citizen of Tanzania

dual citizenship recognized: no

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

18 years of age; universal

chief of state: President John MAGUFULI (since 5 November 2015); Vice President Samia SULUHU (since 5 November 2015); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

head of government: President John MAGUFULI, Dr. (since 5 November 2015); Vice President Samia SULUHU (since 5 November 2015); note - Prime Minister Kassim Majaliwa MAJALIWA (since 20 November 2015) has authority over the day-to-day functions of the government, is the leader of government business in the National Assembly, and is head of the Cabinet

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among members of the National Assembly

elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by simple majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 25 October 2015 (next to be held in October 2020); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: John MAGUFULI elected president; percent of vote - John MAGUFULI (CCM) 58.5%, Edward LOWASSA (CHADEMA) 40%, other 1.5%

note: Zanzibar elects a president as head of government for matters internal to Zanzibar; election held on 25 October 2015 was annulled by the Zanzibar Electoral Commission and rerun on 20 March 2016; President Ali Mohamed SHEIN reelected; percent of vote - Ali Mohamed SHEIN (CCM) 91.4%, Hamad Rashid MOHAMED (ADC) 3%, other 5.6%; the main opposition party in Zanzibar, the Civic United Front, boycotted the 20 March 2016 election rerun

description: unicameral National Assembly or Parliament (Bunge) (393 seats; 264 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 113 women directly elected by proportional representation vote, 5 indirectly elected by simple majority vote by the Zanzibar House of Representatives, 10 appointed by the president, and 1 seat reserved for the attorney general; members serve a 5-year term); note - in addition to enacting laws that apply to the entire United Republic of Tanzania, the National Assembly enacts laws that apply only to the mainland; Zanzibar has its own House of Representatives or Baraza La Wawakilishi (82 seats; 50 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 20 women directly elected by proportional representation vote, 10 appointed by the Zanzibar president, 1 seat for the House speaker, and 1 ex-officio seat for the attorney general; elected members serve a 5-year term)

elections: Tanzania National Assembly and Zanzibar House of Representatives elections last held on 25 October 2015 (next National Assembly election to be held in October 2020; next Zanzibar election either October 2020 or March 2021; note the Zanzibar Electoral Commission annulled the 2015 election; repoll held on 20 March 2016

election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - CCM 55%, Chadema 31.8%, CUF 8.6%, other 2.2%; seats by party - CCM 253, Chadema 70%, CUF 42%, other 2

Zanzibar House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA

highest court(s): Court of Appeal of the United Republic of Tanzania (consists of the chief justice and 14 justices); High Court of the United Republic for Mainland Tanzania (consists of the principal judge and 30 judges organized into commercial, land, and labor courts); High Court of Zanzibar (consists of the chief justice and 10 justices)

judge selection and term of office: Court of Appeal and High Court justices appointed by the national president after consultation with the Judicial Service Commission for Tanzania, a judicial body of high level judges and 2 members appointed by the national president; Court of Appeal and High Court judges appointed until mandatory retirement at age 60 but terms can be extended; High Court of Zanzibar judges appointed by the national president after consultation with the Judicial Commission of Zanzibar; judges may serve until mandatory retirement at age 65

subordinate courts: Resident Magistrates Courts; Kadhi courts (for Islamic family matters); district and primary courts

Alliance for Change and Transparency or ACT [Zitto KABWE]

Alliance for Democratic Change or ADC [Miraji ABDALLAH]

Civic United Front or CUF (Chama Cha Wananchi [Seif Shariff HAMAD, Secretary General]

National Convention for Construction and Reform - Mageuzi or NCCR-M [James Francis MBATCA]

Party of Democracy and Development or CHADEMA (Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo) [Freeman MBOWE]

Revolutionary Party or CCM (Chama Cha Mapinduzi) [John MAGUFULI]

Tanzania Labor Party or TLP [Augustine MREMA]

United Democratic Party or UDP [John Momose CHEYO]

note: in March 2014, four opposition parties (CUF, CHADEMA, NCCR-Mageuzi, and the National League for Democracy) united to form Umoja wa Katiba ya Wananchi (Coalition for the People's Constitution) or UKAWA; during local elections held in October, 2014, UKAWA entered one candidate representing the three parties united in the coalition

Economic and Social Research Foundation or ESRF

Tanzania Media Women's Association or TAMWA

Tanzania Private Sector Foundation or TPSF

ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CD, EAC, EADB, EITI, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

chief of mission: Ambassador Wilson Mutagaywa MASILINGI (since 17 September 2015)

chancery: 1232 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20037

telephone: [1] (202) 939-6125

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Inmi PATTERSON (since 5 July 2017)

embassy: 686 Old Bagamoyo Road, Msasani, Dar es Salaam

mailing address: P.O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam

telephone: [255] (22) 229-4000

FAX: [255] (22) 229-4970 or 4971

divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is blue; the banner combines colors found on the flags of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; green represents the natural vegetation of the country, gold its rich mineral deposits, black the native Swahili people, and blue the country's many lakes and rivers, as well as the Indian Ocean

Uhuru (Freedom) torch, giraffe; national colors: green, yellow, blue, black

name: "Mungu ibariki Afrika" (God Bless Africa)

lyrics/music: collective/Enoch Mankayi SONTONGA

note: adopted 1961; the anthem, which is also a popular song in Africa, shares the same melody with that of Zambia, but has different lyrics; the melody is also incorporated into South Africa's anthem

Economy :: TANZANIA

Tanzania has achieved high growth rates based on its vast natural resource wealth and tourism with GDP growth in 2009-17 averaging 6%-7% per year. Dar es Salaam used fiscal stimulus measures and easier monetary policies to lessen the impact of the global recession and in general, benefited from low oil prices. Tanzania has largely completed its transition to a market economy, though the government retains a presence in sectors such as telecommunications, banking, energy, and mining.

The economy depends on agriculture, which accounts for slightly less than one-quarter of GDP and employs about 65% of the work force, although gold production in recent years has increased to about 35% of exports. All land in Tanzania is owned by the government, which can lease land for up to 99 years. Proposed reforms to allow for land ownership, particularly foreign land ownership, remain unpopular.

The financial sector in Tanzania has expanded in recent years and foreign-owned banks account for about 48% of the banking industry's total assets. Competition among foreign commercial banks has resulted in significant improvements in the efficiency and quality of financial services, though interest rates are still relatively high, reflecting high fraud risk. Banking reforms have helped increase private-sector growth and investment.

The World Bank, the IMF, and bilateral donors have provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzania's aging infrastructure, including rail and port, which provide important trade links for inland countries. In 2013, Tanzania completed the world's largest Millennium Challenge Compact (MCC) grant, worth $698 million, but in late 2015, the MCC Board of Directors deferred a decision to renew Tanzania's eligibility because of irregularities in voting in Zanzibar and concerns over the governments use of a controversial cybercrime bill.

Under the new government elected in 2015, Tanzania has developed an ambitious development agenda focused on creating a better business environment through improved infrastructure, access to financing, and education progress, but implementing budgets remains challenging for the government. Recent policy moves by President MAGUFULI are aimed at protecting domestic industry and have caused concern among foreign investors.

$162.8 billion (2017 est.)

$152.9 billion (2016 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

$51.61 billion (2017 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

household consumption: 65%

government consumption: 13.4%

investment in fixed capital: 34.3%

investment in inventories: -8.6%

exports of goods and services: 17.9%

imports of goods and services: -22% (2017 est.)

services: 47.6% (2017 est.)

coffee, sisal, tea, cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), cashew nuts, tobacco, cloves, corn, wheat, cassava (manioc, tapioca), bananas, fruits, vegetables; cattle, sheep, goats

agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine); mining (diamonds, gold, and iron), salt, soda ash; cement, oil refining, shoes, apparel, wood products, fertilizer

24.89 million (2017 est.)

services: 26.6% (2014 est.)

highest 10%: 29.6% (2007 est.)

expenditures: $9.271 billion (2017 est.)

8.25% (31 December 2010 est.)

3.7% (31 December 2009 est.)

15% (31 December 2017 est.)

15.96% (31 December 2016 est.)

$4.869 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$4.601 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$8.291 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$7.613 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$9.77 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$9.625 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$1.803 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

$1.539 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$1.264 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$-2.907 billion (2017 est.)

$-2.677 billion (2016 est.)

$5.194 billion (2017 est.)

$5.697 billion (2016 est.)

gold, coffee, cashew nuts, manufactures, cotton

Switzerland 15.1%, India 13.8%, South Africa 12.4%, China 7%, Kenya 6.2%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 5.7%, Belgium 5.6% (2016)

$8.61 billion (2017 est.)

$8.464 billion (2016 est.)

consumer goods, machinery and transportation equipment, industrial raw materials, crude oil

China 20.7%, India 18.1%, UAE 7.5%, South Africa 6%, Japan 4.7% (2016)

$4.174 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$4.067 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$15.88 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$15.21 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Tanzanian shillings (TZS) per US dollar -

Energy :: TANZANIA

population without electricity: 37,400,000

electrification - total population: 24%

electrification - urban areas: 71%

electrification - rural areas: 4% (2013)

6.025 billion kWh (2015 est.)

4.976 billion kWh (2015 est.)

71 million kWh (2015 est.)

1.187 million kW (2015 est.)

46% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

0% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

47.3% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

6.8% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

0 bbl (1 January 2017 est.)

60,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)

58,700 bbl/day (2014 est.)

1.1 billion cu m (2015 est.)

1.5 billion cu m (2015 est.)

6.513 billion cu m (1 January 2017 est.)

10 million Mt (2013 est.)

Communications :: TANZANIA

total subscriptions: 129,597

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (July 2016 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 74 (July 2016 est.)

general assessment: telecommunications services are marginal; system operating below capacity and being modernized for better service

domestic: fixed-line telephone network inadequate with less than 1 connection per 100 persons; mobile-cellular service, aided by multiple providers, is increasing rapidly and exceeds 75 telephones per 100 persons; trunk service provided by open-wire, microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and fiber-optic cable; some links being made digital

international: country code - 255; landing point for the EASSy fiber-optic submarine cable system linking East Africa with Europe and North America; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean, 1 Atlantic Ocean) (2016)

a state-owned TV station and multiple privately owned TV stations; state-owned national radio station supplemented by more than 40 privately owned radio stations; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available (2007)

percent of population: 13.0% (July 2016 est.)

Transportation :: TANZANIA

number of registered air carriers: 5

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 17

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 1,239,707

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 2,337,440 mt-km (2015)

gas 311 km; oil 891 km; refined products 8 km (2013)

narrow gauge: 1,860 km 1.067-m gauge; 2,707 km 1.000-m gauge (2014)

unpaved: 79,380 km (2010)

(Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, and Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) are the principal avenues of commerce with neighboring countries; the rivers are not navigable) (2011)

by type: bulk carrier 10, container ship 9, general cargo 147, oil tanker 29, other 84 (2017)

major seaport(s): Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar

Military and Security :: TANZANIA

Tanzania People's Defense Force (Jeshi la Wananchi la Tanzania, JWTZ): Army, Naval Wing (includes Coast Guard), Air Defense Command (includes Air Wing), National Service (2007)

18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)

the International Maritime Bureau reports that shipping in territorial and offshore waters in the Indian Ocean remain at risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships, especially as Somali-based pirates extend their activities south; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; crews have been robbed and stores or cargoes stolen

Terrorism :: TANZANIA

aim(s): attract Tanzanian recruits to support terrorist operations in Kenya and Somalia

area(s) of operation: maintains minimal clandestine footprint in key cities (April 2018)

Transnational Issues :: TANZANIA

dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River; Malawi contends that the entire lake up to the Tanzanian shoreline is its territory, while Tanzania claims the border is in the center of the lake; the conflict was reignited in 2012 when Malawi awarded a license to a British company for oil exploration in the lake

refugees (country of origin): 224,033 (Burundi); 82,034 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (2018)

current situation: Tanzania is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; the exploitation of young girls in domestic servitude continues to be Tanzania's largest human trafficking problem; Tanzanian boys are subject to forced labor mainly on farms but also in mines and quarries, in the informal commercial sector, in factories, in the sex trade, and possibly on small fishing boats; Tanzanian children and adults are subjected to domestic servitude, other forms of forced labor, and sex trafficking in other African countries, the Middle East, Europe, and the US; internal trafficking is more prevalent than transnational trafficking and is usually facilitated by friends, family members, or intermediaries with false offers of education or legitimate jobs; trafficking victims from Burundi, Kenya, South Asia, and Yemen are forced to work in Tanzania's agricultural, mining, and domestic service sectors or may be sex trafficked

tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Tanzania does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; in 2014, Tanzania was granted a waiver from an otherwise required downgrade to Tier 3 because its government has a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute making significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; the government adopted a three-year national action plan and implementing regulations for the 2008 anti-trafficking law; authorities somewhat increased their number of trafficking investigations and prosecutions and convicted one offender, but the penalty was a fine in lieu of prison, which was inadequate given the severity of the crime; the government did not operate any shelters for victims and relied on NGOs to provide protective services (2015)

targeted by traffickers moving hashish, Afghan heroin, and South American cocaine transported down the East African coastline, through airports, or overland through Central Africa; Zanzibar likely used by traffickers for drug smuggling; traffickers in the past have recruited Tanzanian couriers to move drugs through Iran into East Asia

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Europe :: LUXEMBOURG

Introduction :: LUXEMBOURG

Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and an independent state under the Netherlands. It lost more than half of its territory to Belgium in 1839 but gained a larger measure of autonomy. In 1867, Luxembourg attained full independence under the condition that it promise perpetual neutrality. Overrun by Germany in both world wars, it ended its neutrality in 1948 when it entered into the Benelux Customs Union and when it joined NATO the following year. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the EEC (later the EU), and in 1999 it joined the euro currency zone.

Geography :: LUXEMBOURG

Western Europe, between France and Germany

slightly smaller than Rhode Island; about half the size of Delaware

border countries (3): Belgium 130 km, France 69 km, Germany 128 km

modified continental with mild winters, cool summers

mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle flood plain in the southeast

elevation extremes: lowest point: Moselle River 133 m

highest point: Buurgplaatz 559 m

iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land

arable land 24%; permanent crops 0.6%; permanent pasture 26.1%

most people live in the south, on or near the border with France

air and water pollution in urban areas, soil pollution of farmland; unsustainable patterns of consumption (transport, energy, recreation, space) threaten biodiversity and landscapes

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

landlocked; the only grand duchy in the world

People and Society :: LUXEMBOURG

Luxembourger 52.1%, Portuguese 16%, French 7.6%, Italian 3.6%, Belgian 3.4%, German 2.2%, Spanish 1.1%, British 1%, other 13%

note: data represent population by nationality (2018 est.)

Luxembourgish (official administrative and judicial language and national language (spoken vernacular)) 55.8%, Portuguese 15.7%, French (official administrative, judicial, and legislative language) 12.1%, German (official administrative and judicial language) 3.1%, Italian 2.9%, English 2.1%, other 8.4% (2011 est.)

Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic) 70.4%, Muslim 2.3%, other (includes Buddhist, folk religions, Hindu, Jewish) 0.5%, none 26.8% (2010 est.)

0-14 years: 16.77% (male 51,333/female 48,296)

15-24 years: 12.18% (male 37,047/female 35,310)

25-54 years: 44.27% (male 134,986/female 128,028)

55-64 years: 11.77% (male 35,450/female 34,457)

65 years and over: 15.02% (male 39,786/female 49,437) (2017 est.)

population pyramid:

total dependency ratio: 43.6

youth dependency ratio: 23.5

elderly dependency ratio: 20.1

potential support ratio: 5 (2015 est.)

female: 39.9 years (2017 est.)

11.5 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)

7.3 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.)

15.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.)

most people live in the south, on or near the border with France

urban population: 90.7% of total population (2017)

rate of urbanization: 1.46% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

LUXEMBOURG (capital) 107,000 (2014)

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female

total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

10 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)

total: 3.4 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 3.8 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 3 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.)

total population: 82.3 years

female: 84.9 years (2017 est.)

1.62 children born/woman (2017 est.)

2.92 physicians/1,000 population (2016)

4.9 beds/1,000 population (2014)

urban: 100% of population

rural: 100% of population

total: 100% of population

total: 0% of population (2015 est.)

urban: 97.5% of population

rural: 98.5% of population

total: 97.6% of population

urban: 2.5% of population

rural: 1.5% of population

total: 2.4% of population (2015 est.)

female: 15.7% (2015 est.)

Government :: LUXEMBOURG

conventional long form: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

conventional short form: Luxembourg

local long form: Grand Duche de Luxembourg

local short form: Luxembourg

etymology: from the Celtic "lucilem" (little) and the German "burg" (castle or fortress) to produce the meaning of the "little castle"

geographic coordinates: 49 36 N, 6 07 E

time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

12 cantons (cantons, singular - canton); Capellen, Clervaux, Diekirch, Echternach, Esch-sur-Alzette, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg, Mersch, Redange, Remich, Vianden, Wiltz

1839 (from the Netherlands)

National Day (Birthday of Grand Duke HENRI), 23 June; note - this date of birth is not the true date of birth for any of the Royals, but the national festivities were shifted in 1962 to allow observance during a more favorable time of year

history: previous 1842 (heavily amended 1848, 1856); latest effective 17 October 1868

amendments: proposed by the Chamber of Deputies or by the monarch to the Chamber; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Chamber in two successive readings three months apart; a referendum can be substituted for the second reading if approved by more than one-quarter of the Chamber members or by 25,000 valid voters; adoption by referendum requires a majority of all valid voters; amended many times, last in 2009 (2016)

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

citizenship by birth: limited to situations where the parents are either unknown, stateless, or when the nationality law of the parents' state of origin does not permit acquisition of citizenship by descent when the birth occurs outside of national territory

citizenship by descent: at least one parent must be a citizen of Luxembourg

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 7 years

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

chief of state: Grand Duke HENRI (since 7 October 2000); Heir Apparent Prince GUILLAUME, son of the monarch, born 11 November 1981

head of government: Prime Minister Xavier BETTEL (since 4 December 2013); Deputy Prime Minister Etienne SCHNEIDER (since 4 December 2013)

cabinet: Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister, appointed by the monarch

elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; following elections to the Chamber of Deputies, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the monarch; deputy prime minister appointed by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime minister are responsible to the Chamber of Deputies

description: unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Chambre des Deputes (60 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms); note - a 21-member Council of State appointed by the Grand Duke on the advice of the prime minister serves as an advisory body to the Chamber of Deputies

elections: last held on 20 October 2013 (next to be held by October 2018)

election results: percent of vote by party - CSV 33.7%, LSAP 20.3%, DP 18.3%, Green Party 10.1%, ADR 6.6%, The Left 4.9%, other 6.1%; seats by party - CSV 23, LSAP 13, DP 13, Green Party 6, ADR 3, The Left 2

highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice includes Court of Appeal and Court of Cassation (consists of 27 judges on 9 benches); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)

judge selection and term of office: judges of both courts appointed by the monarch for life

subordinate courts: Court of Accounts; district and local tribunals and courts

Alternative Democratic Reform Party or ADR [Jean SCHOOS]

Christian Social People's Party or CSV [Marc SPAUTZ]

Democratic Party or DP [Corinne CAHEN]

Green Party [Francoise FOLMER and Christian KMIOTEK]

Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP [Claude HAAGEN]

The Left (dei Lenk/la Gauche) [collective leadership, Central Committee]

Business Federation Luxembourg or FEDIL [Nicolas BUCK]

Centrale Paysanne [Marc FISCH] (federation of agricultural producers)

Chamber of Artisans (Chambre des Metiers) [Tom OBERWEIS]

Chamber of Commerce (Chambre de Commerce) [Carlo THELEN]

Chambre des Salaries or CSL [Jean-Claude REDING]

General Association of Officials (Confederation Generale de la Fonction Publique or CGFP) [Romain WOLFF] (trade union representing civil service)

Greenpeace [Raymond AENDEKERK]

Luxembourg Confederation of Christian Trade Unions or LCGB [Patrick DURY] (center-right trade union)

Luxembourg Association of Bankers and Insurance Employees or ALEBA [Roberto SCOLATI]

Luxembourg Bankers Association or ABBL [Guy HOFFMANN]

Mouvement Ecologique [Blanche WEBER] (environmental protection)

Confederation of Independent Trade Unions or OGB-L [Andre ROELTGEN] (center-left trade union)

ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

chief of mission: Ambassador Sylvie LUCAS (since 16 September 2016)

chancery: 2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone: [1] (202) 265-4171

consulate(s) general: New York, San Francisco

US chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Kerri HANNAN (since late June 2017)

embassy: 22 Boulevard Emmanuel Servais, L-2535 Luxembourg City

mailing address: Unit 3560, APO-AE 09126-3560 (official mail)

telephone: [352] 46-01-23 00

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue; similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a darker blue and is shorter; the coloring is derived from the Grand Duke's coat of arms (a red lion on a white and blue striped field)

red, rampant lion; national colors: red, white, light blue

name: "Ons Heemecht" (Our Motherland); "De Wilhelmus" (The William)

lyrics/music: Michel LENTZ/Jean-Antoine ZINNEN; Nikolaus WELTER/unknown

note: "Ons Heemecht," adopted 1864, is the national anthem, while "De Wilhelmus," adopted 1919, serves as a royal anthem for use when members of the grand ducal family enter or exit a ceremony in Luxembourg

Economy :: LUXEMBOURG

This small, stable, high-income economy has historically featured solid growth, low inflation, and low unemployment. Luxembourg, the only Grand Duchy in the world, is a landlocked country in northwestern Europe surrounded by Belgium, France, and Germany. Despite its small landmass and small population, Luxembourg is the second-wealthiest country in the world when measured on a gross domestic product (PPP) per capita basis. Luxembourg has one of the highest current account surpluses as a share of GDP in the euro zone, and it maintains a healthy budgetary position, with a 2017 surplus of 0.5% of GDP, and the lowest public debt level in the region.

Since 2002, Luxembourg's government has proactively implemented policies and programs to support economic diversification and to attract foreign direct investment. The government focused on key innovative industries that showed promise for supporting economic growth: logistics, information and communications technology (ICT); health technologies, including biotechnology and biomedical research; clean energy technologies, and more recently, space technology and financial services technologies. The economy has evolved and flourished, posting strong GDP growth of 3.4% in 2017, far outpacing the European average of 1.8%.

Luxembourg remains a financial powerhouse - the financial sector accounts for more than 35% of GDP - because of the exponential growth of the investment fund sector through the launch and development of cross-border funds (UCITS) in the 1990s. Luxembourg is the world's second-largest investment fund asset domicile, after the US, with $4 trillion of assets in custody in financial institutions.

Luxembourg has lost some of its advantage as a favorable tax location because of OECD and EU pressure, as well as the "LuxLeaks" scandal, which revealed advantageous tax treatments offered to foreign corporations. In 2015, the government's compliance with EU requirements to implement automatic exchange of tax information on savings accounts - thus ending banking secrecy - has constricted banking activity. Likewise, changes to the way EU members collect taxes from e-commerce has cut Luxembourg's sales tax revenues, requiring the government to raise additional levies and to reduce some direct social benefits as part of the tax reform package of 2017. The tax reform package also included reductions in the corporate tax rate and increases in deductions for families, both intended to increase purchasing power and increase competitiveness.

$64.39 billion (2017 est.)

$61.99 billion (2016 est.)

$59.5 billion (2015 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

$63.52 billion (2017 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

household consumption: 28.2%

government consumption: 15.9%

investment in fixed capital: 16.8%

investment in inventories: 0.9%

exports of goods and services: 230.8%

imports of goods and services: -192.8% (2017 est.)

services: 87.9% (2017 est.)

grapes, barley, oats, potatoes, wheat, fruits; dairy and livestock products

banking and financial services, construction, real estate services, iron, metals, and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo transportation and logistics, chemicals, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism, biotechnology

note: data exclude foreign workers; in addition to the figure for domestic labor force, about 150,000 workers commute daily from France, Belgium, and Germany (2017 est.)

services: 78.9% (2013 est.)

highest 10%: 23.8% (2000 est.)

expenditures: $27.38 billion (2017 est.)

note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

0.25% (31 December 2017 est.)

0.3% (31 December 2010 est.)

note: this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area

$281 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$229.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

note: see entry for the EU for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders

$312.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$271.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$127.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$109.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$47.13 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

$63.17 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$78.64 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

$2.967 billion (2017 est.)

$2.823 billion (2016 est.)

$18.4 billion (2017 est.)

$16.37 billion (2016 est.)

machinery and equipment, steel products, chemicals, rubber products, glass

Germany 23.1%, Belgium 16.6%, France 15.4%, Netherlands 5.1% (2016)

$22.4 billion (2017 est.)

$19.97 billion (2016 est.)

commercial aircraft, minerals, chemicals, metals, foodstuffs, luxury consumer goods

Belgium 29.4%, Germany 24.3%, France 10.3%, US 7%, China 5.8%, Netherlands 4.3%, Mexico 4.3% (2016)

$1 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$974 million (31 December 2016 est.)

$3.781 trillion (31 March 2016 est.)

$3.806 trillion (31 March 2015 est.)

$11.21 billion (31 December 2008 est.)

euros (EUR) per US dollar -

Energy :: LUXEMBOURG

electrification - total population: 100% (2016)

735 million kWh (2015 est.)

6.178 billion kWh (2015 est.)

1.42 billion kWh (2016 est.)

7.718 billion kWh (2016 est.)

2.023 million kW (2015 est.)

23.7% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

0% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

1.7% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

12.7% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

0 bbl (1 January 2017 est.)

56,120 bbl/day (2016 est.)

55,900 bbl/day (2016 est.)

6 million cu m (2015 est.)

1.108 billion cu m (2015 est.)

875 million cu m (2015 est.)

0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)

11 million Mt (2013 est.)

Communications :: LUXEMBOURG

total subscriptions: 276,400

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 48 (July 2016 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 129 (July 2016 est.)

general assessment: highly developed, completely automated and efficient system, mainly buried cables

domestic: fixed-line teledensity about 50 per 100 persons; nationwide mobile-cellular telephone system with market for mobile-cellular phones virtually saturated

international: country code - 352 (2016)

Luxembourg has a long tradition of operating radio and TV services for pan-European audiences and is home to Europe's largest privately owned broadcast media group, the RTL Group, which operates 46 TV stations and 29 radio stations in Europe; also home to Europe's largest satellite operator, Societe Europeenne des Satellites (SES); domestically, the RTL Group operates TV and radio networks; other domestic private radio and TV operators and French and German stations available; satellite and cable TV services available (2016)

percent of population: 97.5% (July 2016 est.)

Transportation :: LUXEMBOURG

number of registered air carriers: 3

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 119

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 1,830,972

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 6,309,473,324 mt-km (2015)

gas 142 km; refined products 27 km (2013)

standard gauge: 275 km 1.435-m gauge (275 km electrified) (2014)

paved: 2,899 km (includes 152 km of expressways) (2011)

37 km (on Moselle River) (2010)

by type: bulk carrier 3, container ship 21, general cargo 2, other 126 (2017)

river port(s): Mertert (Moselle)

Military and Security :: LUXEMBOURG

Luxembourg Army (Armee Luxembourgeoise) (2018)

18-24 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription; Luxembourg citizen or EU citizen with 3-year residence in Luxembourg (2017)

Transnational Issues :: LUXEMBOURG

stateless persons: 83 (2016)

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