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Pacific Southwest Region of the Forest Service

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Ecological Restoration in Pacific Southwest Region

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Interviews with Forest Service biologists, ecologists and other professionals highlight the emphasis that the Pacific Southwest Region of the Forest Service is placing on ecological restoration.

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Conservation and Restoration Ecology: Crash Course Ecology #12

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for further information here are some websites

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for further information here are some websites

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http://www.seraustralasia.com/pages/conference.html

http://www.erie-research.org/

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Trend analysis: a general approach to population restoration 

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Trend analysis: a general approach to population restoration 

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Restoration of populations addresses: 1.Threatened or endangered populations; 2.Common species on sites from which they have disappeared or to sites where they were not historically present but should do well.Progress of project requires monitoring. Simplest = collecting regular census or survey data to determine status of population (endangered)-Provides an index of status.-Does not indicate probability of long-term persistence or causes of decline or continuing low levels.Both are essential for successful restoration.

Demographic monitoring –most effective for this

Demographic monitoring follows fates of individuals in the population over time with repeated on-site measurements.Two monitoring tools important: 1.Trend analysis; 2.Factor analysis.Trend analysis calculates one or more specific demographic variables in one or more populations.Thus can determine if population is: •growing, •stable or •declining.

20113Trend analysis: •Cannot identify exact cause of low numbers or decline; but •Allows intelligent guess about what factors to investigate.e.g. a plant population with high rates of annual adult survivorship but chronically low rates of seed germination suggests that environmental variables affecting seeds, such as soil moisture, seed predation or soil temperature, may be more important to the population than factors affecting adult plants, such as ambient temperatures, herbivory or competition.Survivorship & seed banks are indicators of population stability used withtrend analysis to assess population stability & probability of persistence.

Trend analysis can guide the second phase of demographic monitoring: factor resolution.

Experimental tests of one or more suspected factors limiting growth are conducted in the field.

Results determine which factor(s) are actively limiting population growth. Thus we know which factors to manipulate for population recovery.For restoration of:

1.Threatened or endangered populations –trend analysis and then factor analysis is used. 2.Common species on sites from which they have disappeared or to sites where they were not historically present but should do well –factor analysis and then trend analysis is used.

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•Often know little of ecosystems we wish to restore; •Key species may have been lost from site or system; •Physical conditions may have altered radically; •Cost and time may be prohibitive.

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Restoration ecologists argue:Process of restoration matters as much as the product.

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Restoration ecologists argue:Process of restoration matters as much as the product.

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There are two approaches: 1.Compositional: community structure and components are the organising principles of the restoration effort.

●Aim is to replace/restore species that match a historic/target community to restore a snapshot of a site’s ecological past.

●assumption is that function follows structure not vice versa.

●places greater value on populations & communities than of ecological functions and services.

often used when endangered, threatened or ‘favoured’ species or groups of species are featured.i.e. restores a site or system to its former community of species.

2.Functional: emphasises functions or services the system provides, not the species responsible for those services.

●less worried about which species are in the system but that the species provide the intended function or service.

●used to benefit (precisely) key species or groups of species.i.e. to restore a site or system for a specific purpose.

Boundaries between two approaches often blurred.

Recognition of the 2 approaches = helpful to ensure goals of restoration effort match the method.

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two main challenges in ecological restoration:

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two main challenges in ecological restoration:

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1.how to across large areas with many land-uses

2.how to equitably balance trade-offs between improving biodiversity conservation & improvements in human well-being.

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•Revegetation–process whereby plants recolonise a disturbed site from which a previous disturbance event removed all or part of the former vegetation.–implication: the original vegetation may not have been re-established and earlier ecosystem function may not be re-established. •Rehabilitation –visual improvement of disturbed land to make it look like its former self.–may not include re-establishment of former components or their interactions or functions. •Reclamation–preparation & enhancement of degraded land to fulfillits former use or a new use;a weak form of restoration i.e. functions of land are restoredbut components & structure may not be.What do

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intentional activity that initiates or accelerates the recovery of

an ecosystem with respect to its health, integrity & sustainability.

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scientific study & practice of renewing & restoring degraded,

damaged, or destroyed ecosystems & habitats in the

environment by active human intervention & action.