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Words to use in speeches, to give credit:

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Words to use in speeches, to give credit:

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Tell the audience your source before you use the information (the opposite of in-text citations).

Do not say, "quote, unquote" when you offer a direct quotation. Use brief pauses instead.

Provide enough information about each source so that your audience could, with a little effort, find them. This should include the author(s) name, a brief explanation of their credentials, the title of the work, and publication date.
"In the 1979 edition of The Elements of Style, renowned grammarians and composition stylists Strunk and White encourage writers to 'make every word tell.'"

If your source is unknown to your audience, provide enough information about your source for the audience to perceive them as credible. Typically we provide this credentialing of the source by stating the source's qualifications to discuss the topic.
"Dr. Derek Bok, the President Emeritus of Harvard University and the author of The Politics of Happiness argues that the American government should design policies to enhance the happiness of its citizens."

Provide a caption citation for all direct quotations and /or relevant images on your PowerPoint slides.

These should be acknowledged in your speech or presentation either as "And I quote..." or "As [the source] put it..."

Include title and author: "According to April Jones, author of Readings on Gender..."

Include title and date: "Time, March 28, 2005, explains..." or "The New York Times, June 5, 2006, explained it this way..."

Include journal title, date, and author: "Morgan Smith writes in the Fall 2005 issue of Science..."

For organizational or long-standing website, include title: "The center for Disease Control web site includes information..." For news or magazine websites, include title and date: "CNN.com, on March 28, 2005, states..." (Note: CNN is an exception to the "don't use the address" rule because the site is known by that name.)

Include name and credentials of source: "Alice Smith, professor of Economics at USM, had this to say about the growth plan..." or "According to junior Speech Communication major, Susan Wallace..."

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Guides: Citing Sources: Citing Orally in Speeches

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Tell the audience your source before you use the information (the opposite of in-text citations). Do not say, "quote, unquote" when you offer a direct quotation. Use brief pauses instead. Provide enough information about each source so that your audience could, with a little effort, find them.

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What Are Databases and Why You Need Them

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Librarians during desk hours
(Cranium Cafe)

Librarians anytime
(Research Help Form)

Research Portal

Handouts

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Suggested Resources
Style Guide Overview MLA Guide APA Guide Chicago Guide OWL Exercises

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Reference List: Basic Rules

This resourse, revised according to the 7 th edition APA Publication Manual, offers basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper. Most sources follow fairly straightforward rules. However, because sources obtained from academic journals carry special weight in research writing, these sources are subject to special rules. Thus, this page presents basic guidelines for citing academic journals separate from its "ordinary" basic guidelines. This distinction is made clear below.

Note: Because the information on this page pertains to virtually all citations, we've highlighted one important difference between APA 6 and APA 7 with an underlined note written in red. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (7 th ed.).

Formatting a Reference List

Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text.

Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this page "References" in bold, centered at the top of the page (do NOT underline or use quotation marks for the title). All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.

Basic Rules for Most Sources

All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.

All authors' names should be inverted (i.e., last names should be provided first).

Authors' first and middle names should be written as initials.

For example, the reference entry for a source written by Jane Marie Smith would begin with "Smith, J. M."

If a middle name isn't available, just initialize the author's first name: "Smith, J."

Give the last name and first/middle initials for all authors of a particular work up to and including 20 authors (this is a new rule, as APA 6 only required the first six authors ). Separate each author's initials from the next author in the list with a comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author's name. If there are 21 or more authors, use an ellipsis (but no ampersand) after the 19th author, and then add the final author's name.

Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.

For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.

When referring to the titles ofbooks, chapters, articles, reports, webpages, or other sources, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns.
Note again that the titles of academic journals are subject to special rules. See section below.

Italicize titles of longer works (e.g., books, edited collections, names of newspapers, and so on).

Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as chapters in books or essays in edited collections.

Basic Rules for Articles in Academic Journals

Present journal titles in full.

Italicize journal titles.

Maintain any nonstandard punctuation and capitalization that is used by the journal in its title.
For example, you should use PhiloSOPHIA instead of Philosophia, or Past & Presentinstead of Past and Present.

Capitalizeall major words in the titles of journals. Note that this differs from the rule for titling other common sources (like books, reports, webpages, and so on) described above.
This distinction is based on the type of source being cited. Academic journal titles have all major words capitalized, while other sources' titles do not.

Capitalizethe first word of the titles and subtitles of journal articles, as well as thefirst word after a colon or a dash in the title, andany proper nouns.

Do not italicize or underline the article title.

Do not enclose the article title in quotes.

So, for example, if you need to cite an article titled "Deep Blue: The Mysteries of the Marianas Trench" that was published in the journal Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication, you would write the article title as follows:
Deep blue: The mysteries of the Marianas Trench.

...but you would write the journal title as follows:
Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication

Please note: While the APA manual provides examples of how to cite common types of sources, it does not cover all conceivable sources. If you must cite a source that APA does not address, the APA suggests finding an example that is similar to your source and using that format. For more information, see page 282 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7 th ed.

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Reference List: Basic Rules

This resourse, revised according to the 7 th edition APA Publication Manual, offers basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper. Most sources follow fairly straightforward rules. However, because sources obtained from academic journals carry special weight in research writing, these sources are subject to special rules. Thus, this page presents basic guidelines for citing academic journals separate from its "ordinary" basic guidelines. This distinction is made clear below.

Note: Because the information on this page pertains to virtually all citations, we've highlighted one important difference between APA 6 and APA 7 with an underlined note written in red. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (7 th ed.).

Formatting a Reference List

Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text.

Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this page "References" in bold, centered at the top of the page (do NOT underline or use quotation marks for the title). All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.

Basic Rules for Most Sources

All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.

All authors' names should be inverted (i.e., last names should be provided first).

Authors' first and middle names should be written as initials.

For example, the reference entry for a source written by Jane Marie Smith would begin with "Smith, J. M."

If a middle name isn't available, just initialize the author's first name: "Smith, J."

Give the last name and first/middle initials for all authors of a particular work up to and including 20 authors (this is a new rule, as APA 6 only required the first six authors ). Separate each author's initials from the next author in the list with a comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author's name. If there are 21 or more authors, use an ellipsis (but no ampersand) after the 19th author, and then add the final author's name.

Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.

For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.

When referring to the titles ofbooks, chapters, articles, reports, webpages, or other sources, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns.
Note again that the titles of academic journals are subject to special rules. See section below.

Italicize titles of longer works (e.g., books, edited collections, names of newspapers, and so on).

Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as chapters in books or essays in edited collections.

Basic Rules for Articles in Academic Journals

Present journal titles in full.

Italicize journal titles.

Maintain any nonstandard punctuation and capitalization that is used by the journal in its title.
For example, you should use PhiloSOPHIA instead of Philosophia, or Past & Presentinstead of Past and Present.

Capitalizeall major words in the titles of journals. Note that this differs from the rule for titling other common sources (like books, reports, webpages, and so on) described above.
This distinction is based on the type of source being cited. Academic journal titles have all major words capitalized, while other sources' titles do not.

Capitalizethe first word of the titles and subtitles of journal articles, as well as thefirst word after a colon or a dash in the title, andany proper nouns.

Do not italicize or underline the article title.

Do not enclose the article title in quotes.

So, for example, if you need to cite an article titled "Deep Blue: The Mysteries of the Marianas Trench" that was published in the journal Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication, you would write the article title as follows:
Deep blue: The mysteries of the Marianas Trench.

...but you would write the journal title as follows:
Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication

Please note: While the APA manual provides examples of how to cite common types of sources, it does not cover all conceivable sources. If you must cite a source that APA does not address, the APA suggests finding an example that is similar to your source and using that format. For more information, see page 282 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7 th ed.

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Style Guide Overview MLA Guide APA Guide Chicago Guide OWL Exercises This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice. Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved.

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How to Cite in APA Format (7th edition) | Guide & Generator

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Learn everything you need about APA Style in-text citations and references. Or try Scribbr’s free APA Citation Generator!

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According to Doe . . .

The work of Doe indicated that . . .

Doe asserted that . . .

Doe acknowledged that . . .

Doe has drawn attention to the fact that . . .

Doe claimed that . . .

As Doe pointed out. . .

As Doe stated. . .

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Verbal citations should come at the beginning of the cited idea or quotation.

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Verbal citations should come at the beginning of the cited idea or quotation.

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Which Databases are NOT included in OneSearch?

Databases that have most material in OneSearch, but not all

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LibGuides: OneSearch: About OneSearch: About OneSearch

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Skip to main content It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results.

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Complete List

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CQ Researcher
Opposing Viewpoints
Global Issues in Context
Facts on File, Issues and Controversies

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Databases, click the plus sign next to General, Scroll down to Newspapers

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Your California Community College library most likely uses what is known as OneSearch to help you find library resources. If your library does not use OneSearch, there will be a lot of commonalities between your library's search tool and OneSearch. Speak with your instructor or a college librarian for further clarification.

College libraries hold a wide range of materials: books, DVDs, academic (scholarly) journals, magazines, newspapers, and more. When you use OneSearch, you will not only will find what your library physically owns, but it will also search for materials that the library has access to digitally or online. This can sometimes be confusing and can lead to a lot of search results. Fortunately, OneSearch provides you with ways to limit your search results so that you can identify the specific kinds of resources that you need to find.

Example Search

Let's consider the scenario presented at the beginning of this chapter. You need to find resources related to the American Revolution-specifically you need to find two books and one documentary film. Let's look at how you can do this in OneSearch.

If you search for American Revolution, you will see a search result that looks very similar to the one below:

Filtering Results: Availability & Resource Type

In your search results, you should notice some key details. Pay attention to the area to the left of your search results, where you can use filters that control your search results. The first set of filters is labeled as "Availability." This will indicate how the resources are available. Are they available online? As peer-reviewed journals? You should notice there is an option that says "Held by Library" or something similar to indicate that your library owns those materials. This is a great filter to use to limit your search results that you can access at your library.

Another area to look at is "Resource Type." Here, you'll find different formats that you can limit your search results to. For our scenario, what types of resources do you need? We need two books. When you look at the image above, you'll see that there are 6,693 books that are available in our search results. By clicking on "Books," you will then be able to browse a list of those items.

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Using OneSearch: Your California Community College Library's Search Tool

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Your California Community College library most likely uses what is known as OneSearch to help you find library resources. If your library does not use OneSearch, there will be a lot of commonalities between your library's search tool and OneSearch. Speak with your instructor or a college librarian for further clarification.