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Based on the article above, Nigeria faces a variety of problems with bibliographic control. One of the problems is cultural background. Nigeria has multiple native languages as well as historical and cultural evolutions. Not only that, the bibliographic control in Nigeria faces a lack of economic resources. Another problem they face is their own government that prioritizes their need for defense, social, and welfare packages. Nigeria also faces the problem of having an underdeveloped book industry as they lack skilled manpower, literates , funds, and technology.

To solve these problems, the government should put their focus on investing in the book and educational industry as knowledge is the pathway to a successful future.

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This paper presents the state of Bibliographic Control (BC) in Nigeria. The article highlights and discusses the significant roles played by bibliographic control in the present information age. National bibliography is a source that attempt to list ,as comprehensively as possible, the publications of a particular country during a specific period. These could come out in any kind of intellectual output, regardless of its format. It is important to note that the national bibliography has evolved as each nation has evolved, that the motivation behind its compilation often greatly influences the content and accessibility of the resource. However, the problems encountered in the acquisition and classification of these publications, include the inaccessibility of published materials, lack of adequate bibliographic control, lack of adequate good writers, the multiplicity of native languages, inadequate funding, and the underdevelopment of the book industry.

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Bibliographic control problems and ways to solve it.

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Bibliographic control problems and ways to solve it.

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We all know that bibliography is a process of organizing the information which is enables a person to look for and obtain the information anytime that person need through a systematic accession. Not long ago, there was a problem in bibliographic control in Nigeria. The lack of technologies and librarians or authors causing the problems in bibliographic control occurs. The problems can be solved by improving numbers of technologies and recruit the great authors or librarians to do and accomplish the bibliography. With the bibliographies, the informations that the person collect can be saved for a long year to be search and read by the next generations.

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The problem of bibliographic control are lack of suitable automation software. Libraries is nigeria lack access to the appropriate software to be used to automate and manage their database. Lack of access to the appropriate software is caused by issues such as lack of funding to invest in the purchase of the needed software, lack of building to house the automation equipment and unavailability of trained personnel.
Next, there are publishers and printer's non-compliance. There are many printing houses littered all over the country but they are not well equipped. These ones keep publishing for many people. This makes it very difficult to know what has been produced and by whom and hence, difficult to compile a national bibliography. There is also no set agency established to ensure these laws are adhered to.
Ways to solve this problem are having a wide selection of bibliographic tools covering various facets of the national recorded heritage, comply with national and international standards as well as technological developments and also
having a literature reporting on national bibliographic control

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Bibliographic control simply has to do with the organization of information.

Bibliographic Control helps in properly identifying a source of information, avoid unnecessary repetition, and encourage the easy sharing of information and resources and the re-use of the bibliographic records. The importance of bibliographic control is so that information about sources can be systematically arranged in such a way as to help information seekers know which information is available and where such can be found. This will aid learning and personal development in the nation. When each nation attempts to capture every book under its scheme, it becomes a national bibliography while the collective effort by various nations of the world is called the Universal Bibliographic Control.

It is the responsibility of a National bibliographic agency (NBA) to provide an authoritative bibliographic record of publications in its own country. This record should then be made available to other National bibliographic agencies around the world, libraries, archives, communities, and museums in the country. All for the purpose of increasing access to the bibliographic record.

Problems of Bibliographic control in Nigeria

Lack of access to Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in libraries and information centres in Nigeria is yet to be popular. The use of technology helps to digitize and automate data and records. Many personnel in the Library and Information sector are not equipped for its use and thus lack the education and skill needed to make the library sector more digitalized.

Lack of suitable automation software

Libraries in Nigeria lack access to the appropriate software to be used to automate and manage their database. This is a setback to organization of information in Nigerian libraries. Lack of access to the appropriate software is caused by issues such as lack of funding to invest in the purchase of the needed software, lack of building to house the automation equipment and unavailability of trained personnel.

Publishers and printer's non-compliance

There are many printing houses littered all over the country. Many of these printing houses are not well equipped. However, these ones keep publishing for many people. This makes it very difficult to know what has been produced and by whom and hence, difficult to compile a national bibliography. The Legal deposit law which requires publishers, distributors and printers to freely provide copies of their publications to the national collection is usually not adhered to. There is also no set agency established to ensure these laws are adhered to. This is a setback to bibliographic control in Nigeria.

Education of librarians and Information Technology Personnel

In order to ensure bibliographic control in Nigeria, all stakeholders, to include agencies and bodies in charge of Bibliography must ensure students of library and information course and all information professionals to be are well taught and equipped to handle the growing are fully prepared for the increasing complexity of the information environment where they will work. The lack of adequate education for information personals in Nigeria has contributed to the problems of national bibliographic control in Nigeria.

Lack of cooperation

Once, the National Library of Nigeria came up with an initiative to centralize all the catalogue entries for every book acquired by all libraries in the country. The project was not successful because some libraries lacked funds to participate.

Non-reading culture of Nigerians

There is a nonchalant attitude or total neglect of the book industry by the masses in Nigeria. This has hindered the growth of the book and the information sector of the country. This is in turn stands as a major obstacle in the production of national bibliography in Nigeria.

Non- compliance with International standards

The Universal Bibliographic Control is a programme aimed at attaining a standard registration of national bibliographies that are all connected. This is so that anyone can retrieve a document published from anywhere in the world. It is therefore important that Nigeria's bibliographic standards comply with international standards.

The National Library of Nigeria

The National Library of Nigeria needs to be empowered to perform its functions of Bibliography control. This includes the ability to implement laws and policies in order to achieve national bibliography control.

Ineffective management of the National Library of Nigeria houses

In order for the production of the National Bibliography to be relevant, it must be done regularly and on time. This depends on the employment of skilled manpower, funds, and the availability of the needed technical equipment. The Ineffective management of National libraries, as well as lack of funds, has made it impossible to publish an annual national bibliography.

Poor record-keeping

Many times, old documents are often destroyed quickly and not properly kept by a responsible agency. The poor record-keeping system in Nigeria can be solved through the establishment of technology-controlled systems in storing data.

The problem of cataloguing and Classification schemes adopted in Nigeria

The national bibliography in Nigeria is faced with the problems of cataloguing and classification scheme used by the National Library of Nigeria. The classification schemes adopted are not adaptable to the Nigerian context. The National Library of Nigeria needs to create its own expansion of the classification systems to address the country's specific needs, in terms of her history, literature and geography. The Nigerian context has its own issues such as ethnic diversities, different languages and requires professional skills and expertise well adapted to the Nigerian context to deal with them.

For example, the Anglo- American Classification Rules Second Edition (AACR2) which is popularly used in Nigeria does not help when with the treatment of non-western and non-Christian names and that of corporate and governmental bodies. Although, this issue is starting to be addressed as rules for the treatment of names in languages other than English have been given to the international body in charge so as to achieve Universal Bibliographic Control. The Anglo-American, British and American cataloguing rules are the main codes followed by catalogues here. However, these codes are applied and interpreted differently by libraries in the country. Although it is important that the cataloguing process conforms to international codes, however, it has to be practicable in the context of Nigeria.

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Problems of Bibliographic Control in Nigeria

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Bibliographic control simply has to do with the organization of information. Bibliographic Control helps in properly identifying a source of information, avoid unnecessary repetition, and encourage the easy sharing of information and resources and the re-use of the bibliographic records.

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DAYANG NURJEEHAN HAJJAR BINTI JAMALLUDIN 

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DAYANG NURJEEHAN HAJJAR BINTI JAMALLUDIN 

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As we know, the definition of bibliographic control is the identification, description, analysis and classification of books and other materials of communication so that they may be effectively organized, stored, retrieved and they also used when they needed. If we can see, one of the problem of bibliographic control is lack of cooperation from printers. In Mauritius, the National Library as the national bibliographic centre has already been sent to more than 350 officially registered commercial printers, of whom any some 15% can be really considered as printers of the books. Because of this, a working session was also organized with them. So to solve this problem, they more intensive and systematic chasing, plan a regular working sessions with skate holders, inclusion of Mauritiana published abroad, keep updating the current legistration, provide the electronic version of current editions and they also upgrading staff training to solve this bibliographic problem.

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There are a lot of issues with bibliographic control. One of them, for example, is a lack of access to information and communication technologies in Nigeria. This is due to the fact that in Nigerian libraries, there is a lack of competence and knowledge in the use of technology, which is why their libraries are not yet well-known. To address this issue, the government may consider opening a free class for individuals in the area to learn more about current technology, allowing their library to become more fully digital.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Bibliographic control simply has to do with the organization of information.

Bibliographic Control helps in properly identifying a source of information, avoid unnecessary repetition, and encourage the easy sharing of information and resources and the re-use of the bibliographic records. The importance of bibliographic control is so that information about sources can be systematically arranged in such a way as to help information seekers know which information is available and where such can be found. This will aid learning and personal development in the nation. When each nation attempts to capture every book under its scheme, it becomes a national bibliography while the collective effort by various nations of the world is called the Universal Bibliographic Control.

It is the responsibility of a National bibliographic agency (NBA) to provide an authoritative bibliographic record of publications in its own country. This record should then be made available to other National bibliographic agencies around the world, libraries, archives, communities, and museums in the country. All for the purpose of increasing access to the bibliographic record.

Problems of Bibliographic control in Nigeria

Lack of access to Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in libraries and information centres in Nigeria is yet to be popular. The use of technology helps to digitize and automate data and records. Many personnel in the Library and Information sector are not equipped for its use and thus lack the education and skill needed to make the library sector more digitalized.

Lack of suitable automation software

Libraries in Nigeria lack access to the appropriate software to be used to automate and manage their database. This is a setback to organization of information in Nigerian libraries. Lack of access to the appropriate software is caused by issues such as lack of funding to invest in the purchase of the needed software, lack of building to house the automation equipment and unavailability of trained personnel.

Publishers and printer's non-compliance

There are many printing houses littered all over the country. Many of these printing houses are not well equipped. However, these ones keep publishing for many people. This makes it very difficult to know what has been produced and by whom and hence, difficult to compile a national bibliography. The Legal deposit law which requires publishers, distributors and printers to freely provide copies of their publications to the national collection is usually not adhered to. There is also no set agency established to ensure these laws are adhered to. This is a setback to bibliographic control in Nigeria.

Education of librarians and Information Technology Personnel

In order to ensure bibliographic control in Nigeria, all stakeholders, to include agencies and bodies in charge of Bibliography must ensure students of library and information course and all information professionals to be are well taught and equipped to handle the growing are fully prepared for the increasing complexity of the information environment where they will work. The lack of adequate education for information personals in Nigeria has contributed to the problems of national bibliographic control in Nigeria.

Lack of cooperation

Once, the National Library of Nigeria came up with an initiative to centralize all the catalogue entries for every book acquired by all libraries in the country. The project was not successful because some libraries lacked funds to participate.

Non-reading culture of Nigerians

There is a nonchalant attitude or total neglect of the book industry by the masses in Nigeria. This has hindered the growth of the book and the information sector of the country. This is in turn stands as a major obstacle in the production of national bibliography in Nigeria.

Non- compliance with International standards

The Universal Bibliographic Control is a programme aimed at attaining a standard registration of national bibliographies that are all connected. This is so that anyone can retrieve a document published from anywhere in the world. It is therefore important that Nigeria's bibliographic standards comply with international standards.

The National Library of Nigeria

The National Library of Nigeria needs to be empowered to perform its functions of Bibliography control. This includes the ability to implement laws and policies in order to achieve national bibliography control.

Ineffective management of the National Library of Nigeria houses

In order for the production of the National Bibliography to be relevant, it must be done regularly and on time. This depends on the employment of skilled manpower, funds, and the availability of the needed technical equipment. The Ineffective management of National libraries, as well as lack of funds, has made it impossible to publish an annual national bibliography.

Poor record-keeping

Many times, old documents are often destroyed quickly and not properly kept by a responsible agency. The poor record-keeping system in Nigeria can be solved through the establishment of technology-controlled systems in storing data.

The problem of cataloguing and Classification schemes adopted in Nigeria

The national bibliography in Nigeria is faced with the problems of cataloguing and classification scheme used by the National Library of Nigeria. The classification schemes adopted are not adaptable to the Nigerian context. The National Library of Nigeria needs to create its own expansion of the classification systems to address the country's specific needs, in terms of her history, literature and geography. The Nigerian context has its own issues such as ethnic diversities, different languages and requires professional skills and expertise well adapted to the Nigerian context to deal with them.

For example, the Anglo- American Classification Rules Second Edition (AACR2) which is popularly used in Nigeria does not help when with the treatment of non-western and non-Christian names and that of corporate and governmental bodies. Although, this issue is starting to be addressed as rules for the treatment of names in languages other than English have been given to the international body in charge so as to achieve Universal Bibliographic Control. The Anglo-American, British and American cataloguing rules are the main codes followed by catalogues here. However, these codes are applied and interpreted differently by libraries in the country. Although it is important that the cataloguing process conforms to international codes, however, it has to be practicable in the context of Nigeria.

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Problems of Bibliographic Control in Nigeria

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Bibliographic control simply has to do with the organization of information. Bibliographic Control helps in properly identifying a source of information, avoid unnecessary repetition, and encourage the easy sharing of information and resources and the re-use of the bibliographic records.

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The identification of items of literature that have been published or printed is the first fundamental challenge with bibliographic control. This is a difficult task in Nigeria. The country is enormous, and while there are few recognised publishers, printing firms abound in most cities. The vast majority of these printing shops are modest, under-resourced operations. Regardless, one of these printers is producing books for established publishers or for individual author-publishers at any given time. There is no way of knowing what has been created, by whom, or where.

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Problems of Bibliographic Control in Nigeria

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Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.

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The main problem of bibliographic control in Nigeria is their library’s software is not up to date. Other than that, their record keeping is very poor which makes the old records can be access by people easily. The solution to these problems are, the library’s board need to keep their library’s software updated so people in Nigeria can have the access to their website without going to the library frequently to ask on why the website isn’t working smoothly. This will help the society to get on some information regarding the bibliographic control in their website easily without having any problem on accessing into it. Next, the library’s board need to create something like a password or code number so people can’t access into the old records. This way will make the boards less worry about the old records which is the most fragile things for the library. In conclusion, every country's library should keep their library's software updated because it will help the society to get information about the bibliographic control and always keep their old records in a safe place.

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There are several issues regarding bibliographic control. One of the problems is poor record keeping. Old records and documents are mostly fragile and should be kept properly. However, they are frequently destroyed and not carefully stored by responsible agencies. In this modern era, this issue can be taken care of by implementing technology-controlled systems in storing data. Besides that, education of librarians and information technology personnel is also one the problems. The lack of adequate in this important profession can lead to difficulties in controlling bibliography in some particular countries, for example like Nigeria. So, in order to overcome this problem, the authorities in charge of bibliography must ensure that all information professionals to be are well-trained and adequately equipped for the jobs they will be accountable for. Other than that, the problem of bibliographic control is publishers and printers' non-compliance. Despite their lack of resources, printing businesses continue to publish for a large number of people. This contributes to the difficulties to know what has been produced and by whom. The way to solve this problem is by establishing a set of agency or organization that can ensure the legal deposit laws are followed.

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Bibliographic control simply has to do with the organization of information.

Bibliographic Control helps in properly identifying a source of information, avoid unnecessary repetition, and encourage the easy sharing of information and resources and the re-use of the bibliographic records. The importance of bibliographic control is so that information about sources can be systematically arranged in such a way as to help information seekers know which information is available and where such can be found. This will aid learning and personal development in the nation. When each nation attempts to capture every book under its scheme, it becomes a national bibliography while the collective effort by various nations of the world is called the Universal Bibliographic Control.

It is the responsibility of a National bibliographic agency (NBA) to provide an authoritative bibliographic record of publications in its own country. This record should then be made available to other National bibliographic agencies around the world, libraries, archives, communities, and museums in the country. All for the purpose of increasing access to the bibliographic record.

Problems of Bibliographic control in Nigeria

Lack of access to Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in libraries and information centres in Nigeria is yet to be popular. The use of technology helps to digitize and automate data and records. Many personnel in the Library and Information sector are not equipped for its use and thus lack the education and skill needed to make the library sector more digitalized.

Lack of suitable automation software

Libraries in Nigeria lack access to the appropriate software to be used to automate and manage their database. This is a setback to organization of information in Nigerian libraries. Lack of access to the appropriate software is caused by issues such as lack of funding to invest in the purchase of the needed software, lack of building to house the automation equipment and unavailability of trained personnel.

Publishers and printer's non-compliance

There are many printing houses littered all over the country. Many of these printing houses are not well equipped. However, these ones keep publishing for many people. This makes it very difficult to know what has been produced and by whom and hence, difficult to compile a national bibliography. The Legal deposit law which requires publishers, distributors and printers to freely provide copies of their publications to the national collection is usually not adhered to. There is also no set agency established to ensure these laws are adhered to. This is a setback to bibliographic control in Nigeria.

Education of librarians and Information Technology Personnel

In order to ensure bibliographic control in Nigeria, all stakeholders, to include agencies and bodies in charge of Bibliography must ensure students of library and information course and all information professionals to be are well taught and equipped to handle the growing are fully prepared for the increasing complexity of the information environment where they will work. The lack of adequate education for information personals in Nigeria has contributed to the problems of national bibliographic control in Nigeria.

Lack of cooperation

Once, the National Library of Nigeria came up with an initiative to centralize all the catalogue entries for every book acquired by all libraries in the country. The project was not successful because some libraries lacked funds to participate.

Non-reading culture of Nigerians

There is a nonchalant attitude or total neglect of the book industry by the masses in Nigeria. This has hindered the growth of the book and the information sector of the country. This is in turn stands as a major obstacle in the production of national bibliography in Nigeria.

Non- compliance with International standards

The Universal Bibliographic Control is a programme aimed at attaining a standard registration of national bibliographies that are all connected. This is so that anyone can retrieve a document published from anywhere in the world. It is therefore important that Nigeria's bibliographic standards comply with international standards.

The National Library of Nigeria

The National Library of Nigeria needs to be empowered to perform its functions of Bibliography control. This includes the ability to implement laws and policies in order to achieve national bibliography control.

Ineffective management of the National Library of Nigeria houses

In order for the production of the National Bibliography to be relevant, it must be done regularly and on time. This depends on the employment of skilled manpower, funds, and the availability of the needed technical equipment. The Ineffective management of National libraries, as well as lack of funds, has made it impossible to publish an annual national bibliography.

Poor record-keeping

Many times, old documents are often destroyed quickly and not properly kept by a responsible agency. The poor record-keeping system in Nigeria can be solved through the establishment of technology-controlled systems in storing data.

The problem of cataloguing and Classification schemes adopted in Nigeria

The national bibliography in Nigeria is faced with the problems of cataloguing and classification scheme used by the National Library of Nigeria. The classification schemes adopted are not adaptable to the Nigerian context. The National Library of Nigeria needs to create its own expansion of the classification systems to address the country's specific needs, in terms of her history, literature and geography. The Nigerian context has its own issues such as ethnic diversities, different languages and requires professional skills and expertise well adapted to the Nigerian context to deal with them.

For example, the Anglo- American Classification Rules Second Edition (AACR2) which is popularly used in Nigeria does not help when with the treatment of non-western and non-Christian names and that of corporate and governmental bodies. Although, this issue is starting to be addressed as rules for the treatment of names in languages other than English have been given to the international body in charge so as to achieve Universal Bibliographic Control. The Anglo-American, British and American cataloguing rules are the main codes followed by catalogues here. However, these codes are applied and interpreted differently by libraries in the country. Although it is important that the cataloguing process conforms to international codes, however, it has to be practicable in the context of Nigeria.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Problems of Bibliographic Control in Nigeria

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Bibliographic control simply has to do with the organization of information. Bibliographic Control helps in properly identifying a source of information, avoid unnecessary repetition, and encourage the easy sharing of information and resources and the re-use of the bibliographic records.

# data[].attributes.body
The problem of bibliographic control is lack of suitable automation software. Libraries in Nigeria lack access to the appropriate software  to be used to automate and manage their database. This is a setback to organization of information in Nigerian libraries. Lack of access to the appropriate software is caused by issues such as lack of funding to invest in the purchase of the needed software, lack of building to house the automation equipment and unavailability of trained personnel. The other reason is non-reading culture of Nigerians. There is a nonchalant attitude or total neglect of the book industry by the masses in Nigeria. This has hindered the growth of the book and the information sector of the country. This is in turn stands as a major obstacle in the production of national bibliography in Nigeria.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Bibliographic control simply has to do with the organization of information.

Bibliographic Control helps in properly identifying a source of information, avoid unnecessary repetition, and encourage the easy sharing of information and resources and the re-use of the bibliographic records. The importance of bibliographic control is so that information about sources can be systematically arranged in such a way as to help information seekers know which information is available and where such can be found. This will aid learning and personal development in the nation. When each nation attempts to capture every book under its scheme, it becomes a national bibliography while the collective effort by various nations of the world is called the Universal Bibliographic Control.

It is the responsibility of a National bibliographic agency (NBA) to provide an authoritative bibliographic record of publications in its own country. This record should then be made available to other National bibliographic agencies around the world, libraries, archives, communities, and museums in the country. All for the purpose of increasing access to the bibliographic record.

Problems of Bibliographic control in Nigeria

Lack of access to Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in libraries and information centres in Nigeria is yet to be popular. The use of technology helps to digitize and automate data and records. Many personnel in the Library and Information sector are not equipped for its use and thus lack the education and skill needed to make the library sector more digitalized.

Lack of suitable automation software

Libraries in Nigeria lack access to the appropriate software to be used to automate and manage their database. This is a setback to organization of information in Nigerian libraries. Lack of access to the appropriate software is caused by issues such as lack of funding to invest in the purchase of the needed software, lack of building to house the automation equipment and unavailability of trained personnel.

Publishers and printer's non-compliance

There are many printing houses littered all over the country. Many of these printing houses are not well equipped. However, these ones keep publishing for many people. This makes it very difficult to know what has been produced and by whom and hence, difficult to compile a national bibliography. The Legal deposit law which requires publishers, distributors and printers to freely provide copies of their publications to the national collection is usually not adhered to. There is also no set agency established to ensure these laws are adhered to. This is a setback to bibliographic control in Nigeria.

Education of librarians and Information Technology Personnel

In order to ensure bibliographic control in Nigeria, all stakeholders, to include agencies and bodies in charge of Bibliography must ensure students of library and information course and all information professionals to be are well taught and equipped to handle the growing are fully prepared for the increasing complexity of the information environment where they will work. The lack of adequate education for information personals in Nigeria has contributed to the problems of national bibliographic control in Nigeria.

Lack of cooperation

Once, the National Library of Nigeria came up with an initiative to centralize all the catalogue entries for every book acquired by all libraries in the country. The project was not successful because some libraries lacked funds to participate.

Non-reading culture of Nigerians

There is a nonchalant attitude or total neglect of the book industry by the masses in Nigeria. This has hindered the growth of the book and the information sector of the country. This is in turn stands as a major obstacle in the production of national bibliography in Nigeria.

Non- compliance with International standards

The Universal Bibliographic Control is a programme aimed at attaining a standard registration of national bibliographies that are all connected. This is so that anyone can retrieve a document published from anywhere in the world. It is therefore important that Nigeria's bibliographic standards comply with international standards.

The National Library of Nigeria

The National Library of Nigeria needs to be empowered to perform its functions of Bibliography control. This includes the ability to implement laws and policies in order to achieve national bibliography control.

Ineffective management of the National Library of Nigeria houses

In order for the production of the National Bibliography to be relevant, it must be done regularly and on time. This depends on the employment of skilled manpower, funds, and the availability of the needed technical equipment. The Ineffective management of National libraries, as well as lack of funds, has made it impossible to publish an annual national bibliography.

Poor record-keeping

Many times, old documents are often destroyed quickly and not properly kept by a responsible agency. The poor record-keeping system in Nigeria can be solved through the establishment of technology-controlled systems in storing data.

The problem of cataloguing and Classification schemes adopted in Nigeria

The national bibliography in Nigeria is faced with the problems of cataloguing and classification scheme used by the National Library of Nigeria. The classification schemes adopted are not adaptable to the Nigerian context. The National Library of Nigeria needs to create its own expansion of the classification systems to address the country's specific needs, in terms of her history, literature and geography. The Nigerian context has its own issues such as ethnic diversities, different languages and requires professional skills and expertise well adapted to the Nigerian context to deal with them.

For example, the Anglo- American Classification Rules Second Edition (AACR2) which is popularly used in Nigeria does not help when with the treatment of non-western and non-Christian names and that of corporate and governmental bodies. Although, this issue is starting to be addressed as rules for the treatment of names in languages other than English have been given to the international body in charge so as to achieve Universal Bibliographic Control. The Anglo-American, British and American cataloguing rules are the main codes followed by catalogues here. However, these codes are applied and interpreted differently by libraries in the country. Although it is important that the cataloguing process conforms to international codes, however, it has to be practicable in the context of Nigeria.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Problems of Bibliographic Control in Nigeria

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Bibliographic control simply has to do with the organization of information. Bibliographic Control helps in properly identifying a source of information, avoid unnecessary repetition, and encourage the easy sharing of information and resources and the re-use of the bibliographic records.

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Bibliography record are in themselves vital to researcher in the humanities. PC treatment of such records represents those issues which can be found in any use of PCs to series of characters instead of to figures, or of arrangements or halfway answers for the issue of dealing with bibliographic records has a double interest to the PC situated humanist.
This is the record of a workshop mutually supported by the Library and the PC Lab of the College of Newcastle upon Tyne. It is undeniably more deserving of cautious examination than the procedure of most comparable workshop held in the US. This actually holds despite the fact that this course met in July 1967, and these procedure were first distributed in UK somewhere in the range of two months after the fact.
There is a foreword, a prelude, a presentation, an outline, a book reference (sparse), a glossary (scantier), a rundown of members (recognized), and a record (human gathered and altered). This mechanical assembly encompasses exactly 16 papers with rundowns of the class conversation of each. The actual papers are in five significant groupings.
The first of these gathering, on handling frameworks, starts with a paper by Cox and J.D.Dew on the Newcastle document taking care of framework. This framework is a summed one up, in no way, shape or form restricted to bibliographic information. In spite of the fact that it is carried out just for KDF9, a subsequent age, little center PC, there is no such constraint in the reasoning displayed here, and the description of the issues of recognizable proof of proper components and sub-components and their dealing with is astounding. This is the most important paper in the book. It is trailed by two papers on unambiguous utilizations of the framework, one an association posting of periodicals and the other an examination of maternity review information.
The last paper in this gathering is maybe the second generally significant of the workshop, particularly from the perspective of the humanities researcher. It is by C.J Duncan of the PC typesetting project at Newcastle.

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The bibliographic control problem I got from this journal was collected from published reports and on-site visits to three university libraries that had been implemented using the OCLC system. The control problems found in this journal can be divided into two dimensions which are the technical dimensions associated with bibliographic control, and the social dimensions associated with human occupational behavior and job design. Implementation problems can be seen as one of the best ways to restructure the work, work, and staff strategy. This can be, it is cost-effective that meets both the requirements of network participation and the maintenance of the appropriate level of bibliographic control in the library's record system. The strategy to integrate other libraries into the cataloging support system of computer-based cooperative libraries is an effective strategy in providing a conceptual framework for development.

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ERIC - ED211121 - Bibliographic Control Problems and Organizational Change Issues Posed by the Implementation of a Computer Based Co-operative Cataloging Support System., 1976

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This study examined the problem of planned organizational and technological change in a university library catalog department implementing the shared cataloging system of OCLC, Inc. Information on the implementation experiences and problems of OCLC member libraries was gathered from published reports and on-site visits to three university libraries which have implemented the OCLC system.

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The problem of bibliographic control is bibliographic control using microforms. Microforms are used for the storage of documents that have been photographed and reduced in size in order to conserve space or to preserve materials that deteriorate rapidly and a general term used to describe the microfilm, microfiche, or microprints. Microforms cannot be used as the same way as printed materials. It is because microforms had a facilities or technology that can access microforms. The solution for this bibliographic control is provide more facilities to the library to access the microforms and spread more about how to use the facilities in order to access microforms.

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Chapter 5 of Managing Microforms in the Digital Age

Because microforms cannot be browsed in the same way as printed materiaks, bibliographic support in the form of finding aids or catalog records is vital to browsing and accessing microform collections. Collection managers are encouraged to plan for appropriate bibliographic control at the point of selection and acquisition.

Microforms, like other library collections, should be made accessible via comprehensive bibliographic control. Detailed bibliographic description helps clarify the content of large microform sets, which in turn helps increase the visibility and subsequent use of these specialized research collections.

Providing bibliographic control for microform collections is important because it facilitates access to specialized research materials and reduces duplicative purchases. Unfortunately, prior to the 1980s, microform collections were not given the same level of attention as their print counterparts. Several factors contributed to the inadequate bibliographic control of microform collections. First, many microform sets contained hundreds of titles. Many of these titles had not been cataloged as hard copy; therefore, each microfilm title required original cataloging. Institutions acquiring these sets simply did not have the human resources or, in some cases, the special subject expertise to properly address these unique materials. Nor did they have the time to use readers to painstakingly review each title. Many libraries had no choice but to set aside this costly task. This lack of bibliographic control sorely handicapped access to microform materials. As a result, many valuable and expensive sets were unfortunately underutilized, since their existence was not readily apparent to the public or even to library staff. The problems inherent in these hidden collections are myriad and include the costly duplication of materials, the unnecessary processing of interlibrary loan requests and, ultimately, the devaluation of an institution’s role in support of scholarly research.

Types of Bibliographic Access

At one time, access to microform collections was limited to the use of commercial microfilm lists, consortial holdings lists, printed guides, or finding aids. With the emergence of online catalogs, the behavior and expectations of researchers have changed over the years. Researchers prefer easy access and quick results. They appreciate what the online environment has to offer. It has become clear that the use of printed microform guides, which at one time played a vital role in microform usage, has become outdated. Researchers now consult them only as a last resort.

The minimum expectation today is that a unique bibliographic record for each title in a microform set or series resides in the online catalog. As the divide between the local online catalog and the World Wide Web diminishes, patrons increasingly expect to locate titles through the Internet. Bibliographic control continues to evolve to meet these research expectations.

The following subsections illustrate various methods that have been used by libraries over the years to provide access to microform collections.

Microform Title Lists from Micropublishers

Commercial microform lists prepared by micropublishers may provide individual titles within a set, or specific serial title/issue runs with or without reel or fiche numbers for each title. One drawback is that the quality of these lists varies considerably. Some guides may have good descriptions for each title and may provide corresponding reel or fiche numbers. Others may contain less-than-full information or employ a poor organizational system. In some cases, useful access points (e.g., author, subject indexes) are limited or not provided. Few institutions have the time or human resources to perform extensive verification upon receipt of a microform set with accompanying guide; therefore, the quality of these lists is rarely assessed.

Commercial Microform Guides

Many microform guides are regularly published by commercial indexing companies. This type of finding aid usually covers a large range of microform publications made available during a specific time period. Similar to other index resources, libraries that have acquired the guides might not necessarily own all the sets listed in the guides. Since publishers of this type of guide are reputable professional indexers, their products in general contain information of good quality.

Institutional Microform Guides

In the past, it was popular practice for libraries to prepare institutional guides to microform sets owned by the library to serve their local users. These locally compiled finding aids serve as inventories providing information such as set publisher, date of publication as well as a brief description of each set. Some inventories provide more detail, listing individual titles with a title description and general subject terms.

Compiling such guides could be very time-consuming. Knowing this, some libraries make their guides available to other institutions. This mechanism started a trend of interlibrary cooperation, which improved microform access.

Consortial Holdings Lists

Consortial holdings lists are typically compiled and used by libraries in the same geographical area. Like serials union lists, microform union lists serve interlibrary loan and collection development purposes. They are usually regularly updated although the information provided in union lists is usually brief. Individual titles in microform sets are not typically provided.

Individual Bibliographic Records in Online Catalogs

Unquestionably, providing analytic bibliographic records has proved to be the most effective approach for microform access. Its resulting ease of access outweighs the labor that has to be invested in taking such an approach. Recognizing the merits of providing analytic bibliographic records, collaboration among libraries to create such records for large microform set as described below has become the current trend.

Historic Bibliographic Control

The importance of bibliographic control of microform materials has been recognized and acknowledged since the mid-twentieth century. Effective action was not taken until the early 1980s, when several institutions and agencies started to steadily and systematically catalog microform sets of hundreds of items.

A major effort towards the improvement of microform access in the early days was the establishment of the National Register of Microform Masters (NRMM). The NRMM, undertaken by the Library of Congress was established to provide bibliographic control for microform masters and was published annually between 1965 and 1984. Its purpose was to establish a clearinghouse for the bibliographic control of microforms. It can also be considered the starting point of intensive progress in and development of bibliographic control of microform in the United States.

In 1984, the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) conducted a survey to identify microform sets that the survey respondents wanted to see cataloged. The survey results indicated that machine-readable bibliographic records were not available for many important microform sets. Based on the survey results, some libraries received grants to develop a cooperative cataloging project. Some libraries used their own resources and contributed to regional cooperative projects. Many micropublishers (like UMI) also joined this movement by providing cataloging records either through OCLC or contracted out for other libraries to catalog microform titles. This trend significantly changed and unquestionably enhanced the world of microform bibliographic control. It was then that comprehensive bibliographic control for microform materials started to become a reality.

In 1986, through grants from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and NEH, the Library of Congress and ARL launched the NRMM Retrospective Conversion Microform Project. In 1990, OCLC started to convert records in the NRMM into machine-readable format for the international community to access. The project was completed in December 1997. Approximately 579,000 records, representing monographs, serials and music scores, were converted. They are now available on OCLC.

In addition, OCLC also undertook its own Major Microform Project as part of its WorldCat Collection Sets initiative. This was an effort to catalog institutional microform collections on OCLC on a large scale in order to make worldwide access to these records possible. This continuing endeavor has made hundreds of microform set records available on OCLC.

Current Trend of Bibliographic Control

The current trend is to acquire MARC records of individual titles in microform sets and download them into institutions’ local catalogs. Besides OCLC set records, many major micropublishers or vendors also offer MARC record sets for purchase. Some vendors’ records are available on OCLC, while others are only available in the vendors’ internal databases. Typically, these vendors do not allow libraries to upload the proprietary records to OCLC.

The benefits of using vendors’ set records are numerous. Instead of spending an immeasurable amount of time searching, identifying, selecting, and downloading hundreds of thousands of records, one by one, from the utilities into local databases, today’s technology allows batch receiving and downloading collection set records remotely via file transfer protocol (FTP), thus making bibliographic records of microform sets available for public access within days or even hours.

Since the quality of these bibliographic records can vary greatly by vendor, it is best to evaluate a group of sample records before purchase. Some customization work may be needed before the records can be loaded, depending on local integrated library system conventions. Sometimes the vendor will agree to do this, if minor, and sometimes the library will need to do it themselves either manually (for small numbers of records) or by having a programmer write a script that will automatically perform the necessary functions to customize the records to fit local needs. Recently, open source MARC editing tools, such as MarcEdit, have become popular for libraries to perform batch changes of MARC records. For identification, batch changes or deletion purposes, it is also a good idea to flag purchased records in some way within your local catalog, such as using a separate location code or adding a local note field identifying the vendor or adding a prefix to the record control number.

Microform Cataloging

Since improvements in technology in the late 1990s made batch processing of record sets possible, many libraries have adopted this mechanism and have started to load hundreds of records all at once into their local online catalogs. Rarely do libraries check the large quantity of records before batch process. To maintain the quality of the record sets created either by individual libraries or commercial publishers or vendors, certain guidelines are needed for quality and consistency. In 2005, ALCTS published Guidelines for Cataloging of Record Sets: Reproductions (Microform and Electronic) and Original Sets.1 This publication instructs cataloging institutions to follow Library of Congress Rule Interpretations (LCRI) and MARC21 format for bibliographic data standards. Cataloging records for reproductions based on existing records should be created in a consistent manner. Title-access level records, rather than set-access level records, should always be provided for easy retrieval of reproduction sets.

Cataloging microforms, like the cataloging of other types of materials, entails bibliographic description and providing access to resources. In general, a bibliographic record contains descriptive data and access data. Descriptive data consists of descriptions transcribed or supplied by catalogers, such as author, title, imprint information, physical description (pagination, illustrated matter, dimensions) and other related information that will help researchers find, identify, select and obtain the resource. Access data, such as names and subjects, is indexed data that is normally assigned by catalogers and used for retrieval purposes.

Catalogers who create bibliographic records are strongly encouraged to follow established cataloging standards, namely, contents standards and data standards. The purpose of using standards is twofold. First, standards ensure a level of consistency so that bibliographic descriptions can be understood by users in different libraries. Second, such cataloging records can also be shared electronically among institutions over different libraries’ integrated systems. This is important, as acquiring vendor-supplied records for large microform sets has been, and will continue to be, the primary method of providing bibliographic access to library microform materials.

Cataloging Rules and Practice

Although catalogers in the United States follow the Anglo American Cataloging Rules (AACR), for many years the cataloging of microform reproductions has been done in two substantially different ways.

Cataloging Based on the Reproduction

The main difference lies in the standards that are followed in creating bibliographic descriptions. The second edition of AACR, AACR2, asks that bibliographic descriptions of microform be based on the reproduction in hand, a practice that is at odds with the rules in the first edition. Libraries that follow AACR2 argue that the bibliographic description should always be based on the item in hand because this reflects the bona fide manifestation. Some libraries disagree, arguing that original-item information is more helpful to library users than its reproduction. Researchers look for certain editions of publications. A lack of specific original-publication information will handicap user access and scholarly research. Also, it is more cost-effective to copy an existing bibliographic record of the original publication and provide additional reproduction description.

Cataloging Based on the Original

The latter practice, begun most prominently by the Library of Congress and marking a departure from the AACR2 rules, was later officially listed in the Library of Congress Rules Interpretation (LCRI) and adopted by many libraries in the United States. In recent years, several guidelines on cataloging of microform reproduction have been based on the LCRI, namely, Guidelines for Cataloging Microform Sets; Guidelines for Bibliographic Records for Preservation Microform Masters; Guidelines for Cataloging of Record Sets; and Reproductions (Microform and Electronic) and Original Sets.2 All of these guidelines ask catalogers to follow the LCRI for descriptive data and AACR2 for choice and form of heading.

Resource Description and Access

Resource Description and Access (RDA) is the new cataloging content standard that was recently developed under the stewardship of the Joint Steering Committee for Development of RDA. RDA will gradually replace AACR2 when libraries across the world begin to implement this new standard in 2013.

RDA was developed under the framework of Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) in an effort to provide a more structured and user-friendly library catalog. FRBR, a conceptual model developed by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) in the 1990s, identified basic levels of bibliographic elements that a bibliographic record should contain in order to fulfill user tasks (that is find, identify, select, and obtain library materials). The FRBR model uses entity relationships to present the four levels of entities in a bibliographic record, that is, work, expression, manifestation, and item. The purpose of adopting the FRBR model was to make bibliographic records more logical and intuitive, with distinctive entity-level bibliographic elements, thus facilitating the user tasks. Under the FRBR framework, a microform reproduction is considered a reproduction of another manifestation and cataloged as such, as described in RDA chapter 27.

RDA continues the AACR2 practice of instructing catalogers to base bibliographic descriptions on the reproduction and the current piece in hand rather than the original item. It also asks that catalogers provide bibliographic links to various versions (formats or manifestations) of the same expression of the work and/or title. During the RDA draft commenting period, according to the RDA online discussion list, some catalogers asked for the option of adding bibliographic information for the original manifestation to the reproduction record or piece in hand. Others asked for the option of providing both “reproduction piece in hand” information and the “original manifestation” information in parallel fields in one bibliographic record. This reflects the single-record practice for publications in multiple formats.

The Library of Congress undertook a comprehensive reassessment of policy for cataloging microform reproductions under RDA during the RDA testing period. A white paper on the treatment of reproductions under RDA was issued and outlined in the Library of Congress Policy Statement 27.1.1.3.3 Final decisions are yet to be made.

RDA and General Material Designation. Unlike AACR2, RDA discontinues the practice of using the general material designation (GMD) to denote the format of a non-print material and replace it with three elements: content, media and carrier. Three different MARC fields (336, 337, 338) have been defined for these three elements. Providing GMD in the title proper field has not been an ideal practice. This is especially true in an online environment as it interferes with title indexing and access. According the MARC standards, GMD should be placed between the main title and the subtitle. All integrated library systems that are currently available on the market index GMD as part of the title. This impedes title phrase access when an item has both a main title and a subtitle. Furthermore, GMD cannot fully describe the content and carrier aspects of an item, thus creating confusion when users try to access materials in multiple formats. Using separate elements to describe the content, media and carrier aspects should eliminate the access issue and provide more information to facilitate the FRBR user tasks.

Single-Record Approach

The single-record approach, practiced for many years by many libraries, involves using one bibliographic record to represent multiple versions of a publication of library holdings. In the case of microform reproduction, a record can have descriptions of the original print publication and use notes or a holdings record to indicate the reproduction aspect of its microform counterpart. In addition to saving catalogers time in creating bibliographic records for titles in both formats, this approach also consolidates holdings. Library users only need to consult one record for all the holdings of different formats of the same publication. It is especially helpful in dealing with periodical collections where holdings information is especially important and heavily used.

Multiple-Record Approach

Contrary to the single-record approach, the multiple-record approach set forth in AACR2 and RDA is also practiced by libraries. According to the above-mentioned cataloging rules, each manifestation should have a bibliographic record represented in the library catalog. If a library has a title that exists both in print and microform formats, two bibliographic records (one for the print and one for the microform) will be provided. Although it is time-consuming to create multiple full-level bibliographic records, users can get complete bibliographic descriptions of both manifestations, and the separate records will each individually supply essential access points which will enhance retrieval. This practice has become more popular since vendors began making available electronic batch-processing of the microform record sets that they supplied. Libraries can easily load large record-sets into their online catalog for public access. Records in the set are descriptions of microform publications. It aligns with the separate-record approach. Recognizing the benefits of batch processing record sets, libraries that previously adopted single-record practice have also started using this type of service allowing dual practices in their local databases.

Microform Use and Access

During the same time period when microform use was on the rise, literature reported on patrons’ dissatisfaction with and resistance of the various microformats, although microfiche seemed less unwieldy than microfilm.4 The difficulties with handling the physical pieces and manipulating the equipment led to resistance on the part of users. Long-term reading on dimly lit screens was also a deterrent, although that was aided by the development of reader/printers. The advent of interfacing of microform readers with desktop computers has helped reduce user avoidance of microforms. Effectively digitally scanning the microforms on demand, this technology also allows users to walk away with digital images stored in portable devices, not just printouts, and allows library staff to distribute the information through electronic reserves and courseware. The improved quality of the images also helps address user complaints about difficulty reading microform.

Despite these advances in microform reading technology, as recently as 2007 librarians were reporting that users considered microforms a resource of last resort. This is in line with some study reports. Based on the 2003 OCLC Environmental Scan and a 2007 study conducted by Oregon State University on user behaviors, researchers often select the most convenient way to obtain information, even if the information may be less useful than other resources.5 One of the questions in an online survey conducted by the authors in October 2008 asked participants to characterize use of microforms at their institution. The single most frequent response indicated a desire for patrons to make paper printouts from microforms. The next most frequent response was that undergraduates almost never use microforms and always prefer an online version. That was closely followed by the desire of patrons to make digital copies from microforms. Just over a third of the responses indicated that graduate students, faculty, historians, and genealogists use microforms frequently and have a tolerable comfort level with them, while undergraduates use them only sometimes. More than half the responses indicated that libraries permit self-service of microforms, while more than a third lend microforms to other libraries.

As the general populace becomes increasingly dependent on the ease of Internet access to resources, the requirement to have to visit a physical place and use a dedicated machine can be expected to continue to negatively impact the use of microforms except by the most intrepid of researchers. Inclusion of MARC records in online catalogs will assist discovery of these materials, but conversion to a digital format is needed to make them truly accessible.

Reference Notes

1. Association for Library Collections & Technical Services, “Guidelines for Cataloging Record Sets: Reproductions (Microform and Electronic) and Original Sets,” 2006, www.ala.org/alcts/resources/org/cat/catrecordsets.

2. Association for Library Collections & Technical Services, “Guidelines for Cataloging Microform Sets,” 1989, www.ala.org/alcts/resources/org/cat/guidecat; Crystal Graham, Guidelines for Bibliographic Records for Preservation Microform Masters, (Washington, DC: Association of Research Libraries, 1990); ALCTS, “Guidelines for Cataloging Record Sets: Reproductions.”

3. Library of Congress-Program for Cooperative Cataloging, "Reconsidering the Cataloging Treatment of Reproductions," 2010, www.loc.gov/aba/pcc/reports/reproductions.pdf; Library of Congress-Program for Cooperative Cataloging Policy Statements (2012) 27.1.1.3. http://access.rdatoolkit.org/lcpschp27.html.

4. Jean Walter Farrington, “The Use of Microforms in Libraries: Concerns of the Last Ten Years,” The Serials Librarian 10, issue 1/2 (1985): 195–99.

5. Cathy De Rosa et al., The 2003 OCLC Environmental Scan (Dublin, Ohio: OCLC, 2003), www.oclc.org/reports/escan/introduction/default.htm.

back to contents  |  forward to chapter 6

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The lack of cooperation from printers is the difficulty with bibliographic control.
More than 350 officially registered commercial printers have already received the required legislation pertaining to legal deposit outlining the function of the National Library as the national bibliographic center, of which only around 15% may be called real book printers. They were also invited to a working session. The majority of newspaper printers follow this regulation to the letter. Only 35% of monograph printers and producers of audiovisual materials, on the other hand, deposit copies with the National Library on a regular basis. Printers are increasingly omitting their names from new publications, maybe as a simple ruse to avoid complying with the terms of the legal deposit legislation, which specifically lists the printer as the person responsible for depositing copies. As a result, more intensive and systematic chasing is the best strategy to fix the situation. In the national bibliography, it is necessary to rearrange the chasing of library items to ensure comprehensiveness, currency, timeliness, and better authoritativeness (Parent 2007). New book reviews in the press are helpful, but insufficient. These must be supplemented by weekly visits to all five towns' major bookshops in order to track down each and every new title, which is frequently published by individual authors, printed and sold in small quantities due to the market's limited size, and frequently without mentioning the printer's name. In addition, after the monthly visits by library staff, there must be strict follow-up with all printers.

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National Bibliographic Control in Mauritius: issues and challenges

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Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers.

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One of the problem of bibliographic control is the lack of access to information and communication technology (ICT). In Nigeria, it is said that the use of information and communication technology is not popular. Hence, the use of bibliographic control become a problem. To solve this problem, the government and the information and communication technology (ICT) department needs to promote and upgrade the use of technology. By doing so, people can have access to to the library and information sector. The other reason why lack of ICT brings problem to the bibliographic control is because many personnel in the library and information sector are not equipped for its use and thus the lack of education and skill needed to make the library sector more digitalize. To overcome this problem, it is important to start to give education and skill regarding the library sector and combine it with ICT to be able to digitalize it and make it possible for other National bibliographic agencies around the world, libraries, archive, communities and museums in the country to have access to the bibliographic record.

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One of the problems with bibliographic control is the lack of cooperation. This problem happens in Nigeria. For a long time, the National Library of Nigeria proposed a project to consolidate all catalog entries for every book bought by all of the country's libraries. The initiative was not a success since several libraries were unable to participate due to a lack of money. To solve this type of problem, Employees must foster a willingness to collaborate with one another. Employees, for example, might agree to create fundraising projects so that everyone can participate in any activity planned by the Nigerian National Library. Employees might also get experience by taking part in planned initiatives.

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Bibliographic control simply has to do with the organization of information.

Bibliographic Control helps in properly identifying a source of information, avoid unnecessary repetition, and encourage the easy sharing of information and resources and the re-use of the bibliographic records. The importance of bibliographic control is so that information about sources can be systematically arranged in such a way as to help information seekers know which information is available and where such can be found. This will aid learning and personal development in the nation. When each nation attempts to capture every book under its scheme, it becomes a national bibliography while the collective effort by various nations of the world is called the Universal Bibliographic Control.

It is the responsibility of a National bibliographic agency (NBA) to provide an authoritative bibliographic record of publications in its own country. This record should then be made available to other National bibliographic agencies around the world, libraries, archives, communities, and museums in the country. All for the purpose of increasing access to the bibliographic record.

Problems of Bibliographic control in Nigeria

Lack of access to Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in libraries and information centres in Nigeria is yet to be popular. The use of technology helps to digitize and automate data and records. Many personnel in the Library and Information sector are not equipped for its use and thus lack the education and skill needed to make the library sector more digitalized.

Lack of suitable automation software

Libraries in Nigeria lack access to the appropriate software to be used to automate and manage their database. This is a setback to organization of information in Nigerian libraries. Lack of access to the appropriate software is caused by issues such as lack of funding to invest in the purchase of the needed software, lack of building to house the automation equipment and unavailability of trained personnel.

Publishers and printer's non-compliance

There are many printing houses littered all over the country. Many of these printing houses are not well equipped. However, these ones keep publishing for many people. This makes it very difficult to know what has been produced and by whom and hence, difficult to compile a national bibliography. The Legal deposit law which requires publishers, distributors and printers to freely provide copies of their publications to the national collection is usually not adhered to. There is also no set agency established to ensure these laws are adhered to. This is a setback to bibliographic control in Nigeria.

Education of librarians and Information Technology Personnel

In order to ensure bibliographic control in Nigeria, all stakeholders, to include agencies and bodies in charge of Bibliography must ensure students of library and information course and all information professionals to be are well taught and equipped to handle the growing are fully prepared for the increasing complexity of the information environment where they will work. The lack of adequate education for information personals in Nigeria has contributed to the problems of national bibliographic control in Nigeria.

Lack of cooperation

Once, the National Library of Nigeria came up with an initiative to centralize all the catalogue entries for every book acquired by all libraries in the country. The project was not successful because some libraries lacked funds to participate.

Non-reading culture of Nigerians

There is a nonchalant attitude or total neglect of the book industry by the masses in Nigeria. This has hindered the growth of the book and the information sector of the country. This is in turn stands as a major obstacle in the production of national bibliography in Nigeria.

Non- compliance with International standards

The Universal Bibliographic Control is a programme aimed at attaining a standard registration of national bibliographies that are all connected. This is so that anyone can retrieve a document published from anywhere in the world. It is therefore important that Nigeria's bibliographic standards comply with international standards.

The National Library of Nigeria

The National Library of Nigeria needs to be empowered to perform its functions of Bibliography control. This includes the ability to implement laws and policies in order to achieve national bibliography control.

Ineffective management of the National Library of Nigeria houses

In order for the production of the National Bibliography to be relevant, it must be done regularly and on time. This depends on the employment of skilled manpower, funds, and the availability of the needed technical equipment. The Ineffective management of National libraries, as well as lack of funds, has made it impossible to publish an annual national bibliography.

Poor record-keeping

Many times, old documents are often destroyed quickly and not properly kept by a responsible agency. The poor record-keeping system in Nigeria can be solved through the establishment of technology-controlled systems in storing data.

The problem of cataloguing and Classification schemes adopted in Nigeria

The national bibliography in Nigeria is faced with the problems of cataloguing and classification scheme used by the National Library of Nigeria. The classification schemes adopted are not adaptable to the Nigerian context. The National Library of Nigeria needs to create its own expansion of the classification systems to address the country's specific needs, in terms of her history, literature and geography. The Nigerian context has its own issues such as ethnic diversities, different languages and requires professional skills and expertise well adapted to the Nigerian context to deal with them.

For example, the Anglo- American Classification Rules Second Edition (AACR2) which is popularly used in Nigeria does not help when with the treatment of non-western and non-Christian names and that of corporate and governmental bodies. Although, this issue is starting to be addressed as rules for the treatment of names in languages other than English have been given to the international body in charge so as to achieve Universal Bibliographic Control. The Anglo-American, British and American cataloguing rules are the main codes followed by catalogues here. However, these codes are applied and interpreted differently by libraries in the country. Although it is important that the cataloguing process conforms to international codes, however, it has to be practicable in the context of Nigeria.

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Problems of Bibliographic Control in Nigeria

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Bibliographic control simply has to do with the organization of information. Bibliographic Control helps in properly identifying a source of information, avoid unnecessary repetition, and encourage the easy sharing of information and resources and the re-use of the bibliographic records.

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The problem in bibliographic control is lack of access to information and communication technology (ICT). For example, in Nigeria the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in libraries and information centres is not so popular. Thus, there are ways to solve this problem is by teaching someone one-on-one to use an (ICT), or simply providing training materials. Moreover, lack of suitable automation software. For example, libraries in Nigeria lack access to the appropriate software to be used to automate and manage their database. Ways to solve this problem is by having funding to invest in the purchase of the needed software. Also, more building to house the automation equipment and having trained personnel. Lastly, lack education of librarians and information technology personnel. In order to solve this problem is by making sure students of library and information course and all information professionals to be are well taught and equipped to handle the growing are fully prepared for the increasing complexity of the information environment where they will work.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Bibliographic control simply has to do with the organization of information.

Bibliographic Control helps in properly identifying a source of information, avoid unnecessary repetition, and encourage the easy sharing of information and resources and the re-use of the bibliographic records. The importance of bibliographic control is so that information about sources can be systematically arranged in such a way as to help information seekers know which information is available and where such can be found. This will aid learning and personal development in the nation. When each nation attempts to capture every book under its scheme, it becomes a national bibliography while the collective effort by various nations of the world is called the Universal Bibliographic Control.

It is the responsibility of a National bibliographic agency (NBA) to provide an authoritative bibliographic record of publications in its own country. This record should then be made available to other National bibliographic agencies around the world, libraries, archives, communities, and museums in the country. All for the purpose of increasing access to the bibliographic record.

Problems of Bibliographic control in Nigeria

Lack of access to Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in libraries and information centres in Nigeria is yet to be popular. The use of technology helps to digitize and automate data and records. Many personnel in the Library and Information sector are not equipped for its use and thus lack the education and skill needed to make the library sector more digitalized.

Lack of suitable automation software

Libraries in Nigeria lack access to the appropriate software to be used to automate and manage their database. This is a setback to organization of information in Nigerian libraries. Lack of access to the appropriate software is caused by issues such as lack of funding to invest in the purchase of the needed software, lack of building to house the automation equipment and unavailability of trained personnel.

Publishers and printer's non-compliance

There are many printing houses littered all over the country. Many of these printing houses are not well equipped. However, these ones keep publishing for many people. This makes it very difficult to know what has been produced and by whom and hence, difficult to compile a national bibliography. The Legal deposit law which requires publishers, distributors and printers to freely provide copies of their publications to the national collection is usually not adhered to. There is also no set agency established to ensure these laws are adhered to. This is a setback to bibliographic control in Nigeria.

Education of librarians and Information Technology Personnel

In order to ensure bibliographic control in Nigeria, all stakeholders, to include agencies and bodies in charge of Bibliography must ensure students of library and information course and all information professionals to be are well taught and equipped to handle the growing are fully prepared for the increasing complexity of the information environment where they will work. The lack of adequate education for information personals in Nigeria has contributed to the problems of national bibliographic control in Nigeria.

Lack of cooperation

Once, the National Library of Nigeria came up with an initiative to centralize all the catalogue entries for every book acquired by all libraries in the country. The project was not successful because some libraries lacked funds to participate.

Non-reading culture of Nigerians

There is a nonchalant attitude or total neglect of the book industry by the masses in Nigeria. This has hindered the growth of the book and the information sector of the country. This is in turn stands as a major obstacle in the production of national bibliography in Nigeria.

Non- compliance with International standards

The Universal Bibliographic Control is a programme aimed at attaining a standard registration of national bibliographies that are all connected. This is so that anyone can retrieve a document published from anywhere in the world. It is therefore important that Nigeria's bibliographic standards comply with international standards.

The National Library of Nigeria

The National Library of Nigeria needs to be empowered to perform its functions of Bibliography control. This includes the ability to implement laws and policies in order to achieve national bibliography control.

Ineffective management of the National Library of Nigeria houses

In order for the production of the National Bibliography to be relevant, it must be done regularly and on time. This depends on the employment of skilled manpower, funds, and the availability of the needed technical equipment. The Ineffective management of National libraries, as well as lack of funds, has made it impossible to publish an annual national bibliography.

Poor record-keeping

Many times, old documents are often destroyed quickly and not properly kept by a responsible agency. The poor record-keeping system in Nigeria can be solved through the establishment of technology-controlled systems in storing data.

The problem of cataloguing and Classification schemes adopted in Nigeria

The national bibliography in Nigeria is faced with the problems of cataloguing and classification scheme used by the National Library of Nigeria. The classification schemes adopted are not adaptable to the Nigerian context. The National Library of Nigeria needs to create its own expansion of the classification systems to address the country's specific needs, in terms of her history, literature and geography. The Nigerian context has its own issues such as ethnic diversities, different languages and requires professional skills and expertise well adapted to the Nigerian context to deal with them.

For example, the Anglo- American Classification Rules Second Edition (AACR2) which is popularly used in Nigeria does not help when with the treatment of non-western and non-Christian names and that of corporate and governmental bodies. Although, this issue is starting to be addressed as rules for the treatment of names in languages other than English have been given to the international body in charge so as to achieve Universal Bibliographic Control. The Anglo-American, British and American cataloguing rules are the main codes followed by catalogues here. However, these codes are applied and interpreted differently by libraries in the country. Although it is important that the cataloguing process conforms to international codes, however, it has to be practicable in the context of Nigeria.

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Problems of Bibliographic Control in Nigeria

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Bibliographic control simply has to do with the organization of information. Bibliographic Control helps in properly identifying a source of information, avoid unnecessary repetition, and encourage the easy sharing of information and resources and the re-use of the bibliographic records.

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Problem of Bibliographic Control? How to Solve That Problem?

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Problem of Bibliographic Control? How to Solve That Problem?

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The problem of the bibliographic control:-
1. Lack of Access to information and communication technology(ICT).
This types of problem occur when the use of information and communication technology(ICT) in libraries and information is yet to be popular in a certain place. When the fact us the use of technology helps to digitize and automate data and records.
Therefore, we can rely on the government to change the direction by giving its people freedom in accessing the world by using ICT such as the internet. They can start slowly by approaching the education sector to proving them a better experience in using, operating and accessing the Information And Communication Technology(ICT).

2. Poor Record-Keeping
Most of the time, the old types of documents were often destroyed quickly and were not properly kept by the responsible party. Good Record-Keeping play a huge role in making sure the past event or historical moments are going to be helped in finding the information that is needed in the future.
The poor Record-Keeping system can be solved through the establishment of technology-controlled systems for storing data. An example is the use of Destiny Library Manager and Alma as Record-Keeping systems.

3. Non-Compliance with the International Standards
The Universal Bibliographic Control is a programme that aimed to attain the standard registration of national bibliographies that were all connected. Therefore, anyone and everyone can retrieve a document that is published format anywhere in the world.
When it comes to "standards", It is important for a certain agency or institution to follow them as this is going to be easier for every other institution or agency out there that is available to borrow or share each other information because of the bibliographic standards in each other comply with the international standards

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one of the bibliographic control is the lack of information and communication technology (ICT). a certain country, they don't have the ICT facilities. many data and records cant be digitized and automated. this can lead to unorganized bibliographic in the library. the way to solve this problem is by providing ICT facilities to the library. this can help them to organize the bibliography easily. as for Nigeria, they need to learn more about ICT usage in order to organize the bibliography nicely. there is a certain country that lacks ICT knowledge, band because of that people need to learn about the ICT more. to conclude my point, every library in every country needs to have ICT facilities and the knowledge about how to use it to organize the bibliography nicely.

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL PROBLEM & ITS SOLUTION

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL PROBLEM & ITS SOLUTION

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Bibliographic control activities have generally developed in Africa randomly over the years. However, various issues contribute to the challenges in compiling bibliographies in Africa. Slow adoption of ICT, for example. This is due to the fact that information and communication technology (ICT) has yet to acquire traction in African libraries and information centers. The country's restrictions and limited investment are to blame. Therefore, they must integrate print material digitization. The first step is for African countries to digitize any valuable print or published information. In my opinion, only by fast embracing new technology will African nations be able to surge forward to the vanguard of the new global technological order, and only then would Bibliographic Control activities be completely realized in African countries.

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Problem of the Bibliographic control and solution

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Problem of the Bibliographic control and solution

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the problem of the bibliographic control problems that happened is the lack of suitable automation software. Every library needs a good suitable automation software to organize the information in libraries. Lack of access to the appropriate software is caused by issues such as lack of funding to invest in the purchase of the needed software.every library that have a same problem like this very hard to organize the system and The library.This is software is also help system organize and invest the purchase that software need.Lack of building to the house the automation equipment and unavailability of trained personal.Moreover,all library need to organize library with software system to make sure all the is organize.I think every library should upgrade the software and find someone that know about ict and technology .

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THE PROBLEM OF BIBLIOGRAPHY CONTROL AND WAYS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM.

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THE PROBLEM OF BIBLIOGRAPHY CONTROL AND WAYS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM.

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The problem of bibliography control is Lack of Cooperation From Printers.

The relevant legislation pertaining to legal deposit explaining the role of the National Library as the national bibliographic centre has already been sent to more than 350 ofﬁcially registered commercial printers,

of whom only some 15 percent can be really considered as printers of books. A working session was also organized with them. Most printers of newspapers fully

comply with this regulation. However, only 35 percent of printers of monographs and producers of audiovisual materials regularly deposit copies with the National Library. There is a growing tendency among

printers not to insert their names in new publications perhaps an easy ploy to avoid complying with the provisions of the legal deposit regulation, which explicitly

mentions the printer as the one responsible for depositing copies. Therefore way to solve the problem is More Intensive and Systematic Chasing. There is a necessity to reorganize the chasing of library materials to ensure comprehensiveness, currency,

timeliness and greater authoritativeness (Parent 2007) in the national bibliography. Press reviews of new titles are useful but inadequate. These must be complemented by weekly visits to the major bookshops in

all the ﬁve towns in order to trace each and every new title which is often published by individual authors, printed and sold in small quantities due to the restricted size of the market and often without mentioning the

printer’s name. In addition, there must be rigorous follow-up with all the printers after the monthly visits by library staff.

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National Bibliographic Control in Mauritius: issues and challenges

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Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers.

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PROBLEM BIBLIOGRAPHY AND WAYS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM.

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PROBLEM BIBLIOGRAPHY AND WAYS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM.

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The problem of bibliography is lack of cooperation from printers.

The relevant legislation pertaining to legal deposit explaining the role of the National Library as the national bibliographic centre has already been sent to more than 350 ofﬁcially registered commercial printers,

of whom only some 15 percent can be really considered as printers of books. A working session was also organized with them. Most printers of newspapers fully

comply with this regulation. However, only 35 percent of printers of monographs and producers of audio visual materials regularly deposit copies with the National Library. There is a growing tendency among printers not to insert their names in new publications perhaps an easy ploy to avoid complying with the provisions of the legal deposit regulation, which explicitly

mentions the printer as the one responsible for depositing copies. Therefore, way to solve the problem is More Intensive and Systematic Chasing. There is a necessity to reorganize the chasing of library materials to ensure comprehensiveness, currency,

timeliness and greater authoritativeness (Parent 2007) in the national bibliography. Press reviews of new titles are useful but inadequate. These must be complemented by weekly visits to the major bookshops in

all the ﬁve towns in order to trace each and every new title which is often published by individual authors, printed and sold in small quantities due to the restricted size of the market and often without mentioning the

printer’s name. In addition, there must be rigorous follow-up with all the printers after the monthly visits by library staff.

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National Bibliographic Control in Mauritius: issues and challenges

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Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers.

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Bibliographic Control Problem & Solution

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Bibliographic Control Problem & Solution

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One of the bibliographic control problems that happened in Nigeria is having poor record-keeping. Every library needs to make sure it can keep its record safely. Having good record-keeping is very important because good record-keeping helps you to find and share the information you need. It also helps with storing any data and record safely inside the library system. As for the library in Nigeria, their old documents are often destroyed quickly and not properly kept by a responsible agency many times. Therefore, their library needs to establish a technology-controlled system to make sure the records and data can be kept safely. They should hire a technologically literate person to make sure this system works very well to keep the records.

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What is the problem of bibliographic control? How to solve that problem?

Please attach the images/link/document that relate to the problem too.

Thank you! Have a great day ahead.

Regards,
NK

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PROBLEMS AND WAYS OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL

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PROBLEMS AND WAYS OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL

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In general, bibliographic control means the description, classification and analysis of books and also the materials of communication to ease the user when needed it, organized and stored the materials. In the documents shown Nigeria having a problems in bibliographic control which they having trouble in handling as well as controlling it. However, there are problems in bibliographic control such as inaccessibility in accessing the published materials, lack of method in bibliographic control and not having reading habits. They can't access the published materials probably because they are lagging in technological advances in modern ICT. This bibliographic control really ease the user in terms of using, finding and it may save the user's time since the materials has been organized clearly. Therefore, ways to solve this problems is by improving in organizing and classification materials system. Moreover, they should train and enhance the librarian skills in organize materials more effectively.