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Due to Napoleon's actions (invasion of Spain), Latin America began to declare independence from their mother country; Spain. The Haitian Revolution was in Saint Domingue, a French colony. Led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, slaves revolted and defeated Spanish, French, and British armies, which led to slavery being abolished (1793) and also led to their independence from France (1804).

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Napoleon grew in rank through the French military, he led a coup and overthrew the Directory in 1799, and then, in 1804, he crowned himself emperor. During his rule, he created the Napoleonic Code (of which spread Enlightenment ideas), he had conquered territory for France in the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815), and he also helped with the spread of nationalism. However, he had a downfall; when invading Russia (just because Russia didn't want to join the Continental System (1812)), Russia used the scorched-earth policy, of which led to the weakening of Napoleon's forces. To end with this, he had been exiled twice; first to Elba (1814) and second to St. Helena (1815).

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The Congress of Vienna is a short topic. It started with European leaders meeting in Vienna, Austria to restore order. Their goal? To undo the mess of the French Revolution. Led by Klemens von Metternich, they worked to restore monarchies (Conservatism), bring up a Balance of Power, and they changed political boundaries (restored France's pre-revolutionary boundaries, and the HRE was replaced by the German Confederation.

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The Italian Unification was led by three people (mainly): Mazzini (1805-1872), Cavour (1810-1861), and Garibaldi (1807-1882). Mazzini, the "Soul" of them, had inspired nationalism into people while Cavour, the "Brains", had united Northern Italy through diplomacy. Meanwhile, Garibaldi, the "Sword" of the three, led an army, called the Red Shirts, fighting for unification. Garibaldi also conjoined Northern Italy to the southern end (Southern Italy).

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Because of all of these events, European nations had changed tremendously. From laws and rules, to people's freedom and rights, so much had changed. Napoleon, Metternich, Toussaint L'Ouverture, and all others impacted and influenced a lot during the 1800s (and a few years before so, too (1780s-ish)). Colonies declared independence, and government structures were built up and brought down, just to be rebuilt anew again.