# data[].attributes.body
1)Moderns are used with computers to transfer data from 1 computer to another computer through telephone lines

2)Data-link layer

3)Disadvantage: Very slow performance

4)Advantage:
-Inexpensive hardware and telephone lines.
-Easy to setup and maintain.

5)The next development of modems are 5G which is the capable of transfering up to 45 GBPS

# data[].attributes.body
1) A bridge is a device tht connects n passes packet between two network segments tht use the same communications protocol...

2) Bridge device operates at the data link layer(Layer2) of the OSI model...

3) Disadvantage: Bridges do more thn repeaters by viewing MAC address, the extra processing makes thm slower thn repeaters...

4) Advantage: Bridges cn extend a network by acting as repeater...

5) Just as game-changing is the fact tht all these networks cn be managed as a single network. All the same addressing, security services, monitoring & visibility...

# data[].attributes.body
1) Routers are devices which connect two are more networks that use similar protocol. A router consists of hardware and software.

2) Network layer

3) Advantage
- they use high level of intelligence to rout data
- routers can also act as a bridge to handle non rout able protocols such as NetBEUI

4) Disadvantage
- high level of intelligence take more processing time which can affect performance
- routers are very complicated which installation and maintenance difficult

5) Future Development
- higher ghz
- regarded as the future of routers, mobile hostpot routers enable connectivity within a range 30 to 33 feet and allow users to connect to several wifi enabled devices without the need for another router

# data[].attributes.body
1) Repeaters are used within network to extend the length of communication.

2) Physical layer (layer 1)

3) Advantage
Repeaters easily extend the length of network

4) Disadvantage
Repeaters cannot be used to connect segments of different network types.

5) In the future, there will be no congestion so that repeaters can be used to segment on a network.

Thank you! #BURUNG

# data[].attributes.body
1) The basic function that any switch is to recieve info from any source connected to it and dispatch that info to appropriate destination only

2) Switches may be in Data link layer and network layer which is the second and third layer

3) Advantages :

(3)(1)Reduces the number of Broadcast domains

(3)(2) Supports VLAN's which can help in Logical segmentation

of ports[physical ports].Splitting up the broadcast domain.

(3)(3) Intellegent device[compared to Hub's] which can make use

of CAM table for Port to MAC mapping

(3)(4) Compared to Bridges ,Switches are more H/w oriented

therefore operations are less CPU intense[Basic operations]

.

(3)(5) The cost to number of ports ratio is best .. ie For a

cheaper cost you get switches with more number of ports

available than Routers.

4)Disadvantages:

(4)(1) Expensive
(4)(2) Network problems can be difficult to trace through a switch
(4)(3) Broadcast traffic

5) Future Development

-Increasing power over internet speed
-Improvement in Ease of Use

# data[].attributes.body
Device : Hub

1) A hub fucntions as the central connection point of a network

2) Layer 1 ( physical layer) it is the interconnections are part of the collision domain

3) Advantage :
-Hubs need almost not configuration
-Active hub can extend maximum network media distance

4) Disadvantage :
- Passive hubs can greatly limit maximum media distance
- Hubs have no intelligence to filter traffic so all data is send out on all ports whether it is need or not