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The ecology is the science that studies the number of organisms in the enviroment  and how they are destributed. The enviroment includes actors such as climate,solar insolaction geology ecc. Ecology  is multi-discipinary,and these are physiological ,studiesthe different levels of in ecosystem , and divided earth in three compartaments  ( hydrosphere ,lithosphere,
atmosphere)

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the first principle of ecology is that every living organism has a constant relationship with every other element the enviroment.In the Ecosytem species are connected by food chain , in this there are Primary producers,primary consumers ,secondary tertiary consumers .
When the animals and plants die small bacteria decomposed their

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During the last three centuries crucial changes have occured in our lives, and the phenomenon of industrialisation and urbanisation have caused the birth of large cities .
For this problems the architecture has createing enviromental -frendly buildinf , this is the solution because this costruction have a low ecological impact  but it is important considerer mthat some are  are more at  risk of disaster sach as : vulcan eraption  landslides  ecc.

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We  need land to create  energy, to grow fruit and vegetables and to bury waste, land is also vital for human ,plants and animals.
The land is contaminated  when  into its are released toxic substances and this substances can enter into groundwater

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The release of toxic substances released into the enviroment is colled pollution, some of the main kind of polltion are:
-Soil contamination
-Air pollution
-Water pollution
-Radioactive contamination
-Noise pollution
-Light pollution
-Visual pollution

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ndustry and a concerned general public have discussed  the dngerous of different form of pollution .
Some substances such as heavy metals, carbon diosside  released in a big quantity is considered a kind of pollution

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Italy has a rich morfology ,the high peaks of Alps the chain of Appenines. Italy has a high hydrogeological instability , this means the balance between water siystem and rock system.
Italy territory is frequently subject to eartquakes, floods , vulcanic eraption ...
This enviromental disaster are very costli due to damage land, loss human life , distruption of economic activies

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Water is the first vital element and the human ,vegetables and animals cannot live without water. The water is present in 3 different state . Costraction has a big influence  on the quality of water and to prevent  this problem can be used dual plumbing and tanks this the water can be reused

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Bio architecture is a costruction with low ecological impact and the aim of sustainable  architecture is create balance between  costruction and nature there are two basic principles:
-using the natural presence of the sun, natural ventilation and good thermal insulation
-using alternative energy sources.Bio-architects  follow simple rules
- using biological material taking ispiration from dolmen
-avoiding negative form

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When you choosing material to be used in bio architecture it is important considerer what damage can cause to the enviroment
There are three group of eco-material
- Materials used for the structure
-Materials used for increase energy performance.
Examples of eco-materials are: timber,stone brick.

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Eco-design
this involves special attention to the enviromental impact of material energy using during the costruction and special care to limit waste and the amount of emission during the costraction.

SUSTAINABLE-DESIGN
This is a major critria of eco-design and have simple goals to follow:
-The reduction of energy consaption
-Reduction of water consamption and preservation of water quality
-Indoor enviromental qualities

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a green building  ensures the healthiest possible enviromental while representing the least distruptive use of land water and energy.The advantages are : is cheaper to operate and have  ecellent energy performance.
There are a lot of certification for this type of costracion the first of all is LEED (Leadership Energy Enviromental Design) this certification is release d when the building is finished,and for have the certification the buildind respect five key:
-sustainable site development
-Indoor enviromental quality
-energy efficency
-selection of materials
-water saving.
In Italy there is a similar certification ITACA

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There are some type of alternative energy sources for example.
-solar energy= the rays of the sun in trasformed into energy by the collectors situated on the roof
-wind power= it is produced exploting the rotational energy of wind turbines made up of blades
-hydroelecrtic power= it is produced by converting falling of water into energy
-geothermal energy= it uses internal heat from the Earth's core
-tidal power= it converts ocean tides into electric power
-biofuels =it includes any fuel that is derived from biomass

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Many building use alternative energy sources to produce as much power as  needed and sell back  the excess  to the gas and electric grid, the alternative energy sources is not avaiable for 24 h if a hause  wants to be completaly indipendent can use battery. Same of energy used into the costraction are: solar energy,biofuels  other types of energy aren't used because are not easy to find or are too expensive

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Cohousing is a planned comunity made up of a nukmber of a families each owning a house and having extra shared facilietes in common,unlike condominiums this community is designed by resident.
Some example of cohousing in New York in1920 and othere cohousing dates back to the 1960.
Cohousing community can be very different can be urban suburban or rural, can be senior or multi-generational, can be new built or retrofit

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Stone= the first stone walls were made stacking up stones without any mortar  but the actually sistem used for walls is slipformed stone , in which short form are placed on both sides of the wall and stone are placed inside,then concrete is poure the rcks and the rebar is added to make it stronger
Granite = is one of the most used building stone , this material is used for foundation or for its aesthetic  characteristic
Travertine= the name Travertine came from the latin lapis tibutinus from the name Tivoli, this materials hass been famous and largely exported since befoe roman times and used for city, wall, castels
Timber= timber is wood that has been modified by man, this material has advantages and disadvantaes some of this are
-advantages(its kind to enviroment,is cheaper ,it is very versatile)
-disadvantages (pourous and comboustible materials,trasmitter of sound and hav major enviromental impact)
Wod can be found in floors and stairs of historical house preserving ancient elements in wood helps  the enviroment,there are several methods to renovate wood forexample oil-ased wood cleaner

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Masonry is usually used for walls of building retaining wall.
The most frequent type of masonry used is brick, this material has some advantages and disadvantages, the advantages are is cheaper,long durability and good insolation.
One of disadvantages of using this materials is that masonry must be built on a firm foundation to prevent settling and cracking

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Cement is a binding  element a grey powder wich becomes after being mixed with water, the commoly cement used today is portland cement made of clinker

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is a building material made by mixing  aggregants (sand,gravel,small rocks..),to make it stronger you can be added stell bars  for have reiforced concrete, blocks conrete has a largly use when the aspect in sot important .
recently much development has been seen concentrated on improving the apparence with visual concrete.

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Stell=  is an alloy  of iron and carbon,stell can be used both for exterior as well as internal infrascture and its hard and resistent structure , stainless stell also offers some advantages (fire resistent ,easy to keap) but its high price
Aluminium=is a light ,highly resistant material, the first important use of this materials  into the costraction field was with thempirstate building ,since then it has been highly appreciated for its durability and versatility

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Glass is trasparent building materials and it is used into the contemporary architecture . for this reason a new costruction techinique has been developed using
-very long overlapping glass segments to create glasbeams
-a small stainless stell profile that has been added to the layoutof the glass

Curtin walls =are a special type of walls composed ofd a frame filled with different materials ,largely used in commercial building glass curtin walls re also used sustainable for private homes one of major disadvantages of this material is that they require regular maintenance

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Compred with alternative materials in the building industry ,plastic products offers a number of ecologicol advantages (save resources,low maintenance cost) this material is used for noise protection and insolation.
Plastic can be divided into two group
-Thermosoftenng plastic is softened when heated and can be shaped when hot
-Thermosettingplasticcan be shaped like thermosoftenng plastic,but once hardened cannot be reshaped.
PVC is commoly type of plastic used today for this advantages

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Both global population and prosperity have benn growing very quickly over the las few decades , for this reason is increase the volume and variety of the materials used, this has created a series of negative aspects on the enviroment.
To reduce this effects is possible by using eco-materials  for example tiber stone brick cork.
Over the last few years using recaimed building matrials and elements has become a growing trend, the eco-materials are in a bad condition they can be recycled