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The importance of Reviving Culture and Language  

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The importance of Reviving Culture and Language  

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In the interview, Bud Lane, a Native American, stated that the main reason he needed to keep his language from dying is so the world knew how they felt. In his tribe, words carry a lot of meaning about land and people around them. Unlike English, tribal language is rooted in nature, which gives us an insight into how important the land is them. The reason why I feel that this interview is an important artifact of language is because it shows what lengths people are willing to go in order to make sure their language and culture survive and how with a little help of technology and agencies it can be done. It also demonstrates how language is a window into people's culture and self-identity, so if a language dies we lose the chance to really get know those around us.   For instance, Bud Lane is the chairman of Siletz tribal council who has put a lot of time in making an online dictionary of the tribe's native language so the younger generation can learn more about their own culture. He has also teamed up with the Smithsonian Folklife Festival to help spread the knowledge of his tribe and the need to reviving the language.

Donvan, J. (2013, June 18). When A Language Dies, What Happens To Culture? [Interview].  Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/2013/06/18/193135997/when-a-language-dies-what-happens-to-culture

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JOHN DONVAN, HOST:

This is TALK OF THE NATION. I'm John Donvan.

We now turn to the world's 7,000 languages and the fact that nearly half of them are expected to vanish over the next 100 years. You're going to give me a moment to sip my water so that my voice returns. That was the sound of sipping water and it worked. Like the whole language in India or the Panau language of Papua New Guinea. And in the U.S., the Pacific Northwest is a major global hotspot for disappearing languages, like Athabaskan, a language of the Siletz tribe. Some languages have already gone extinct. In 2008, Chief Marie Smith Jones of Anchorage, Alaska, passed away, and she was the last native speaker of the Eyak language.

And if you speak an endangered language, we want to ask you in this program, what would you lose if that language were to disappear? Our number is 800-989-8255. Our email address is talk@npr.org. And you can join the conversation at our website. Go to npr.org and click on TALK OF THE NATION.

Well, joining us now is Bud Lane. He is the vice chairman of the Siletz tribal council. He also speaks the endangered language Athabaskan. He's also a language and traditional arts instructor for the Siletz tribe. Bud right now is participating in a program about endangered languages at this year's Smithsonian Folklife Festival. And he joins us on the phone from his office in Oregon. Welcome, Bud Lane, to TALK OF THE NATION.

BUD LANE: (Speaking foreign language) Hello.

DONVAN: Hello. I think you just said hello in another language to me, and I appreciate that because we're really interested in hearing the music of the language that you are working so hard to preserve and to grow. But I find it interesting to know ahead of time that you did not actually grow up in a bilingual household, and in fact as a kid, you only spoke a little bit of Athabaskan. So why did you decide to make yourself fluent in it?

LANE: Well, I always wanted to know my language. Actually, there's a couple of languages spoke here at Siletz - actually three major ones, English, of course, and the Athabaskan language, and then there's an Indian trade language that we call Chetco-Tolowa or Chetco jargon. And I knew a little bit of both of the Indian languages but as a young adult I heard other elders speaking fluently. And Athabaskan is always - was something that I wanted to do, so I made it my business to apprentice myself to those who could still speak the language when I was in my 20s.

DONVAN: So it was always there for you. It was always around. It was part of the background. So in some level, it must have been sinking in.

LANE: Oh, of course. But you have to remember in a lot of ways, languages were discouraged and not in ways that were so evident. You know, people kidded people about speaking the language. It was not seen as something that was - I don't know - a wonderful thing to do, and so many of our elders would not even speak in public. The people that I learned from, I could never get them to really talk in public much. I'd have to go to their houses and sit with them just one on one basically to learn or in a smaller group.

DONVAN: So you're almost saying that once the language becomes not spoken by very many people, it starts to become almost uncool to speak it?

LANE: Well, it did then.

DONVAN: Hmm.

LANE: The reverse is true now.

DONVAN: Right.

LANE: It's very popular and very cool. We're talking 30 years ago, 25 years ago.

DONVAN: So you're part of making it cool and congratulations to you, quite seriously, for that. But I'm really interested to know how do you go about growing it?

LANE: Well, it's very difficult. You can't run down to the minimart and buy something in Athabaskan. Using the language, the clerks wouldn't understand, or you can't pay for your gas, and you act with your - the attendant there. So the challenge is for tribes and for individuals who are trying to revitalize, you have to - there has to be a need for a language. You just don't speak a language for no reason. And so making that need happen and making it relevant is the biggest challenge, and there's a lot of ways that we do that. We do that by - we conduct our traditional ceremonies, which, by the way, just ended over the weekend, in the Athabaskan language.

LANE: And - but also there's other things that you want to do. You want to learn to teach kids to sing songs and other things where children want to participate and want to do that. So creating that and coming up with that sort of innovative way of making young people attracted to it is an important part of what we're doing.

DONVAN: I'm curious because the language grew so small. And by small, I'm really talking about the number of people remaining speaking it, just so I'm clear about what I'm - my language is. But as it's based in that sense, grew so small. When you're in your 20s and wanted to pick it up and you end up almost had to pry it out of the people who spoke it, you know, comfortably and natively, are you left with only a fragment, a piece of what was there, or do you know that you have the whole language as it was spoken, say, 100 years ago?

LANE: We know that we have a really comprehensive vocabulary, and we have lots of legacy tapes and things from - our people were interviewed pretty widely, even people that were way before my time, so we know that it's a pretty comprehensive vocabulary. But it's true. You lose things over time. You do. And I think that we are dealing with a large piece of what once was. Yeah. That's a fair statement.

DONVAN: And how do you know how it sounded? Do you have - nowadays, you could literally record somebody. Do you - have you gone about doing that?

LANE: Oh, yeah. Yeah. As a matter of fact, one of the things that - the first things that we wanted to do was, you know, document everything that we had. There was this period of documentation. And so we began to develop a lot of written materials but then began recordings. And we have the legacy recordings from - some of them are very old wax cylinders from the Smithsonian Institution, for instance.

But in a more modern sense, I began to record a dictionary that we have, and it took me two years, recorded all the 14,000 entries. And we worked with a group called Living Tongues, the Institute for Living Tongues, and they put it into a database, which is online now, and it's available to anybody. Our tribal members use it all the time, and you can go there, say, type in a word, say, for baby basket, for our traditional basket that we make to carry babies. And it's a search engine. It'll search the dictionary, and then it'll come up and it'll tell you, you know, a noun. It'll say (speaking foreign language). And then you click a little icon. It'll say (speaking foreign language) and you can hear it. So it's a good tool for us.

(LAUGHTER)

DONVAN: Thank goodness for technology. We're asking our listeners who also speak languages that are not widely spoken any longer and in danger of disappearing. We're asking them to call in, and our question to them is, what would you lose if the language vanished? And I want to ask you that, first of everybody since you're working so hard and actually have been very successful in keeping it going. But it sounds like it's a lot of effort. Why do it? What would you lose if the language were gone?

LANE: You would lose your people's view of the world, and not just of the world today but you would lose your view of how a world came to be for you. And there's lots of ways to describe things in many languages, of course. But like with ours, I'll just give you an example of how our people view our land here. You always - you hear different stories about how people love the land in many different cultures. But our word for the earth is (speaking foreign language), and what it literally means is made for you, and that's our view of our land. God made these lands for us. It's made for us to inhabit and to benefit from. And so when you take - when you say a world view, there's just a different way of looking at the world...

DONVAN: You know, that was such a perfect example. That was (unintelligible).

LANE: ...than another culture might have. And I'm not saying it's superior to any other culture. I'm just saying that it's different, and that's what we talk about, about language lost and the culture and the world view that goes with those words.

DONVAN: Let's bring in Chris(ph) from Detroit, Michigan. Hi, Chris. You're on TALK OF THE NATION.

CHRIS: Hi. Good afternoon.

DONVAN: Hi.

LANE: (Foreign language spoken)

DONVAN: (Foreign language spoken), Chris. What's your - tell us your story.

CHRIS: Well, I'm Chaldean, and Chaldeans come from the northern part of Iraq, and we speak the language called Aramaic, which actually is a very historical language and one that was spoken worldwide and spoken by Christ himself too. So I think one thing that would be lost if that language doesn't continue to be flourished is just the ability to, A, translate into documents that we still come across all the time that would've been written in that language. And then, B, also there is just certain ways of communication that can just only be expressed in that language and it's hard to find a word or...

DONVAN: Can you give me a really good example of that?

CHRIS: Just like (foreign language spoken), like love, you know, it's just - it's so manifest and you can apply it in so many different ways. And, you know, it just has a very ancient context to it. So anything...

DONVAN: Well, I just want to push you a little bit because I know you said that, but I'm not feeling it. So I want you to find a way to make me kind of - maybe it's impossible because it can't be translated. But what's lost in the translation?

CHRIS: Yeah. I don't know. I think it's just the way that it's just - it's spoken, the way that it's communicated. You know, a lot of people outside who would watch a conversation going on would think that there might be an argument happening or, you know, there is just a lot of drive and passion in the words that can just convey so much just depending on how you're using it at that particular moment. And I really can't think of an example off the top of my head, except - but I do want make another point regarding the possible extinction of it and that's because of, you know, Chaldeans and Christians, in general, how they're persecuted in Iraq. And because of that, they've been forced to leave the country, and whether they travel to the greater Middle East where, you know, Arabic is obviously the majority spoken language or to Europe or even to America. It becomes more and more, you know, I'm first-generation American.

And, you know, there isn't many of my generation that can speak the language anymore because we've been, you know, taught to become Americanize and, you know, forget that language and learn the English language. So it's been lost and there is a little bit of hope of the younger generation, you know, wanting to pick it up.

DONVAN: All right, Chris. Thanks very much for your call.

LANE: You know what, if I could expand on that a little bit about love, he brought up a wonderful point. In our language, it's oh, we say a love between a man and a wife or a person and a significant other is (speaking foreign language). So it's viewed as this deep love. But the other - between family members and others is (speaking foreign language). So there's two kinds of love. So it's actually - breaks it down a step further in our language than it does in the English language.

DONVAN: And that feels real. That is - that's - that has impact and clout that difference.

LANE: Yes. Yes, it does.

DONVAN: Wow. You're listening to TALK OF THE NATION on NPR News. Let's bring in John from South Lake Tahoe, California. Hi, John(ph). You're on TALK OF THE NATION.

JOHN: Hi.

DONVAN: Hi.

JOHN: Pleasure to be with you today.

DONVAN: Great to have you.

JOHN: I work with native elements. We do cultural revitalization projects with Native Americans and, recently, with Polynesians a lot of it's in (unintelligible) building. But I've also done mapping projects. And so reclaiming the names, I think is one of the best starting points. I worked with the Washoe tribe in Tahoe, which has turned into Tahoe. And...

DONVAN: Oh, interesting.

LANE: Yeah.

JOHN: ...and we - I believe they have 12 native speaker - fluent speakers left in the tribe here in Tahoe. And...

DONVAN: How much - when they left the tribe - how much did the knowledge and, you know, just language clout did they take with them?

JOHN: Well, they were forced into the Stewart Indian Schools, you know, at the turn of the century. So at first it was beat out of them, and then slowly like your former guest said, it just became something we didn't talk or speak. So revitalizing the culture, the language is the basis of the culture. And so place names, I think, is a great place to start. And so working on mapping projects is key because when you're at these sites, you realize that the names don't come from a person, a great person or a person that owned the land. It came from what they did at these places.

DONVAN: All right. John, thanks very much. I just want to go back to Bud Lane and sort of take your point where it sounds like what John is saying, Bud, is that these words tell a story. They're not just names of things, but the names themselves contain a sort of story and a connection and a history.

LANE: Well, and they cannot - they can also describe the physical place, to some extent. My family, actually, hails from the mouth of the Rogue River, and that the term for it (speaking foreign language), and what it literally means is good, south place there, meaning on the south bank of the Rogue River, at the mouth. And the opposing village was called (speaking foreign language), which means rocks inside. And it's describing two, great big rocks that stood at the mouth of the north bank of the Rogue River and the village was just inside there.

So there's many different ways that - or could be a food source. Up north, there's a village called (speaking foreign language), which means mussels a lot there because of the ocean mussels that were at the mouth of that river. So there's so much cultural knowledge and identity contained within those names - those place names and the language itself. It's pretty amazing, really.

DONVAN: But to somebody like you who becomes an activist for a language and learns it and wants to promote it, are - do you - are you actually fluent? Can you just rattle off a whole conversation and tell jokes and get mad at the guy who crosses you in traffic in the language?

LANE: Well, I call myself very proficient at the language. People always say I'm the most fluent member of the Siletz tribe. And that maybe true. But, yeah, I can speak with different people.

DONVAN: Wow.

LANE: It's not...

DONVAN: Do you dream in the language?

LANE: No. As a matter of fact, I don't. But what I can tell you is it's just like with anything, like my daughter's - my granddaughter's middle name is (speaking foreign language), which means flower in our language. And when I think of her and her name - her English name is Halle, but to me, she's (speaking foreign language), so it's kind of an interchangeable thing. But I think when you grow up as an English speaker first, you're always, all through your life, you do think in English. But to me, it's kind of a simultaneous thing with Athabaskan. The more your head's in it, the more you learn it. We do live in an English-speaking world, though, in language struggles. I mean, it's a struggle all the time.

DONVAN: That English is - can be pretty overpowering, at times.

LANE: Well, it's not just English. It's also Spanish. And it's my understanding that Spanish, Chinese and English will be the dominant languages of the world at some point, and they already are pretty much.

DONVAN: Well, you really made a terrific argument over the last 15 minutes for what can be lost when the language disappears. And you've brought me around on it and then so did our callers. I know a lot of other people were lined up to call. You can join - make your comments on our website. So, please, do so. I just wan to thank Bud Lane. He's vice chairman of the Siletz Tribal Council. He'll be featured in the program at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival, which opens June 26th. It's called One World, Many Voices. And there's a link to that on our website on TALK OF THE NATION at npr.org. Thanks a very much. This is John Donvan, and this is, in several languages, TALK OF THE NATION.

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When A Language Dies, What Happens To Culture?

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Nearly half of the 7,000 languages spoken in the world are expected to vanish in the next 100 years. One of them is Athabaskan, a language of the Siletz tribe in the Pacific Northwest. Bud Lane, vice chairman of Siletz tribal council, explains the importance of language diversity.

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While discussing our own linguistic profiles, many of my peers in lecture stated that code switching is used in their everyday lives. It was discussed as an assets in adapting to one’s surrounding. My main purpose for including this video as an artifact is to demonstrate that code switching is not only done between languages, where bilinguals people switch between tongues to communicate, but it also be done within a single language. The comedy skit shows how people can code switch in English, in the scenario the comedians Key and Peele switch from a Standard English of speaking to a more ebonic based English.  Even though code switching is very obvious in the video, is can also be very understated in real life, such as the difference in how you speak to you professor and how you speak to your friend. I feel that code switching is an important facet of language for people to learn because it allows them to communicate people of diverse background and help develop a more inclusive community.

[Comedy Central]. (2011, Nov 15). Key & Peele - Phone Call. [Video File]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/JzprLDmdRlc

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We know you want more Key & Peele -- indulge in the ultimate sketch experience with curated collections, GIFs, memes and an illustrated dictionary. Nooice! http://on.cc.com/1RNbs9n Two guys on the phone try to avoid disaster.

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In a humorous way this E-card is trying to show how those with British accents are seen to be appealing to people. It is important to know that just as there are positive stereotypes of accents there are also negative stereotypes. For example, people with New York accents are seen as rude. It crucial to understand that language, even though it allow us to express our uniqueness, its not something people should use to label one another as better than or less than a certain group in society.

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/77827899783984788/

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The cartoon strip acknowledges that there is a variation of accents of the English language. The reason I think this image is important is because it demonstrates that, to some people, the way a person speaks might make them seem like they don’t speak “correctly,” In reality, it’s not they are unintelligent, but that they vary in their pronunciation. Especially in the USA people pronounce things very different from one another due to region and culture.

http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/plc/clpp/images/cartoons/cartoons.html

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This image portrays how language is being influenced by technology. The person in pictures seems to be able to understand English and Spanish but he is also fluent in text messaging. In the present day, people communicate more on social media and through texts, which means that, like the person in the picture, they use shortened variation of language molding itself into a new language. The reason I included this image in my portfolio is to highlight importance technology has in the advancing terrain of linguistics.

http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/plc/clpp/images/cartoons/morerecent/index.html

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This image depicts how some people feel about Ebonics. Some may think that ebonics is spoken by uneducated people that butcher the English language. It is important for people to see this images to get the sense of the dramatization and cruelty surrounding English dialects. There’s a lot of negative connotation surrounding Ebonics, but there seems to be no understanding that speaking Ebonics is influenced by culture just like any other dialect and it shouldn’t be seen as something negative if you don’t speak perfect Standard English.

http://www.motherjones.com/politics/1997/01/racism-30-minutes-or-less-0

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This picture shows how even within the same language people might have problem understanding each other. The addition of this image in the portfolio is to demonstrate the difference of register within a language. In this instance, it seems that the man presenting has a more professional register of English language, filled with word related to business, rather than common words that might be used by the audience. Even though both parties speak the same language, each person's unique usage of the language might lead to miscommunication.

https://www.powtoon.com/blog/plain-english-cartoons/

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In the ending scene of the movie, the audience notices that the woman has been in an isolated village, assimilating a 17th-century community. For example, she used the old English word such as “make haste”, which is a phrase no one uses in the 21st century. This is the great example of an instance of what happens to language when it is not influenced by other cultures. Even though the village was man made by Mr. Walker, it gives a clear example of how migration can influence language. Unlike this place, Miami is not isolated and the way people speak is influenced by the Cuban culture, like how many people speak Spanglish. Location and accessibility affect the evolution of language.

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Through my analysis of the SAT, I noticed that the stories were written in old English with words such as “eve”, “veranda”, and “scuttling” are being used throughout the passage.  If an ELL student were to be given this question I would think they would find it difficult to understand due to the changeling form of the English language. When they are learning English they are not taught all the meanings of the word or how different words can have the same meaning. Teachers do not have enough time and resources to teach ELL students every kind of English dialect and register, making it hard for them to fully comprehend material presented on standardized exams.  For example, they might learn what afternoon or night means but not exactly what eve itself means.  It is not that they do not understand what the story is trying to describe but the wording used makes it harder for them to answer the questions to the story correctly. I decided to include my experience with analyzing the SAT to demonstrate the difficulties ELLs have with the type of Standard English used on the exam. There needs to a way of making the test fair rather than biased for native English speakers to succeed in higher education.

SAT Suite of Assessments. (2016, October 10). Retrieved from https://collegereadiness.collegeboard.org/pdf/sat-educator-guide.pdf

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In the article What We Talk About When We Talk About Ebonics: Why Definitions Matter (Lippi-Green, 1997), it describes African American Vernacular English (AAVE) as a dialect of English, it is a mix of African-American culture, history, and tradition with roots in the South. There poor, uneducated blacks formed their own way of speaking and constructed a strong social and communication network. Even though it became the main language of the inner city population for the working and poor class, blacks that belonged to the Upper middle class also used AAVE. But due to the initial popularity among the poor blacks who were ex-slaves, when someone speaks AAVE they are seen as less than for not speaking “standard English” or White American English. I decided to include this article as an artifact because it demonstrates how language is constructed and how it used and seen through the years by society. AAVE was constructed as a need for communication during a period of time where being black was frowned upon. Even to this day there is still negativity surround AAVE, it doesn’t matter who you are, people still assume you are uneducated resulting in linguistic profiling.

Lippi-Green, R. (1997). What We Talk About When We Talk About Ebonics: Why Definitions Matter. The Black Scholar, 27(2), 7-11. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/stable/41068724

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During my sophomore year of college, I had the honor of volunteering as an aid for an adult English learning class. In one of the lectures, the students had to identify the names of objects in a scene. One student was having a hard time identifying a vehicle, in the word bank there was the word van and he didn’t understand why the car was labeled van since they were taught that a vehicle with four tires is called car or truck.  I decide to include this experience because it shows first hand the minor difficulties that ELLs have with understanding the English language. Native learners have an easy time comprehending that variety of names for common items but for those learning the language, it can be overwhelming to learn all the labels at once.

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My boyfriend and I share many things in common, for example, we are around the same age,  we are both college educated, but he is from California and I’m from Maryland. So even though we might share many forms of capital, due to the difference in our culture capital our English dialects differ. I have a Maryland/DMV accent while he has an East LA accent. His way of speaking is influenced by the rich Mexican culture in Los Angeles and my accent is influenced by all the diversity in my community. Our relationship reminds me of how much cultural capital and location influence language among people who share so much in common. We share intellectual, social,and economic capital but the slight difference in culture capital makes us unique.

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Dominance of English Language in Publications 

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Dominance of English Language in Publications 

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The NPR interview talks about the issue of not paying attention to a scientific publication that is not in English and for non-English speaking countries to overlook publication that is in English. English has become the dominant language in science but there is still research being published in other languages. There need to be a more ways to translate scientific work in multiple languages so everyone around can stay up to date with scientific accomplishments that could help further even more research. I decided to add this artifact to my portfolio because it shows how much influence language has in different forms of capital. For example, it influences intellectual capital and social capital. Even though these scientists share the same social capital by having the same type of job and the same intellectual capital by being the best in the field of science, the language barrier stops all of them from commingling in those categories.

Gracia-Navarro, L. (2017, January 8). How English Came To Be The Dominant Language In Science Publications. [Interview].  Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/2017/01/08/508765699/how-english-came-to-be-the-dominant-language-in-science-publications

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Many of us do not have to worry about our language going extinct, it’s not even something we think will ever happen in our lifetime, but unfortunately, to certain groups of individuals, it is the bitter truth. The Native American are the oldest inhabitant of the United States of America, for years they created and adapted their language to the changing worlds but as their land was being taken away from them, their culture started to decay. In present day their population dwindles down to the thousands and within their tribes, there may only be around 10 to 20 people whose native tongue is their first language. The upcoming generation will have less and fewer people from whom they can learn the language and the culture. In order to assure that their language does not die out many people are finding ways of reviving the language. The video depicts how a member of the Menominee community is making sure that his culture lives on by devoting his time to personally teaching his child what his ancestors taught him, so his daughter can pass down their culture to future generations. It is important to acknowledge that language is not static, it is always changing. In this circumstance the Menominee language is slowly changing to a useful form of communication within the young community, that can lead in making sure the language and culture live on.

[WPT Education]. (2012). Living Language. [Video File]. Retrieved from https://vimeo.com/wimedialab/livinglanguage

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Living Language shares Ron Corn Jr.'s attempt to teach his daughter, Mimikwaeh, to be a first language speaker of the Menominee language. This video is part of The Ways, an ongoing series of stories on culture and language from Native communities around the central Great Lakes.

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One of the first aspects of language that we discussed in class was linguistic profiling. Just like there is profiling based on how people look, there is also a sense of identity assumption and categorization based on how they speak. Linguistic profiling is assuming someone's race and class by the way they talk and attributing all the stereotypes attached to that profile. As stated in the video by Dr. John Baugh, minority accents do not prosper well in affluent communities.  In our society, speaking Standard English with a neutral American accent is seen a the proper and educated way of speaking. While Dr. Baugh spoke on the phone, no one cared to know that he was an educated professor, but decided to accept the stereotypes that accompanied the accents in making their decision on whether to tell him is the property was for rent or lie to him so he wouldn’t be part of the community. I decided to include this video because it shows the power language has in our lives. Through the use of language, we auditorily express who are to the listener.  Not only does language communicate our thoughts, but is also simultaneous may unfairly communicate our race, class, and culture to others, which may lead to societal assumptions of certain groups.

[Laura McGarrity]. (2012, May 8). DYSA linguistic profiling -- John Baugh. [Video File]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/HJ778_tsqjs

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In this clip from the documentary "Do you speak American?", linguist John Baugh discusses linguistic profiling -- the practice by which someone judges someone else based on how they speak (as opposed to how they look), often as a means of discrimination.